Principle Of The Hygiene Hypothesis

Principle Of The Hygiene Hypothesis
Evan Gaglione Sept 10, 2017 Hygiene Hypothesis Bio 220 The hygiene hypothesis is an educated
guess that states a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, microorganisms, bacteria,
virus, and parasites increases weakness to allergic infections, according to the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). In particular, the lack of exposure to these infections is thought to lead to
defects in the growth of immune tolerance. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), the
decreasing occurrence of infections in Western nations and more recently in developing nations is at
the heart of the decreasing incidence of both autoimmune and allergic diseases. The hygiene
hypothesis is at both based upon epidemiological data, particularly migration studies. Display that
test subjects migrating from a low–incidence for autoimmune and allergic disease to a high–
incidence nation acquire the immune disorders with a high incidence. However, the data started
showing a correlation between high–disease frequency and high–social financial status, but it
doesn't prove a perfect link between infections and immune disorders. The principle of the hygiene
hypothesis maybe be connected to animals but of lesser degree but over generations and generations
the autoimmune and allergic disease get more intense. These autoimmune and allergic disorders
affect homeostatic factors and immune regulation, by decreasing the involving T–cell subsets and
"Toll–like" receptor stimulation. The
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Essay On Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory infection caused commonly by the respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV) in the first two years of life. Nearly every child in the United States will be infected with
RSV before its second birthday. The condition is a leading cause of hospital admissions among
children under the age of two. The populations most frequently and severely affected by
bronchiolitis include; infants less than 12 months of age, children born at a low gestational age (less
than 32 weeks), and children with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, or
immunodeficiency. Standardized and proper diagnosis and management are essential to effective
treatment. The guideline established by the Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2014 provides
practitioners with recommendations for diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis in
children. Keywords: Bronchiolitis, guideline, respiratory syncytial virus, children, respiratory
distress Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bronchiolitis is one of those illnesses. The virus most often occurs in children two to twenty–four
months of age (Davidson, 2013). It is an illness that spares few, afflicting approximately 95% of
children before their second birthday (Davidson, 2013). The virus peaks during the winter months
from December through March and accounts for 10% of visits to the primary care provider during
the first two years of life (Burns et. al., 2017). It is the leading cause of hospital admissions for
infants (Burns et. al., 2017). Bronchiolitis is one of those illnesses every practitioner should
confidently know how to manage due to the vast amount of children it afflicts. The AAP released a
clinical practice guideline in October 2014.Familiarity with this guideline is essential to effective

Ear Infection Symptoms : True Explanation, Diagnosis And...
Ear Infection Symptoms – True Explanation, Diagnosis And Treatment
By Cody Wilkerson | Submitted On March 26, 2011
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Otitis, the medical term for ear infection, does not sound threatening to a lot of people. However,
when the ear gets infected, ear infection symptoms can cause enough discomfort that can compel a
person to seek immediate medical attention.
The human ear anatomy has three basic parts, each with unique functions: the outer ear, the middle
ear and the inner ear. Categorizing each ear infection and their corresponding clinical manifestations
are dependent on the affected part.
Otitis Externa
Outer ear infection, also known as otitis externa, has a high prevalence among children and
swimmers. It is often caused by swimming in polluted water, hence, the term "swimmer 's ear".
Children tend to scratch their ears often with their fingers or use contaminated objects like cotton
buds and this can lead to injury and microscopic tears in ear skin integrity. Children also at times
place foreign objects in the ear that can get lodged within the ear canal.
The pinna (the visible part of the ear) and the external auditory canal are

Vitamin C Essay
A question that is commonly asked when receiving a virus is, what is the fastest way to get rid of it?
No human enjoys the presence of a common cold, despite more extreme terms such as the flu. Rest
and fluids are typically the first reaction to curing a common cold. Then, medicine that is
categorized toward the symptoms is received. Although, how do you speed up the process? Many
think that the intake of large doses of vitamin c can speed up or potentially get rid of the cold all
together.
Vitamin C is very essential to our bodies. Vitamin C helps the body to maintain its collective tissues.
This also includes our bones, blood vessels, and skin. Vitamin C is scientifically known as L–
ascorbic acid. The vitamin is a water–soluble vitamin that can be found in several fruits and
vegetables. Vitamin C can also be found as a dietary supplement. It is essential for our bodies to
have some source of vitamin C intake. "Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, L–
carnitine, and certain neurotransmitters; vitamin C is also involved in protein metabolism. Collagen
is an essential component of connective tissue, which plays a vital role in wound healing. Vitamin C
is also an important physiological antioxidant [3] and has been shown to regenerate other
antioxidants within the body, including alpha–tocopherol (vitamin E)." (1) The overall body intake
for vitamin C runs to a high of 2g. Lower amounts of vitamin C can be found in areas such as eyes,
pituitary gland, and

Asthma Research Paper
APPLICANT DETAILS
Name: Teija FRAME
Student Number: 43132289
Proposal Title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote host defense against viral–induced asthma via
IRF7 activation
ABSTRACT/ SYNOPSIS (250 WORDS MAXIMUM)
Asthma is a common respiratory disorder that is mediated by T helper type 2 (TH2) cytokine
production, leading to airflow obstruction and airway hyper–responsiveness. Infant infection of
human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been shown to be the greatest risk factor for
developing asthma. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), activated by TLR7 in pDCs, is a crucial
regulator of type I interferon (IFN) in the antiviral response. This paper provides preliminary data to
show that IL–13 levels are significantly increased in IRF7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The WT group inoculated with Vehicle are our non–asthmatic condition, so will not display any
markers of asthma. The WT group inoculated with PVM and not "rescued" will have mild markers
of asthma, including....... The WT group inoculated with PVM and "rescued" will have similar
results to WT, Veh group as function will be restored. Our IRF7–/– Veh group will have very
minimal (if any) markers of asthma including those mentioned above. The IRF7–/– PVM groups
represent out asthma suffers. The group not "rescued" will produce our most significant results with
........ The IRF7–/– group "rescued" with IRF7 sufficient pDCs, will show results similar to the
IRF7–/– Veh group, showing the important of pDCs and their signaling pathway through IRF7 in
viral responses and asthma

Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Running Head: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Breanna Kennelly
Apollo College
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes acute respiratory tract infection in patients of all ages and
is one of the most popular diseases of childhood. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, which
manifests primarily as bronchiolitis and/or viral pneumonia, is the leading cause of lower respiratory
tract (LRT) infection in infants and young children. RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis
(inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia in children under one year of age in
the United States. During the first year of life, most infants are infected with the virus. Most RSV
infected children encounter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RSV is more prevalent during winter and early spring in temperate climates, although timing may
differ among locations. In most cases, healthy infants infected with RSV do not need to be
hospitalized, recovery from illness usually occurs in about one to two weeks. Adults with
compromised immune systems and premature infants and children with congenital heart and lung
defects are at a higher risk for severe disease and hospitalization (www.aapredbook.com). RSV
infection is limited to the respiratory tract. Respiratory Syncytial Virus affects the respiratory system
causing an interruption of the normal physiology of the lungs which are the main organs affected.
The lungs are a pair of cone–shaped bodies that occupy the thorax. The lungs have two vital
functions air distribution and gas exchange. In addition to attending as an air distribution pathway
and gas exchange surface the components of the respiratory tract cleanse, warm and humidify
inspired air. RSV affects the lungs by inflaming the small airways and decreasing the oxygen flow in
and out, thereby affecting the capacity for normal oxygen exchange. Initial infection in young
infants or children frequently involves the LRT and most often manifests as the clinical entity of
bronchiolitis. Inoculation of the virus occurs in the URT in respiratory epithelial cells [ (Leonard R
Krilov, 2010) ]. Spread of the virus down the respiratory tract occurs by

My Life Learning Experience with R.S.V
R.S.V i
My Life Learning Experience with R.S.V
Name
Course Title
Teacher
Date
R.S.V ii
Abstract
Many individuals have experienced problems with their hospitals or health care facilities. An
important concept that I learned from facing this family crisis that will be examined in this paper is
that, when a family member becomes seriously ill, they need quality medical care. Sometimes, when
a person 's life is at stake, the further a person lives from medical facilities which can offer quality
care can be a grave factor.
R.S.V 1
R.S.V in Infants This paper will examine several lessons and concepts which I learned from
personal life–learning experiences. Three examples that will be addressed in this paper will ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I regretted the fact that we were not more prepared to deal with this crisis. Thus, I have since learned
that I need to research the qualifications of any professional my child will be receiving treatment
from. In the future, I will research hospitals or schools before enrolling my child in them. I can also
apply the concept that quality care is an important aspect of a person 's life to other situations as
well. For example, I will have to make sure that my child has a qualified pediatrician and dentist to
take care of his health needs in the future. I will also have to ensure that my child gets his
vaccinations. Moreover, I learned that there is no substitute for being prepared for an emergency
situation. I plan on researching the response time of our police and fire departments and plan to
learn about the efficiency of our ambulance services.
R.S.V 4 Another part of the lessons I learned while confronting this family crisis is how I learned
that high quality heath care is best provided by highly qualified doctors. I also learned that an
unqualified doctor may easily misdiagnose a patient 's symptoms. The discussion below will show

how I have learned to ask questions before selecting a pediatrician. My son was initially treated by a
pediatrician

What is Bronchiolitis? Essay
Introduction Bronchiolitis is defined by the textbook as, "a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction in the
small airways or bronchioles occurring most commonly in children" (Heuther & McCance, 2012). It
is an acute inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract that occurs most commonly in infants
and is caused by infection with seasonal viruses such as respiratory synctial virus (RSV) (Zorc &
Hall, 2010). Bronchiolitis often results from an obstruction of the small airways. It is the leading
cause of infant hospitalization in the United States (Zorc & Hall 2010) and is arguably the most
common significant medical illness of childhood, with at least "1 in 7 normal infants developing
symptomatic bronchiolitis in his or her first year of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Necrosis of the cells in the small, lower airways occurs, and mucous secretions are increased
(Conquest, Cremonesini, & Neill, 2013). Because of the ciliary damage in the infants' lungs, it is
almost impossible for the secretions to be cleared. Bronchiolar level obstruction is caused by these
mucosusal secretions, as is desquamation of the dead skin cells and edema (Conquest, Cremonesini,
& Neill, 2013). Plugs of soughed, necrotic epithelium and fibrin in the airways will cause partial or
total obstruction to airflow, making it very difficult for he infant to exhale which will consequently
result in air becoming trapped and will reduce gaseous exchange (Conquest, Cremonesini, & Neill,
2013). Signs and Symptoms Infants with acute bronchiolitis may present with a wide range of
clinical symptoms and severity, from mild upper respiratory infections to impending respiratory
failure. Typically, these symptoms include tachypnea, wheezing, cough, crackles, use of accessory
muscles, and/or nasal flaring. An infant with bronchiolitis will often present as having a "seasonal
viral illness characterized by fever, nasal discharge and a dry, wheezy cough" (Conquest,
Cremonesini, & Neill, 2013). During the first seventy–two hours of illness, the infant typically
becomes worse before the symptoms begin to improve. An infant with bronchiolitis will present
with 2–3 days of symptoms similar to that of the

Literature Review Of Literature On Influenza
Review of literature: Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of human disease and are one of
the most important causes of child mortality throughout the globe. Though there are considerable
variations in infantile mortality, according to World Health Organization, the lower respiratory tract
infections are the second most important cause of death among children < 5 years of age. (Carolina
et al., 2012)
Respiratory syncytial virus is most frequently detected in childhood illness. Factors predisposing to
severe ARI caused by RSV are well known in industrialized countries but little information exists
for developing countries. Infection with human metapneumovirus (HMPV) presents similar clinical
symptoms to that of RSV . Despite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The multiplication of the virus occurs in the respiratory tract and the main site of infection occurs in
the ciliated columnar epithelial cell. Crowded areas and cold climate favours the spread of the virus.
Highest incidence of influenza infection is seen in young population which may be due to lack of
exposure to different strains. Children are mainly affected during epidemics (Rao, 2003). The
influenza virus triggers pulmonary inflammation resulting in infiltration of inflammatory cells and
an immune response. The primary target and the principal host for the virus are Bronchial epithelial
cells. Generally influenza viruses are recognized and destroyed by innate immune mechanisms
which includes macrophages, interferon (IFN) a, b and other cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells and
complement. If influenza viruses escape from these early defense mechanisms, they are captured
and destroyed by adaptive immune mechanisms, where T and B cells and their antigen–specific
effectors (cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cytokines such as IFNc and antibodies) target the virus.
subsequent viral infection is prevented by Antigen–specific memory cells (T and B cells) (Capelozzi
et al.,

The Disease Of Red Measles Or Measles
Rubeola
Rubeola, also called red measles or measles, is an acute viral disease that causes a red rash over the
body. Measles is one of the most common and most deadly communicable childhood diseases. It is
spread from one child to another through direct contact with droplets from the nose and throat.
Sometimes, it is spread through air–borne droplets from an infected child. This is a very contagious
disease that usually consists of a rash, fever, and cough. The rubeola virus can live on surfaces for
hours.
The virus was first isolated in 1954 by Nobel Laureate John F. Enders and Thomas Peebles, who
were careful to point out that the isolations were made from patients who had Koplik 's spots, white
spots under the tongue. The rubeola virus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms of measles begin to appear about seven to fourteen days after a person is infected, but
can be as long as twenty days. Most cases start with a mild to moderate fever, cough, runny nose,
red eyes, and sore throat. About three to five days later, a red rash appears. The rash begins at the
hairline, then spreads down to the rest of the body. When the rash appears, the fever may be as high
as 103°F to105°F. Symptoms may last for one to two weeks. Many cases are complicated by
secondary infections caused by bacterial pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae. These pathogens readily invade
the body because measles damages the normal body defenses. Secondary infections most commonly
cause earaches and pneumonia.
Measles can be prevented by injecting an attenuated rubeola virus vaccine. At the time of the
introduction of the vaccine in the early 1960s, there were about 400,000 cases of the disease were
being reported each year in the United States, probably representing one–tenth of the actual number
of victims. The number of cases in the United States have declined to maybe just a few each year. In
1980 the worldwide incidence of rubeola was estimated to be 100 million with 5.8 million deaths.
Globally, vaccination programs have lowered the number of cases dramatically since then, however,
the decline in incidence has not been uniform among the different regions of

Respiratory Syncytical Virus Infection
Qiana "Nikki" Little was born on February 8, 1992 to Evelyn and Quentine Little.Only being on this
planet for a week something happened, "She was laying down sleep and I knew something was
wrong. She was having problems waking up," said Evelyn. With a very high fever Evelyn and
Quentine rushed her to the hospital. This is where she spent ten days in the hospital; three in ICU
and and seven in a oxygen tank. That's when the family found out that Nikki had a serious infection
called RSV. Respiratory Syncytical Virus, also known as RSV, is a common infection in children
under the age of one. Each year, 75,000 to 125,000 children in this age group are hospitalized in the
US due to the infection. Many children are infected with this by their second birthday, only a small
percentage develops a server case of it, it can also affect adults as well. It is known to appear
between the months of November to April. The infection can pass from person to person exactly like
the common cold. There are two different types and many strains of RSV. The symptoms are very
similar to the symptoms of a cold such as:
A cough
Stuffy or runny nose
Mild sore throat
fever
The first infection is usually the worst when it comes to a child. Some babies and have a risk of
many complications including death from the infection because of the immune system because of
their immune systems not being fully developed. An adult over the age of sixty–five is in high risk
of the infection and may cause

Communication In Nursing
Every day I encounter various situations that put my values and beliefs at risk. Reflecting on my
experiences, is a journey I take to restoration while living in my truth. The scenario I recount in this
reflection is a life lesson that has helped me personally and professionally.
Topic and description of the scenario
Communication is arguably the most important skill I will use over the course of my future nursing
career. It is not enough to critically evaluate a disease process, but the psyche of the patient and
family must be considered regularly. To adequately assess any situation and ensure a more positive
experience, effective communication lines must be established.
On the first day of my pediatric clinical rotation, I was assigned to an eighteen–day old newborn girl
(J.L.) diagnosed with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) contracted during her hospital stay. Due to
her condition, she had been moved to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) to decrease the
spread of infection to healthy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This scenario provides an example for most of my values, but communication is the most apparent.
As a professional, I will be called on to communicate with my patients, their families, and inter–
professionally. Knowing most of my values presently and as a future nurse rely on my ability to
effectively communicate, I attempt to refine my skills with each opportunity. As a witness to this
issue, it is my belief that quality communication and empathy are not practiced by all health care
professionals. Regardless of this experience, I continue to believe my values are directly linked to
better patient outcome. I am no longer jaded and know that despite the length of time in practice and
experience there will be short comings. Unfortunately, patient–centered and family care are the most

Respiratory System Of The Respiratory System
The primary system in the human body that allows us to breathe is the Respiratory
System. It is divided into two sections; upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nostrils, pharynx,
larynx, and trachea) and lower respiratory tract (lungs, bronchi, alveoli, and diaphragm). The two
tracts work together to allow the absorption of oxygen and the exhale of carbon dioxide when we
breathe, this is the primary function of the entire system. Each organ of the respiratory system plays
a vital role in the success of making sure that our bodies are receiving the necessary air flow. The
Respiratory System consists of three major parts; the airway, the lungs and the muscles of
respiration. The airway of the Respiratory System consists of the nasal cavity, nostril, pharynx, and
larynx. The nostril and nasal cavity's primary function is to filter out the air that is entering the body
by blocking any dirt or dust before it reaches the lungs. It is lined with mucous membrane that
moisturizes our nostrils to avoid us getting nosebleeds and dryness. The pharynx consists of three
parts; the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. Once air is inhaled it passes through
the nasopharynx which is located in the back of the mouth, proceeds down to the oropharynx, and
then into the laryngopharynx. There is a separate flap that covers the area where food is swallowed
called the epiglottis. The epiglottis, a part of the larynx, acts as a cover and works closely between
the trachea

Pediatric Nurse At The Local Emergency Department
I. Background SL, a 4–month–old Caucasian male, accompanied by his 24–year–old mother
presented to the ER nurse at the local emergency department. SL's mother reported he has had a
fever, runny nose, coughing, and often wheezing during the past 4 days. With a colicky infant, she
noticed a blue color to the skin, and relatively high fever developed during the night prompted her to
bring him to the emergency department. SL's mother stated when he breathes, he sounds funny,
which is also accompanied by a barking cough. She has not even given any other thought but that he
had developed a simple cold, because he has been exposed to other sick children at his daycare.
Once the ER nurse evaluated SL, he had received a referral to a pediatric nurse at Children's
Hospital a few blocks away for further and immediate evaluation in Newborn Intensive Care Unit
(NICU). II. Physical and Laboratory Findings On examination, the pediatrician noted SL has an
increased respiratory distressed. He observed high fever, widespread expiratory wheeze, and fine
crackles. Chest X–rays were taken and inflammation of the bronchioles was confirmed. In addition
to the chest X–ray, the pediatrician required three nasopharyngeal specimen collections for viral
testing. For this nasopharyngeal collection, the technician inserted sterile cotton tipped swap in the
nostril, rotates the swab of the anterior and posterior surface of nasopharynx, withdraws the swab
from the collection site and

Rhinovirus Inducing Wheezing And Asthma Exacerbation
Rhinovirus Inducing Wheezing And Asthma Exacerbation In Children
A respiratory viral infection plays a major role in important aspects of asthma and its exacerbation;
which is nearly associated for about 80% of overall respiratory condition. Viral pathogen associated
with wheezing includes Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV),
Parainfluenza, and coronavirus (Busse & Lemanske. 2010).
Rhinovirus is associated with common colds that may cause sore throat, sinus infection, ear
infection and to some degree of bronchiolitis and pneumonia (American Academy of Pediatrics.
2015). This type of cold can happen at any time of the year but most common during winter or
spring. The goal of managing Rhinovirus is to prevent exacerbation in children, preventing the
disease excludes the ability of the exacerbating asthma for fatal outcome.
The purpose of the paper is to critically assess and manage using recently published guidelines on
predicting asthma exacerbation in children in relation to respiratory viral infection more specifically
to Rhinovirus.
Epidemiology, signs and symptoms of rhinovirus, asthma and asthma exacerbation Asthma is the
most common chronic disorders in all age group, there is about 7.1 million of children each year
were diagnosed with asthma (CDC, 2012). Exacerbation was accounted for about 700,000
emergency department visit and 200,000 are being admitted to hospital yearly. There are almost 200
deaths daily from severe exacerbation (Forno &

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Essay
Back in 1960s, there was an outbreak of coryza, also known as rhinitis, a contagious inflammatory
disease involving the upper respiratory tract. In 1965, Dr. J.A. Morris and his colleagues were able
to recover and isolate the pathogen that caused this outbreak from a captive chimpanzee. (Lambert,
2014) Through their research and study, they found out that Respiratory syncytial virus was causing
the infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a specific type of virus that is able to cause both
upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It is an enveloped RNA virus that can infect people of
all ages but has severe impact on children under the age of two. Respiratory syncytial virus is a
typical childhood disease. Out of the human population, infants are the most susceptible. Within the
infant population, there are four main groups that are affected: premature infants, infants with lung
disease, infants who have a weak immune system, and infants who suffer from a heart disease
(Medline Plus, 2014). RSV targets about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RSV is a highly contagious disease. Exposure and infection of respiratory syncytial virus can easily
spread in a crowded atmosphere for example at school or in a daycare environment (CDC, 2014).
People can become infected with RSV through either direct or indirect contact. Direct contact can
occur through physical contact with people who are infected or fine aerosol droplets from one who
coughed or sneezed. Indirect contact results when the infectious disease passes from the infected
host to an intermediate conveyor such as an inanimate object, and then to another host. According to
the CDC (2014), RSV can survive on hard surfaces for several hours, and for a shorter amount of
time on soft surfaces such as tissues and hands. This is how respiratory syncytial virus can be
transmitted from one host to

Taking a Look at Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya virus causes chikungunya fever, a highly symptomatic and acute illness often followed
by chronic arthritis. The name chikungunya, in fact, came about by the symptoms that developed
upon infection. From the Makonde language, chikungunya means, "that which contorts or bends
up." This refers to the bent position of those experiencing the chronic arthralgia (Bettadapura et al.,
2013). Though investigation has been ongoing, there is no information regarding any specific viral
proteins that are known to play a role in disease.
Incubation of the virus lasts 1 to 12 days. The course of chikungunya fever involves two stages:
acute and chronic. Acute stage is characterized by joint pain, rash, and fever (Kucharz et al., 2012).
The pain of the joints, known as arthralgia, is typically presented in the hands, wrists, ankles, and
feet. Back and larger joints are also afflicted. Other common symptoms of the acute stage are chills,
malaise, vomiting, and photosensitivity. Atypical symptoms of the acute stage involve
cardiovascular or respiratory problems (Kucharz et al., 2012).
Acute symptoms last for a couple of weeks but some symptoms may persist for months (Weaver et
al., 2012). The chronic stage exhibits predominantly in the form of rheumatism, which can last
indefinitely (Kucharz et al., 2012). Investigation has reported that persistent joint pain caused by
chikungunya virus is correlated with high levels of IL–6 and GM–CSF. Moreover, natural

Alaskan Critique
his critique is being done on the article titled "Experiences of Alaskan Parents with Children
Hospitalized for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Treatment." It was written in 2013 and published it the
Journal of Pediatric Nursing. The purpose of this critique is to address the usefulness of this research
and to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. This article is presented clearly and well organized.
The purpose and background are clearly stated. Some weaknesses noted in the article is small
population sampled, only sampling six and the lack of detail about the data collection and analysis.
Significance
The research question in this study is "What are the experiences of Alaskan parents who have a child
hospitalized for RSV treatment?" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only one interview was conducted. It would have been useful to see how the parents felt
immediately after the child hospitalization and also to know how they felt after being home for a
while. The article did not state very much information about the method they used to analyze the
interviews. This lack of information hurts the articles credibility. The step–by–step guide to
critiquing research states "In qualitative research the process by which data analysis is undertaken is
fundamental to determining the credibility of the findings." (ryan). Convenience sampling is also a
possible weakness in the study it is not the preferred sampling method but often time the only one
available. The fact that people volunteer might lead to bias's as these people might have reasons they
want to participate and might not me the average norm of the population.

Asthma Relief
Top Tips for Asthma Relief
Asthma health tips are important; people can be diagnosed with asthma symptoms at a very early
age. Of course, victims of asthma generally complain about how annoying and sporadic attacks can
be while out in the real world. Additionally, most assume that there lungs are perfect enough to not
be bothered. However, everyday living––with asthma related symptoms––proves that owning
irritated lungs is a common and detrimental experience for the unexpected ones.
Asthma and Allergy are accepted conditions that involve both genetics and environmental bothers
(contributions). Also, this type of condition is a disease striking the cells of the human body's
immune system; however, it is inflammatory response to a normally ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This type of cure can work for you; luckily, there are additional ideas and methods that secure a
more positive outcome overall. Furthermore, to avoid blue lips, extreme drowsiness, and losing air
to the extremes take certain steps to improve your 'breathing' health.
Top Asthma Health Tips
Get rid of your drapes and replace them with venetian blinds. On one hand, drapes hold more mites
and dust, which is detrimental to your overall health. On the other hand, blind are easier to clean and
dust with the right tools (soap, water, and a sponge; and a custom made dusting tool).
2. Use the HEPA filter and run your indoor air cleaning system. Ensure to set your budget to
positively affect your overall health requirements.
3. DO NOT expose yourself to smoke and annoying perfumes. Even secondhand smoke is
dangerous. Chiefly, there are substitutes to enjoying nicotine and other tobacco flavors that are
readily available in today's market. In relation, there are perfumes that cause lung damage. Shop for
your health.
4. Follow your doctor's orders. Whether taking long–term drugs over–the–counter prescription
relief, make sure that the directions are being complied by completely before moving on with your

Viral Respiratory Tract Infections ( Vrtis )
Introduction
Viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) are the most common illness in humans according to
Fendrick (2004). Acute respiratory infections kill approximately 4 million people per year.
Approximately half of these respiratory infections are due to viruses. Respiratory infections are one
of the top causes of mortality throughout the world. In many developing nations they are the major
cause of death in young children (WHO 2013). Often referred to as the common cold, the term
upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is used to describe acute viral infections involving upper
airway structures including the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi.
Viruses cause most URIs, with rhinovirus, parainfluenza ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Because URTIs are primarily viral use of antibiotics is not recommended.
According to Fendrick (2004) there are 110 million physician visits and 23.2 million physician
telephone calls in the United States yearly regarding VRTI and an estimated 6 million emergency
department visits for the cold occur annually. 69% of those with colds will self medicate with an
over–the–counter (OTC) product, they receive an estimated 41 million unnecessary prescriptions for
antibiotics at a cost of 1.1 billion dollars annually and spend 400 million on prescriptions for
symptomatic therapies annually. Additionally Americans spend almost 3 billion annually on OTC
medications for relief of symptoms related to URIs.
According to WHO (2010) up to 60% of people with viral upper respiratory tract infections receive
antibiotics inappropriately and the overuse of antibiotics increases antimicrobial resistance.
Antimicrobial resistance may extend illnesses and also increase the length of stay and number of
hospital admissions. The associated costs of this resistance is estimated to be approximately 4 to 5
billion dollars in the United States each year and approximately 9 billion euros per year in Europe.
Peterson (2007) states that one possible reason for continued high rates of antibiotic prescribing for
viral illness is patient expectation of receiving a prescription for antibiotics and fears that
complications will

Cell Cells And Its Effects On The Behavior And Adaptive...
CD1 molecules are a family of highly conserved antigen presenting proteins that presents lipid
antigens to T cells. The CD1 family comprises five members (CD1a–e) in humans (Hong et al.
1999; Luoma et al. 2014). Of these molecules, CD1d has been the subject of much interest
following the finding that the molecule is the only member conserved between mice and humans,
though murine has two CD1d molecules, CD1d1 and CD1d2. CD1d molecule could be expressed by
most hematopoietic cells, including dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages, immature and mature T
cells and hepatocytes (Hong et al. 1999). Notably, CD1d could bind and present phospholipids and
glycolipids to a specialized subset of T cells known as natural killer T cells (NKT) (Adams and ...
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The loss of CD1d impairs NKT cell development in the thymus and yields an NKT cell deficient
model. As a result, CD1d knockout mice have been extensively used in the NKT cell studies. For
example, Kotas et al. reported that CD1d deficiency led to a mild exacerbation of steatosis during
high fat or choline–deficient feeding, accompanied by impaired hepatic glucose tolerance (Kotas et
al. 2011). Martin–Murphy et al. found that CD1d–deficient mice were more susceptible to weight
gain and fatty liver following high fat diet (HFD) feeding (Martin–Murphy et al. 2014). Moreover,
CD1d–deficient mice have been reported to be more susceptible to a wide variety of viruses
including herpes simplex viruses (Ashkar and Rosenthal 2003; Grubor–Bauk et al. 2003),
cytomegalovirus (Broxmeyer et al. 2007), diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis virus (Exley et al.
2001), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (Johnson et al. 2002). All of these evidence suggest
that CD1d have important immunological functions. Unfortunately, mouse–based discoveries have
been difficult to translate to humans due to considerable differences in NKT cell frequencies,
subsets, cytokine secretion profiles and tissue localization patterns between the two species
(Bendelac et al. 2007; Van Kaer et al. 2011a). We and others have used a mouse–reactive CD1d
tetramer (TT) reagent loaded with the αGC analog PBS57 to identify a population of pig
lymphocytes with NKT cell

URI and the Common Cold Virus Essay
URIs, known as the "common cold", are acute, self limiting viral infections of the upper respiratory
tract. Children under six years are infected quite frequently, and experience such colds
approximately 6–8 times per year, with symptoms lasting up to 14 days. Symptoms may include
congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, cough, headache, slight fever, and malaise.
Rhinoviruses are responsible for 30–50 percent of the URIs in children and are present year round,
peaking in September, March, and April. Other viruses accounting for URIs in children include
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is common from November to March and in children less
than two years old; Coronaviruses, which are common from November to February; influenza ...
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In children, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea (may be yellow or green after a few days), sneezing, and
cough are the most common symptoms, while fever may be present in the early infection stage.
Other symptoms may include wheezing, sore throat, headache difficulty sleeping, decreased
appetite, cervical lymphadenopathy, intermittently increased middle ear pressure, and conjunctival
injection.
URIs are diagnosed based on history, physical exam, and prior exposure to others affected with URI
like symptoms. While laboratory testing can determine the viral pathogen, it is not done unless it is
necessary. It is important to be mindful of nasal discharge that lasts for longer than ten days without
improving, as this may signify an acute bacterial sinusitis. Additionally, the cough may last for one
to two weeks after other symptoms have subsided, but if the cough worsens or fails to improve,
other diagnoses, such a pertussis, should be discussed. Other complications of URIs include acute
viral otitis media, characterized by new onset fever and earache after experiencing a few days of
cold symptoms; and asthma exacerbations (to be discussed later); bacterial pneumonia, epistaxis,
conjunctivitis, and pharyngitis. As URIs are usually mild and have a self limiting course of illness,
treatment consists of anticipatory guidance and supportive care, which consists of measures that
(have not been proven in randomized controlled trials

Antimicrobial Stewardship
Antimicrobial stewardship (AS) can be attained while fostering quality patient satisfaction.
Interdisciplinary standards of practice exist to ensure evidence–based prescribing practices yet the
pervasive use of antibiotics remains rampant globally. This is a multifaceted topic that impacts
primary care prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, pharmaceutical companies, governing bodies,
educational institutions, research teams, and the general population. This article will investigate how
Canadian nurse practitioners (NPs) are in a prime position to influence an overdue revolution in AS,
specifically for uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) of children ages two
to ten in primary care. Background The discovery of penicillin ... Show more content on
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A "common cold" viral URTI may be milder and presents in children as fussiness, decreased
appetite, sleep disturbances, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, low–grade fever and headache
(Fenstermacher & Hudson, 2016). Influenza, also viral, is characterized by abrupt high fever,
myalgia, sore throat, cough, rhinorrhea, and occasional nausea, vomiting or diarrhea (Fenstermacher
& Hudson, 2016). Nasopharyngeal swabs confirm the presence of influenza or respiratory syncytial
virus, which is helpful when comorbidities exist or contact with immunocompromised individuals is

Influenza A Virus Essay
In the human body, there are commensal bacteria serving as part of the normal flora. Various viruses
can interact with these bacteria in order promote their infectivity. Poliovirus can bind with bacterial
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for stabilization to prevent premature RNA release and improve cell
attachment to host cell through the poliovirus receptor. For retroviruses, specifically MMTV (mouse
mammary tumor virus), binding to LPS improve their chances of successful transmission. MMTV–
bound LPS get binds to toll–like receptor 4, which is a pattern recognition receptor of LPS. This
event eventually leads to the induction of interleukin–10 (IL–10), which is an immune response
inhibitory cytokine. By producing IL–10, it allows MMTV to go undetected by the ... Show more
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Furthermore, bacteria and virus interactions extend beyond the binding of virus with normal
intestinal microbiota. Through the co–infection on influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae,
it increases chances of mortality. It is important to note that the two are working together rather than
through any direct binding to increase infectivity. Prior infection with Influenza A virus allows for
colonization of S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx. Sialic acid, a non–reducing sugar, is released
from cells and mucus after cleavage by influenza neuraminidase. The sialic acid serves as a nutrient
source for S. pneumoniae for colonization. In addition, a deficient of the S. pneumoniae's
neuraminidase, NanA (neuraminidase A), which is essential for breaking down of sialic acid to
allow for adherence to host cells can decrease colonization. During co–infection, influenza virus can
partially restore nasal colonization of NanA–deficient pneumococci. Co–infection is also beneficial
for the virus since it can decrease specific influenza antibodies. Another study also present that
having respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can increase the risk for acute otitis

Influenza Research Paper
Hello Sherri, influenza was one of my clinical diagnoses based on the patient's clinical symptoms of
fever, fatigue and body ache. Influenza is an acute viral respiratory illness that impact the health of
many individuals, families, and communities. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae
family and are enveloped, segmented, single–strand RNA viruses. They can be divided into three
types, A, B, C and are varied by viral RNA segments. Types A and B are common and are more
likely to cause severe symptoms and epidemics. Seasonal influenza results from circulating
influenza A and B viruses. Influenza viruses enter human hosts through columnar epithelial cells of
the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles through influenza hemagglutinin, which ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Classic symptoms of influenza include fever, headache, body ache and fatigue accompanied by
cough, sore throat and nasal discharge. Most individuals with uncomplicated influenza experience
symptoms for three to seven days and clear the virus in five to ten days after symptom onset with no
treatment. Pneumonia is the most common complication of influenza. Influenza can be challenging
to accurately diagnose as its symptoms are similar to other infectious agents such as mycoplasma
pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial vims, rhinovirus etc. Therefore it is difficult to diagnose influenza
on clinical symptoms alone, and laboratory testing plays an important role. There are six laboratory
tests available today to diagnose influenza. Which includes, genetic/antigenic characterization,
serology testing, viral culture, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and,
immunofluorescence studies. Finally rapid influenza diagnostic testing (RIDT) is available as a
point of–care test for outpatient settings. The gold standard for diagnosing influenza is viral culture
and RT–PCR. In general healthy population influenza is self–limiting and resolves in one

Diagnosing A Sore Throat Case Study Essay
Carly Fazio
Dr. Algevis Wrench
Microbiology
19 August 2015
Diagnosing a Sore Throat Case Study In the early morning hours on a Sunday, a worried mother
brought in a 22–month old child to the emergency room. The young girl was exhibiting signs of a
common cold, including a low–grade fever and runny nose that had been persisting for the last 48
hours. The child also had a hoarse cough and forced, noisy breathing. Her larynx was raw and
swollen and she had mucus coating her red throat. Upon examination, the pediatrician also noticed
mild inflammation of the ears and cloudy eyes. A rapid Strep test performed on the child came back
negative, and a warm vaporizer helped to alleviate her difficulty breathing.
My initial belief was that the child might be exhibiting signs of strep throat. However after the
physician was able to perform a rapid Strep test, which produced negative results, I felt it was best
to further investigate the symptoms occurring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adenoviruses represent the largest non–enveloped or naked viruses at 75 nanometers and have 252
capsomeres that contribute to its icosahedral capsid structure (Doerfler 1996). The virus particle has
spikes on the base of each capsomer that aid in attachment to the host cell. At the core of the virus is
double–stranded linear DNA that replicates in the nucleus of the host cell. Adenovirus infection is a
communicable disease and transmission of the adenovirus particle occurs in two general ways. The
virus can be spread in airborne droplets that are released when an infected person sneezes or coughs.
The virus can also be transmitted by contact with an infected object or fomite. Adenovirus is
unusually stable in adverse chemical, physical and pH conditions and can survive for a prolonged
period of time outside of a host cell (Adenoviridae 2015). In rare instances, the virus can also be
spread through contact with fecal

The Effects Of Cancer Paved The Road For My Life
Research Experience I was forced to leave my childhood an a early age. My mother was diagnosed
with cervical cancer when I was eight years old. This moment I became the parent to my mother to
nurse my mother back to health following her surgery and radiation treatments. My mother's life
was spared thanks to advancing medical treatments. Intimately witnessing the impact of cancer
paved the road for my passion in biomedical research. Ten years later, I began my journey at Mills
College, where I obtained a B.A in Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology. While at Mills
College, I was confronted with another reality when I learned my father was diagnosed with
testicular cancer. After immediate surgery and chemotherapy, his cancer was eliminated. Taking part
in connecting science with medicine for medical advancements aimed to benefit human health
became my focus and obtaining experience in the biomedical research became imperative.
Metabolic Integration in Salmonella enterica: My first research experience began with a summer
internship at the Bacteriology department in the University of Wisconsin, Madison investigating the
compensatory mechanisms involved in metabolic integration. Specifically, the overarching goal was
to identify the changes and alternative pathways required to sustain life of Salmonella enterica strain
containing a thiamine, B1, biosynthetic gene replacement, thiH, with Bacillus substilis equivalent
non–homologous enzyme gene, thiO, which is most prevalent

Acute Bronchitis And Common Respiratory Disease
Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diagnoses encountered in a primary care setting. It
affects millions of individuals resulting in significant impact on health of patients and health care
industry. Studies have shown that 90% of times acute bronchitis is caused by a virus, yet health care
providers are failing to treat or manage these patients with appropriate therapies (Knutson & Braun,
2002). The focus of this paper is to review the guidelines for treatment of acute bronchitis after
differentiating acute bronchitis from other common respiratory disease in terms of epidemiology,
pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, complications and patient
education. Understanding the evaluation and treatment guidelines, nurse practitioners can provide
evidence–based practice for patients with acute bronchitis. Epidemiology and significance of the
problem Acute bronchitis is one of the five top reasons to seek medical care in the United States.
The incidence of acute bronchitis is typically higher in fall and winter season, accounting for 82% of
the cases (Fayyaz, 2014). It affects full spectrum of population including any age group, gender and
demographics. The incidence of acute bronchitis accounts for 36 million office visits annually
(Blush, 2013). Although it can be seen in variety of patients, children tend to get acute bronchitis as
many 6 times a year where as adults acquire about two to four on average every year (Blush, 2013).
These

Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Healthy Children
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very common virus that can cause mild cold–like symptoms
in adults and older healthy children. It can cause serious respiratory problems in young babies,
especially those babies which are born prematurely, who have diseases of the heart or lung, or those
individuals who are immunocompromised. In adults, it may only produce symptoms of a common
cold, such as a stuffy nose, sore throat, mild headache, cough, fever, etc. As of now, prevention of
RSV infection is limited to the standard infection control practices, such as proper hand washing and
the frequent use of PPE (gowns and gloves). Outbreaks of RSV infections most frequently begin in
the fall and can run all the way into the spring. The most common ... Show more content on
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These include the elderly, persons with cardiopulmonary diseases, and immunocompromised
personnel. Upper respiratory tract infections tend to affect older children and young adults.
Additionally, RSV has been identified as the cause of 2 to 5% of adult community–acquired
pneumonias. This has led to attack rates in nursing homes to be around 5 to 10% per year, with
substantial rates of pneumonia (10 to 20%) and death (2 to 5%). Diagnosing the RSV infection in
adults has proven to be difficult due to the viral culture and antigen detection being insensitive,
presumably due to the low viral titers present in nasal secretions. The counter for this in
immunosuppressed patients is early bronchoscopy. Also, the treatment of RSV in the geriatric
population is largely supportive, however early therapy with ribavirin and intravenous gamma
globulin has shown improved survival in immunocompromised

Paget's Disease Of Bone
Paget's disease of bone (PDB), also known as osteitis deformans, is named after Sir James Paget, an
English surgeon, who first described the disease in 1877. Since then, research has determined that
15% to 40% of cases are inherited and the balance is thought to be caused by exposure to a "slow"
viruses like human respiratory syncytial virus or canine distemper virus, however, symptoms may
not appear for many years afterward. In about half of cases that are hereditary, a mutated gene has
been isolated that is known to cause osteoclasts to become rogue and un–regulated. PDB causes
long bones to grow unnaturally long causing pain and osteoarthritis, hearing loss and nervous
systems disorders from pressure on the brain caused by cranium overgrowth, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, characteristic x–ray signatures and elevated total alkaline phos–phatase (ALP) levels confirm
the disease and bone scans and individual bone x–rays determine the extent of damaged areas.
However, total ALP levels remain within reference levels as long as the disease is monostotic, that
is, involving a single bone. Total ALP is not a marker until remodeling has gone far astray in several
bones that are grossly misshapen. And, because it is widely recognized that prevalence and severity
of PDB is decreasing in the world population, total ALP levels remain within reference ranges far
longer, making anecdotal discovery rare. Although there is no cure for PDB, early detection is vital
for commencement of diet, exercise, and drug regimens that significantly mitigate debilitating
symptoms and disease progression. Per Magnusson, Michael Davie and Christopher Sharp
compared total ALP and three isoforms of ALP (B/I, B1, & B2) of 37 patients with various stages of
PDB and a control group of 66 healthy patients. Their findings revealed that the B2 isoform of ALP
is increased in asymptomatic PDB patients with a validity of 80% on a characteristic comparison
curve of true postive to false positive ratios. High bone B2 isoform ALP levels may be of use in
early discovery, however, only total ALP levels are routinely

Virus and Bacteria
Virus and Bacteria
Virus – A virus is a capsule of protein that contains genetic material. A virus cannot reproduce on its
own; it must infect a living cell to grow.
Bacteria – Bacteria are one–celled organisms that live on their own. They can multiply and
reproduce by subdivision
Bacteria and viruses cause many of the diseases we are familiar with and may sound synonymous;
they are greatly different from each other.
[pic] o They differ greatly in size. The biggest viruses are only as large as the tiniest bacteria.
Viruses are microscopic; they range in size from about 20 to 400 nanometers in diameter (1
nanometer = 10–9 meters). By contrast, the smallest bacteria are about 400 nanometres in size. o
Another difference is their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ways in which a bacteria can get access to an animal body are: Cuts Contaminated food or
water Close contact with an infected person Contact with the faces of an infected person Breathing
in the exhaled droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes Indirectly, by touching
contaminated surfaces – such as taps, toilet handles, toys and nappies.
Viruses are spread from one person to another by: Coughs Sneezes Vomits Bites from infected
animals or insects Exposure to infected bodily fluids
Curing a bacterial infection
The body reacts to pathogenic bacteria by increasing local blood flow (inflammation) and sending in
cells from the immune system to attack and destroy the

Childhood Illnesses Research Paper
Childhood Illnesses
According to www.ghc.org/, five most common childhood illnesses are: Chickenpox; Colds;
Coughs, Croup, and Diarrhea. Let's look at the symptoms of these illnesses as well as at their
treatment.
1. Chickenpox: Chickenpox is an infection caused by varicella–zoster virus. Signs and symptoms of
chickenpox may include:
Slight fever may be present before a rash develops. Rash usually first appears on body, face, and
scalp. It then spreads to limbs. Rash begins as small, red, flat spots that develop into itchy fluid–
filled blisters. Blisters are usually less than ¼" wide and have a red base. After the blister breaks,
open sores will crust over to form dry, brown scabs. (BCCDC, 2009)
Treatment: "Most healthy children and adults ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the CDC's statistics (2001–2006), the leading cause of nonfatal injuries was falls,
followed by injuries due to being struck by or against an object. Other most common types of
injuries are overexertion, transportation–related injuries, and various cuts (CDC 2008).
Treatment of Childhood Injuries
1. Falls: during falls children might break bones or injure joints and muscles.
If you suspect a fracture, follow these steps "(1) Have the child rest. Immobilize the area. (2) Call 9–
1–1 for a large bone fracture. (3) Place a plastic bag with an ice–water mix on the injured area to
reduce swelling and lessen pain" (NSC 2011, 56).
With sprains and strains use R.I.C.E. procedure: Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.
2. Injuries due to being struck by or against an object, e.g., contusions. A contusion is a bruised
muscle that may result from a blow. The symptoms of contusion are pain, swelling, and skin
discoloration (bruised, black and blue). With this type of injury, use R.I.C.E. procedure: Rest, Ice,
Compression and

Praxis And Synergy In Health Care
Modules of Potentiation: praxis and synergy in public health complex emergency interventions
The UN defines complex emergencies (CE) as, "a major humanitarian crisis, of a multi–causal
nature that requires a system–wide response." I set out to determine if public–health interventions in
complex emergency settings are useful; if so, how can they be efficaciously implemented. I
hypothesize that a triad of multilateral military actors, international health institutions, and civilian
humanitarian organizations− working as a closely coordinated coalition will optimize health
outcomes. Via an aggregation of current peer reviewed articles, I have found the most vital, practical
and effective modules for health interventions in CEs. These modules ... Show more content on
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A disease caused by the bacteria V. cholerae which discharges a toxin causing an increased release
of water from cells in the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea and dehydration, if left untreated,
cholera can be fatal in hours even in previously healthy people. To date, research on cholera
indicates an annual global infection rate in the range of 3–5 million cases and 100,000–120,000
mortalities, (WHO estimates 5–10% of cases are reported). Endemic in developing and
underdeveloped regions, risk of contracting cholera increase in populations effected by complex
emergencies, particularly among refugees and internally displaced people. Unfortunately, according
to the WHO incidences of cholera increased 130% from 2000 to 2010 and this number is expected
to increase as greater numbers of people experience complex emergencies and other humanitarian

Essay on The Hanta Virus
The Hanta Virus
The hanta virus is not a new foe to humanity. This mysterious and sometimes fatal disease has
plagued humanity for over 1000 years. This virus, most likely originating in China over 1000 years
ago, is transmitted by human contact with mice. Only relatively recently has the hanta virus
captured the attention of the United States. Although the hanta virus has been known for such a long
time, there is little known about the virus. In the United States most cases are found in the
southwestern part of the country, although cases have been reported from all four corners of the
country. Recently, there have been successful tests done on prospective vaccines for the hanta virus.
Despite this, strains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There can be no human to human transmission of this virus, therefore it is not spread by people but
only by deer mice (www.slac.stanford.edu). Most infections of the hanta virus resulted from contact
with mice or their droppings in homes while cleaning (Ince).
The first symptoms of the hanta virus are often characterized as flu–like. This includes a fever,
coughing and muscle fatigue (www.pharminfo.com). Other beginning symptoms may also include
chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain (www.bepestfree.com). Untreated or severe
cases can lead to fluid in the lungs, causing respiratory failure and ultimately, death
(www.nmus.edu). Not typically reported, the hanta virus can also cause kidney failure, again with
the possibility of leading to death (www.latinolink.com). As of March 17, 1997, there were 158
confirmed cases of the hanta virus in the United States (www.bepestfree.com). As of July 1996 there
were 133 cases of the hanta virus confirmed in the United States, and approximately half of these
cases lead to death (www.nmsu.edu).
There are several steps that can be taken to reduce the risk contracting the hanta virus. One highly
recommended measure is to spray mouse feces, dead mice or areas inhabited by mice with a water
and bleach solution (5:1). After this, all work done around the area, such as cleaning, should be done
while wearing rubber gloves and a dust mask. All contamination

Case Study on a Three Year Old With Bronchiolitis
Introduction:
This paper will discuss a case study of Liam, a three–month–old boy who is transferred from the
General Practitioner (GP) to paediatric ward with bronchiolitis. Initially, Liam's chief health issues
will be identified, following by nursing assessment and diagnoses of the child's need. Focus will be
made on the management of two major health problems: respiratory distress and dehydration, and
summary and evaluation of the interventions with evidence of learning. Lastly, a conclusion of
author's self–evaluation will be present.
Identification of specific key issues:
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor
feeding for the past four days. His positive result of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood gas analysis may be performed to determine if high concentration oxygen therapy is needed
(Bush & Thomson, 2007). The management of fever would be a part of care plan when the infant is
febrile due to infection (Axton & Fugate 2009).
It is also important to keep accurate record of Liam's fluid balance chart, and assess Liam's capillary
refill, skin turgor, fontanel condition and mucous membranes every shift, as they provide
information about the infant's hydration status (Axton & Fugate 2009). Urine analysis may be
performed to provide information on hydration status and/or determine if Liam has urine tract
infection (UTI) (Axton & Fugate 2009; Crisp, Taylor, Douglas, & Rebeiro, 2013). Management of
dehydration would be one of nursing interventions if urine sample shows a high urine specific
gravity, and antibiotics would be administered if a bacterium is detected in the urine sample (Axton
& Fugate 2009). Feeding ability should be assessed in order to determine the route of fluid intake
(i.e. oral, nasogastric or intravenous fluids) (PMH, 2013).
Rapid virological testing for RSV is recommended in order to guide isolation and allocate Liam into
cohorts in hospital (Fitzgerald, 2011).
Finally, the nurse may need to assess Liam's parents' understanding of bronchiolitis in order to
determine what information that nurses need to provide, and

The Effect Of Howard Rheingold's Strategies On Digital...
Creating a website is a task which can be accomplished by many; requiring an internet connection
and minimal skills. As a result, there is an abundance of webpages for ecommerce, social
networking, news, corporations, and more. Howard Rheingold's strategies on Digital Literacy
provide many effective tips for better navigating the web. For this assignment, I conducted research
on RSV, an illness otherwise known as Respiratory Syncytial Virus. The results were tremendous, as
there was an outpour in journal and news articles and even biblical references. Many websites
presented similar information, however The American Lung Association, CNBC, and Women and
Infants.org were distinctive. The strategies presented by Rheingold were applied to analyze ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He states, "...you are able to find a credible source and then extract the necessary information from
that source for your purposes" (p 48). So while it appears that CNBC has some credibility, it does
not contain the most practical information. Instead, the article goes into depth on Novavax, a
respiratory vaccine, and how its failure led to a drop in their shares. The takeaway from this article
was on how a vaccine is expected to reach approval by 2019 for older adults with respiratory

Medimmune Case Study
MedImmune Case Study
Background
MedImmune is dedicated to helping patients live better lives through advances in science and
medicine. Hundreds of thousands of patients have benefited from their products, which are designed
to treat or prevent infectious diseases, cancer and inflammatory diseases (Wikipedia, 2012). Their
extensive research and development efforts are focused on these same areas.
MedImmune acquired FluMist when it purchased Aviron in 2002. FluMist is Aviron's lead product
for development and commercialization, it's a live virus vaccine delivered to the patient as a nasal
mist for the prevention of influenza (Wikipedia, 2012).
Key Issues
The board of MedImmune believed that Aviron was a good strategic fit but didn't ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The problems can be grouped into two categories: problems with estimating cash flows and
problems with estimating discount rates. How long will it take to get a positive earning? What
number should the discount rate be?
Secondly, although the company took a long time before the introduction of the vaccine FluMist, the
nasal spray flu virus has been unable to obtain FDA approval for the vaccination of young children
and the elderly. FluMist also exists the problem of poor sales and difficult storage. MedImmune paid
$ 1.5 billion in 2001 after the acquisition of California Aviron in launching of FluMist. At that time,
MedImmune predicted that FluMist would become a "blockbuster" drugs. But in fact, FluMist is
quite poor performance on the market. Poor estimation on potential customers and market growth
should be the main reasons for the failure.
Recommendation
The MedImmune Company expected that the transaction will be completed in the first quarter of
2002. The transaction will write off the company's 2002 earnings levels and reach breakeven point
in 2003; then the level of its cash surplus will significantly grow (MedImmune, 2001). But from
both MedImmune and Avirons' statement of operations we can see that huge gap of negative earning
will not be covered in 2003. From the news afterwards we know that according to the agreement
reached by the two companies, MedImmune used 1.075 shares of outstanding stock in exchange of
one

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Research Paper
Respiratory syncytial virus, also known as RSV, is most commonly prevalent and severe in children
under the age of two years old. However, it can and does effect adults because of it being highly
contagious and easy transmit ability. RSV causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. Due to
the fact that respiratory syncytial virus can cause severe problems for children or adults, caution has
to be taken to notice the possible signs and symptoms associated with the virus. Therefore, this
paper will discuss the treatment, prevention, ethical issues, research, advancements, etc. associated
with RSV. By analyzing RSV, its effects, and how it can be diagnosed then actions can be taken to
decrease RSV negative effects. An important step ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For children infected with RSV and treated from home fever control and adequate fluid intake are
the anchor of treatment. Those hospitalized, similar steps are taken, hydration is required. Also, a
careful clinical assessment of respiratory status is done, including oxygen saturation, administration
of supplemental oxygen as needed; suctioning of the upper airway; as well as intubation and
mechanical ventilation when necessary (Todd, 2010). And in physicians' offices breathing treatment
are utilized to help clear the air passageway. The most known treatment for severe cases is the use of
the antiviral FDA approved agent, Ribavirin. Ribavirin treats severe lung infections caused by RSV.
Ribavirin, when used for RSV, is usually given by oral inhalation or a nebulizer that has an attached
oxygen hood, oxygen tent, or face mask. A physician will prescribe the medication and inform the
patient of the dosage and usage (NCBI, 2016). On July 28, 2014, American Academy of Pediatrics
supplied an updated guideline for the use of palivizumab prophylaxis among infants and youth who
have an increased risk of hospitalization caused from the RSV infection (Prevention, 2015).
Additionally, a doctor may suggest an injection of epinephrine or a form of epinephrine that can be
inspired through a nebulizer (Clinic, 2014). For further information concerning these treatments visit
Synagis or the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention official

RSV Is the Leading VIral Agent Respiratory Tract Disease...
Epidemiology: RSV plays a major role in respiratory infection among the childhood population,
especially infants and younger children. It is the leading viral agent respiratory tract disease
worldwide, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. There are about
100,000 cases and 4,500 deaths yearly of RSV infections in the United States (1). Typically, all
children are infected with RSV by age 2 to 3; however, the infections can reemerge up to 5 to 6 per
year. RSV was first extracted from chimpanzees that were showing upper respiratory tract disease as
an agent in 1956 (1). The chimpanzees had an upper respiratory tract illness in addition to coryza,
runny nose, and malaise. The humans that interacted with these ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
How RSV works: . The F (fusion) glycoprotein is responsible for membrane fusion such as viral
penetration and syncytium formation. The G (glycoprotein) protein is responsible for viral
attachment and a major antigenic determinant of RSV since it induces protective antibodies (3). The
SH (small hydrophobic) protein, matrix protein (M), and the M2 protein are envelope–associated
proteins that are not involved in viral attachment or syncytium formation (3). Other proteins such as
the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and the large nucleoprotein (L) are in the nucleocapsid.
NS–1 and NS–2 are non–structure protein that is only found in the infected cells but not present in
virions (3). RSV activation: RSV comes into the airway epithelium from the apical side only and
aims to destroy the ciliated epithelia cells (4). Then RSV buds and releases the virus from the apical
surface (4). RSV is caused by TLR3 activation. It initiates infections by binding to a cellular
receptor and then the viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane. The virus attaches the cell
through the main protein, the G protein and fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell through
the F protein. After penetration, the nucleocapsid of the virus is released into the cytoplasm where
replication occurs (3). The viral RNA is like a template for mRNA (3). The mRNA's job is to
translate the viral proteins and complementary RNA serves as a template for virion RNA

Principle Of The Hygiene Hypothesis

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