The Destruction Of Identity In Vertigo, The Tenant, &Amp;...

The Destruction of Identity in Vertigo, The Tenant, &...
The Destruction of Identity in Vertigo, The Tenant, & Mulholland Drive
The rudimentary form of narrative storytelling lends itself towards application to an individual subject's life story due to the correspondence of a
narrative's finite bounds and the subject's mortality. Vertigo (dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1958), The Tenant (dir.
Roman Polanski, 1976), and Mulholland Drive (dir. David Lynch, 2001) are consistent with this idea because their narratives follow an individual
human subject from an anecdotally significant beginning to their death. I will argue that the anthropomorphized narrative compels the subject's suicide
through the misrecognition of personal identity.
This occurrence brings about the themes of narrative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Action motivates the story and conveys it temporally. (Barthes 18–
20)
The proairetic code is the only one without which a narrative cannot subsist. The motivation in sequence establishes a dynamic plot, ceaselessly
decreasing the distance from its conclusion. Aristotle clarifies the concept of narrative motion in The Art of
Poetry.
Tragedy is essentially an imitation not of persons but of action and life, of happiness and misery. All human happiness or misery takes the form of
action; the end for which we live is a certain kind of activity, not a quality.
Character gives us qualities, but it is in our actions–what we do–that we are happy or the reverse. In a play accordingly they do not act in order to
portray the characters; they include the characters for the sake of the action. So that it is the action in it, i.e. its fable or plot, that is the end and
purpose of the tragedy; and the end is everywhere the chief thing.
(Aristotle 37)
The symbiotic relationship of characters–these are created with what Barthes terms the connotative code–and action seems menacingly inseparable,
however Aristotle resigns the confusion to the narrative's impetus. He argues that the character's connotations are subordinate to and dependent on their
actions, because the actions are the exclusive
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Structuralism And Post-Structuralism In Language
Structuralism originated in the works of Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist in the 20th century. An attempt to study a specific whole as a
complex system of interrelated parts, it soon came to be applied to many other fields. Structuralism is closely related to Semiotics and Saussure
focused on the underlying system of language, 'langue' instead of the use of language. Yet, the discovery of 'langue' is possible only with an
examination of parole, speech. Apart from favouring the synchronic development of language over the diachronic version, he also asserts that linguistic
signs consist of a signifier and a signified. Hence, this approach is different from those that focus on the relationships between words and the objects
they implicate.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Post–Structuralist writing is emotive. Such texts will tend to be euphoric, urgent and flashy.
The general notion of Structuralism is that the world is constructed by language. It is only through linguistics, that reality is envisioned. In contrast,
Post–Structuralism argues that realities are created by languages. All aspects of human experience become textual and everything one thinks of, be it
about self or the world, depends on language.
Both Structuralism and Post–Structuralism arise from Saussure's linguistic theory and so, emphasize on language. In this way, there are identical.
Moreover, both accept language as a system of signs that exists separately from any physical or mental reality. Similarly, Structuralism and
Post–Structuralism will also together acknowledge that a subject is possible only through language. Hence, language overrides humans as the source of
action and meaning and so, Structuralism and Post–Structuralism are non–humanistic [5]. Structuralism is deterministic as all power to structure one's
perceptions lie with the system. Hence, Structuralism is, in particular, anti–humanist

Use Of Discourse And Social Media Within The Arab Spring
Throughout the years there have been many Occupy Movements; Occupy Wall Street, Occupy Central in Hong Kong and Occupy Nigeria are just a
few that were inspired by the Arab Spring. Looking at the Arab Spring in terms of ideas of power is a useful framework because it enables us to gain
information which could be useful for future occupy movements as well as giving us a different interpretation to that of the social norm. We will then
be able to connect that newly analysed idea of power with obedience and disobedience within the Arab Spring.
Power is often seen as being held by those in authority positions such as Presidents, prime ministers and military officials. We are able to reflect on
this traditional notion of power and connect it with the power at play in the Arab Spring, and thus gain an in depth look into the idea of discourse and
social media within the Arab Spring. Through the post–structural theory and prominent thinkers such as Hobbes and Foucault we are able to look at the
Arab Spring in a broad sense, looking at ideas such as the Ripple Effect which other theories may not enable us to look at. Also introduced will be the
perspective of Max Weber's structuralist theory, this stark contrast of post–structuralism will further solidify the idea that looking at the Arab Spring
with the post–structural theory is a useful framework.
The idea of Occupy movements and ideas of power is "not confined to a particular political or economic form of government" (The Subject

Example Of Intertextuality
What is intertextuality? How does intertextuality challenge E.D. Hirsch's idea that a text has a single meaning created by its author? Explain with
reference to examples drawn from any media format.
According to American literary critic, E.D. Hirsch, in order to interpret a body of text, one must ask one's self the only question that can be answered
objectively – "what, in all probability, did the author mean to convey?" He believed that the author's intended meaning equates the meaning of a text
and it is in fact, the reader's duty to uncover the the author's intentions.
"The meaning of a text and its author's intentions are one and the same."
Hirsch's concept revolves around the assumption that a body of text is original, and is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
someone watching a satirical television show such as The Simpsons).
The best example of this sort of intertextuality would be the process of a reader (or surfer) browsing the world wide web. Here, an author cannot
control the way in which a reader approaches his or her body of text. There is seldom a linear fashion in which a reader consumes information while
surfing the internet. It is common for him or her to absorb only small chunks of texts on one page of a website before being led to an entirely different
webpage via links. Through surfing and following links of their choice, readers effectively thus begin to construct their own text of sorts as they make
their way through various sites on the internet.
Unlike newspapers or most other forms of printed media, intertextuality on the internet is often one of a blatant and conscious nature. Here, almost
more so than anywhere else, it is clear that content is not entirely original, nor is it based on an author's sole ideas and concepts. It is common for a
great many websites to host a multitude of links, and consist of short articles that link to other sources of information that the work was based on, or
that provide further elaboration.
Even on

Difference Between Foucault And Barthes
background in assessing the author on the other hand, which he considered "tyrannical". According to Barthes' statement from the essay "History or
Literature?" in on Racine, proves the above – mentioned argument, in which he initially assumed that text is a "grave" of author when text came out,
then the reader was born which is also stated in the "the Death of the Author", then Barthes criticised that old critic considered author "genius" meaning
that the creator is so sophisticated. He also signified another fact about classic thinkers that they disregarded the history of the writer which left nothing
to the writer since history shaped gracious literary aspect of the writer, if they are emptied from them, then writer will stay just as sculptor which can
ultimately be defined as a valueless object, "the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Foucault's essay tended to dismiss the author from his position with respect to analyse the texts while Barthes granted all the interpretative responsibly
to the reader. Both theorists apprehended the notion of author has no authority in directing the interpretation of their writings. Foucault, in his essay
"What Is an Author?" argues that the critics should not evaluate the text in relation with its author, instead, they should analyse the text itself in the
light of the its structure, basic form and its design architecture. His brief description of author is just a discursive person. Foucault commented on
himself in his essay for being focused on a specific subject, he justifies that it is not because they were interesting to him but because the subject may
have something to do his personal life. He affirms that his experience with the things that surround him would help him better recognize or understand
them when he does any theoretical work (Mills, 11). Foucault interlinks "author" and "work", in way that author's text is counted as his work thus he
argues that if author is

Examples Of Structuralism In I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud
I am putting to use a structuralist view upon the poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" because it can be related to with simpleness, put down to the
fact that it is positioned in the lyrical genre. Structuralism is a theory in which all elements of human culture are thought to be part of a system of
signs. Robert Scholes demarcated structuralism as a reaction towards despair and modernism (Scholes, Robert. Structuralism in Literature: An
Introduction, 1975). 'I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud' is a poem that commemorates the utmost beauty of nature to such a degree that the poet believes it
to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated, structuralism is a theory in which all elements of human culture are thought to be part of a system of signs. Structuralists are
concerned with issues such as form and genre. The reason why I chose to apply a structuralist perspective upon William Wordsworth's poem is due to
the fact that that it can be easily interacted with because it is positioned in the lyrical genre. The rhyming scheme is in the form ABABCC. The
rhyming couplet evident at the end of each stanza creates an unpretentious break caused by the addition of a new stanza. As a result, the final line of
teach stanza contains an additional sense of emphasis. The final line of the poem mentions "the show" and conveys images of dancing daffodils, a
long–lasting impression discussed by Wordsworth. The meter of this poem is an iambic tetrameter. The meter creates a rhythm with a musical, song
like quality, to which the daffodils may dance. Wordsworth also employs consonance and alliteration to create the sense of rhythm. The form of a
poem is of utmost importance to structuralist critics. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is twenty four lines long and it features four stanzas with six
lines each. In each individual stanza there is a perceptible pattern – the first line rhymes with the third line and the second line rhymes with the fourth
line. The stanzas finish with the inclusion of a rhyming couplet. By concentrating the first three stanzas on the lake experience and the final on the
memory of that experience, Wordsworth amalgamates the content of the poem. It is interesting to note that despite the obvious fact that "I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud" is built as a sonnet although it is a lyrical poem. Wordsworth employs figurative language such as comparisons, personification,
epithets and metaphors so as to express his feelings to the reader. As a sub–genre, "I Wandered Lonely as

Structuralism and Reality in Wrestling Essay
When discussing structuralism, I find that it takes a realistic viewpoint of how the world is represented, as we essentially are awash in concepts and
signs via the structures of communication and language. In this week's readings I found more depth to the ideas behind structuralism that my previous
exposures, especially when looking to Roland Barthes' "The World of Wrestling" from his collection Mythologies. "The World of Wrestling" provided
ample insight into how the structuralist idea of difference plays into deriving meaning (or meanings) from literature in innumerable ways, especially in
how the reception of specific mythemes and signifiers evoke structurally conditioned responses from the public.
One of the most important concepts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Livre, or book, cannot represent the actual physical existence of the book, rather it acts as a pointer toward the idea of the "real" object or concept out
in the world. So thus, each utterance in a language points to a concrete concept, and how that concept is understood through language reflects on how a
speaker (or writer, artist, comedian, dancer, so on; all are forms of expression and/or language) views and interprets the world based on their given
"structural" understanding of the world. Each "reader" assumes, due to prior exposure to the structure of their given communication (be it French,
English, American Sign Language), that when the signifier appears, the built–in, tag–along concept will follow.
Extending this to literature each text is a "speech act" in its own right. Looking at an individual text, as the New Critics would, would equate
evaluating his pitch and equating it to meaning. In this case an individual text is an utterance within the system, an example of parole (Bressler 99).
However, looking at the text for how it expresses meaning, how it works on its audiences preconceptions (or lack thereof) exposes the underlying
structures at play, not only in the world of literature, but in how the world

Roland Barthes developed a range of semiotic tools to...
3. Roland Barthes developed a range of semiotic tools to analyse the cultural meanings that are conveyed in advertising images, in a particular context.
Using these semiotic tools, select and analyse four magazine adverts.
This essay will discuss Roland Barthes' ideas and his semiotic tools, and will also look at how Barthes uses these tools to analyse images and how they
make us think.
Roland Barthes was a French philosopher who wrote many books about the literary theory and semiotics. His writing has influenced and helped shape
many postmodern theories. His most famous book "Death of the author" explains his theory on visual analysis. Barthes says that when we see an
image, the author or creator of the image does not matter. Each individual person will find a meaning from that image. We all analyse images on our
own.
The meaning of an image lies with the audience. The author is not the authority on the meaning of the image. Although we are all quite similar in
what we get from an image, different people will get different meanings. This is due to the experiences we have had throughout life. Barthes says "no
object has a natural meaning." (Barthes, 1967 p.25) Meanings are defined by culture, so for example, if in the UK someone does the 'thumbs up', we
take this to mean that everything is okay, but if someone does it whilst standing at the side of the road, it means they want a lift, and in scuba diving it
means you want to go up to the surface.
In his essay, "Rhetoric of

Posttructitalism And Postcolonialism
Although theory may have a reputation for being disconnected from reality, it is grounded in everyday thinking that helps us plan and understand the
actions we take in our everyday social lives (Sears, 2010, pp. 16–17). Accordingly, theories like poststructuralism attempt to explain these aspects of
human society. In this paper, after explaining the origins and major tenets of poststructuralism, I will argue that a poststructural lens is most conducive
to a critical analysis of the causes and effects of oppression. I will demonstrate this by discussing how discourses produce and maintain power relations,
how the effects of these oppressive relations are channeled through a complex network of power, and how deconstruction offers pathways for
challenging oppression. Poststructuralism Poststructuralism is derived from the theoretical work of Ferdinand de Saussure, a structural linguist who
argued that language does not simply reflect reality, but constructs the things it describes (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Poststructuralism differs from other
postmodernist theories in that it is primarily concerned with the influence of language on power, knowledge and identity (Healy, 2005, p. 197). In
contrast, postmodernism is moreover concerned with rejecting modernist "truths," such as rationality being the way to progress (Healy, 2005, p. 197).
Yet another post theory, postcolonialism is focused on interrogating and responding to the legacies of European colonization (Healy, 2005, p. 198).

Who Is Roland Barthes Opium Fragrance
A 1992 commercial for Yves Saint Laurent's Opium fragrance, directed by David Lynch, takes the pleasurable sensual experience of perfume to
faraway places via mythologized drug analogy and orientalist fantasy. The commercial follows a female model's ritualistic use of Opium perfume.
She walks upstairs in an elegant modern home, passes a grand piano, sits on a divan, and undoes the top of a bottle of Opium. Her eyes close, her
deep breaths rise over the soundtrack, and it is clear that the fragrance has intoxicated her as if it were literally the substance of its namesake. By the
logic of Roland Barthes' semiotic theories and his book Mythologies, this perfume ad's signifiers of drug use and the East create an environment of
sensual exoticism that glazes over the more complex realities of such signified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This commercial relies on a strategy of myth making that Barthes calls exoticism, in which the established order constructs the other as an object or
spectacle (Barthes 266). The mythology of Orientalism, an exoticism with a specific East Asian focus, reduces Chinese history and culture into
aesthetic qualities that can be used to incite feelings of exotic escape in Western consumers. Barthes' theories of mythology are explained through
semiotics, which understands signifiers as images that stand in for other concepts, and the signified as what is replaced by signifier images. The
myths created out of relationships between signifier may seem so natural and depoliticized to their readers that they go unnoticed. A number of
signifiers in the commercial stand in for a general signified essence of "the East". At the beginning and end of the commercial, a folding fan rolls
across the screen. At the end, white orchids float into the left half of the image, as Opium's red and gold bottle dissolves into the right. The fan, the
white orchids, and the design of the Opium bottle are all signifiers of warm, sensual, feminine qualities with a specific "Eastern" bent. At

Symbols Or Myths As A Representation For Something That Is...
One theme that has come up in multiple readings this semester is the theme of symbols or myths as a representation for something that is not exactly
true. Roland Barthes best describes what a myth is in his book, Mythologies. The use of such myths and representations that was the most educational
and influential was Guy Debord's, The Society of the Spectacle where Debord describes how society is made up a false life that is deeply intertwined
with the real world to an extant that you can not distinguish the two. In both of these cases, a common theme arrises from the analysis of
representations. This mutual theme is that representations tend to hold dominion over people and lead to the idealization of appearances. This modern
idea is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Debord believes it came about due to its monopolization over these representations. With its control over representations, a spectacle can
essentially control its own image, causing a "passive acceptance" (theory 12) by the people due to its appearance as a good thing. However, the
reason why Debord finds the spectacle's domination to be so dangerous and powerful is because of its tautological nature which means it's end
goal is also the means of its existence. The spectacle aims only to further itself and increase its existence or prevalence. In doing so it creates a
requirement for obedience. If people do not view representations as they are meant to be viewed, there is no possibility for argument, you simply
become an outlier with no real chance of fighting the overwhelming majority. The spectacle does one crucial thing in order to ensure its longevity. It
divides people. According to Debord, the spectacle even has a certain religious aspect to it in the way it creates a type of illusion where humans
attribute their existence to something besides themselves. As Debord describes it, "the spectacle is hence a technological version of the exiling of
human powers in a 'world beyond' and the perfection of separation within human beings" (thesis 20). A modern day example of this that was not even
present in Debord's day is social media. We have become obsessed with how we are represented online, which

Essay on Semiotics of Personal Objects
Ever since I was a little girl, clothes and shoes have been important to me. I loved picking out my own outfits for school, and finding just the right
color Keds or sandals to match. It truly was a passion. Even now, many years later, here I am, the same shopaholic and fashion maniac I have always
been. After researching semiotics, which in short, is the method of interpreting signs and finding a deeper meaning in everyday activities, I realize, that
my reasoning for choosing the clothes and shoes that I chose, is deeper, than just the fact that I looked cute, it was a choice of statements I was making
each and every time. The question is what statements did I make?
Recently, on a trip through Europe I bought myself some new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not that I am out to make anyone think I have loads of money, but it feels good when people walk up to you and say things like, "Wow, I love your
shoes. Diesel shoes are so awesome." It just makes you feel good, about the way you look and about your keen sense of fashion. Not that diesel shoes
have always been this way, shifts in popularity make them the symbol that they are. When I wear thee shoes, I am saying that
fashion is important enough to me that I am willing and able to spend hundreds of dollars on
Page 2, Johnson
shoes. Every outfit decision makes a statement, whether you realize it or not, and people form opinions and stereotypes about you based on those
symbols whether they realize it or not. Not to say its right or wrong, it just is.
Another item I wish to discuss, in semiotic terms are my old, faded, black sweat pants, or as I like to call them my comfy clothes. Now, there not
new, hip or expensive, but they are some of my favorite pants in the whole world. I wear, them when I want to be comfortable and casual, and when
I am not trying to impress anyone. I would never think of wearing them to work, church, or on a date. But why not? What make it okay to go
shopping in, but not good enough for dinner and a movie with a guy. Well, before I knew about semiotics, I would say its just common sense, but now
I know that it is deeper than that. When

Defining Change Essay
Defining Change
Change can be defined as an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another, the result of alteration or modification, to
lay aside, abandon, or leave for another, become different in essence; to lose one's or its original nature, to make different; cause a transformation, or
to make or become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence. There are many different
views as to the complexity of change. Some may believe change is an illusion and nothing ever really changes. However, the majority, such as the post
structuralism theorists, believe that change is inevitable. Change can be viewed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, our political world would not be the same. How would we advance in our associations with other countries, if not for the effects of change? Our
government, our laws, our beliefs would not have changed from those of our early ancestors. Hence, it is visible that without change our society would
be 'stuck in a rut' – with no way to advance and improve.
Roland Barthes was interested in the way that signifiers – words which are derived of meaning unless associated with an image or object – were
related to each other (intertextuality) and the way they reflect the context and culture from which they came. He believed that no text can stand alone
as an isolated work. Rather they echo and reflect each other. Thus, he said, we should never do author centered studies and wrote of the "Death of the
Author". Rather, he stated that we should look at a text in its relation to other texts. Barthes ideas led to Post structuralism.
Structuralists believed that meaning in literature could be determined by studying the language structures – the signs or signifiers – which represented
ideas within a particular culture e.g. white as a sign or symbol of purity or innocence. Post Structuralists, however, argued that meaning can never be
fully understood because the cultural ideas represented by those "signs" are themselves constructed by a society rather than

Photographic Truth in the Digital Era Essay
Year 3 'Individual Study' Proposal Form
Name: Cristina Dan
Provisional Working Title: Photographic Truth in the Digital Era
Description of the Research Area (this should be no less than 500 words):
According to James Brooks, "the manipulation of meaning to assure an audience would destroy the reality of the work and debase the concept of
communication." The essay will examine how images are used nowadays in media to influence people's opinions rather than only for artistic purposes.
We are constantly surrounded by advertising. The main power of the images is prominent in advertising where experts change images so that they no
longer reflect the truth leading to misinterpretation. A strong question is being raised upon this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are also some advantages of images in the advertising area. For example, in some ads and posters the image is hyperbolizing the negative sides of
the product so that it could create a positive impact on the consumer. For example, on the pack of cigarettes, the cruel and ugly images lead to a fear
that those health problems presented there will really look like that and create a three times stronger impact. The images are produced and manipulated
in someway so that it serves to the purpose. The exaggerated images in pictures about failed plastic surgeries determine people not to try to modify
their body with unnecessary changes that could affect their health and normally all the images from Masses that show bad things that happened with
people's lives have a strong influence on people not to do those things.
This topic rises up lots of questions and worries whether this altered reality of norms used by photo manipulation and the issue of ethics comes to the
front. How far can this photo manipulation go, but still maintain photographic integrity? We as readers, do we have the right to know that an image we
see in

Connotation In Le Message Photographique, By Roland Barthes
In le message photographique ( Communications 1, 1961), roland barthes states that photography is a 'message without a code'. According to him, the
photographic image, as a reproduction of reality, functions, in a first and more fundamental level, according to the regime of 'denotation'. The
denotative impression that an image arouse, Barthes observes, is so intense to make any description impossible considering that 'describing' an image
means to add to the denoted message a 'codified' message of second level: the verbal language. The denotation, however, does not exclude connotation,
instead, it is exactly the paradox of photography: the coexistence of two messages – one without a code, the other one codified. Connotation always has
an historical–cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apparently, none since the point that photography, by its nature, can't help to 'denote' the external world. Barthes, indeed, defines photography as 'a
message without a code'. However, is the same Barthes, in the la camera chiara, to clamorously deny this theory admitting that he can't include in
his book an old photo portraying his mother as a kid in a winter garden. Why he refuses to include a picture that he could use to develop his
reflections about the topic? Because, as he states, that photo exists just for himself, for us 'would not be more than a random photo, one of the
myriad representation of the ordinary; it cannot be the visual object of a science, it cannot establish an objectivity', we can might be interest just from
a cultural point of view: epoch, clothes etc. He realises that his readers do not have the 'code' to interpret it in the right way. it becomes an allegory
because, even remaining a codified language ,it stop to be common property of a culture and it became an intimate language, personal, that no one apart
form the subject itself can

Roland Barthes The Death Of The Author Analysis
Roland Barthes' "The Death of the Author" is a seminal text in literary theory. Published in 1977 in London, it had a long lasting influence on literary
studies, in particular with regard to ideas of semiotics and logo–centric conceptions of meaning and authorship. The text makes a fundamental claim
about the nature of literary production, as well as the way in which a text may be related to by its readers. Indeed, the essay can be seen to focus on
the relation and disjunction between the writer and the reader, and between the reader and the text. This paper will begin by identifying the specific
claims which Barthes makes in relation to the nature of authorship, and will then go on to reflect on how this claim informs the general way in... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Barthes, therefore, previous literary hermeneutics have been predicated on the assumption that to read a text is to place oneself in the
position of an audience being spoken to by a single person who wishes to communicate then– thoughts and feelings. Barthes claims, however, that such
a reading simply cannot be supported by the reality of what a literary text actually is. He claims that a modem reader does not relate to a text as if it
were something dictated by a particular sovereign voice. Rather, a modem reader understands a text as "a multi–dimensional–space in which a variety
of writings, non them original, blend and clash" (146). He notes that a text is "a tissue of quotations drawn from innumerable centres of culture" (ibid).
A text without an identifiable author figure is a text which can only be understood as something whose meaning is potentially legion, and one which
contains a number of conflicting histories. Crucial to this argument is the theological position which is given to the idea of the author. According to

An Introduction To The Structural Analysis Of Narrative By...
Throughout his life's work, Roland Barthes has expressed a wide range of diverse views on various aspects of literary theory and formulating important
analysis techniques; initially exploring and redefining structuralism, and eventually defining post–structuralism.
In the 1960's, when "An Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative" was first published, traditional structuralist thinking and method was
already starting to shift towards post–structuralism. Still, Barthes brings up Saussure's ideas in an analogy to his own, approaching literary texts in a
similar way a structuralist would approach a sentence – by breaking them down into the smallest units and analysing the structure of these units. The
essay begins by pointing out the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Function is described as the smallest unit of a narrative, which is later classified into four functions: nuclei, catalysts, indices, and informants.
Therefore, a function is not a static unit of narrative; it can shift to different levels and interact with other units. The level of "action" is necessary to
describe characters in a literary work. This was the first considerable shift from traditional structuralism: "From the very first, structural analysis
showed the utmost reluctance to treat the characters an essence, even for classification purposes" (256). Barthes claims that each character (or
"actor") in a narrative is a part of a certain sphere of action where he then interacts with other characters. To avoid confusion with the trivial actions that
form within the functional level, Barthes points out that the 'action' in the level of action is understood as a larger articulation of activity between the
characters. The last level of narration focuses on the function of a narrator, which has also been neglected by the most structuralist thinkers before.
Barthes points out that the narrator and the recipient of narrative are always connected to each other. Furthermore, describing the level of narration, he
makes a crucial point about the narrator: "Now, at least from our viewpoint, both narrator and characters are essentially 'paper beings'. The living
author of a narrative can in no way be mistaken for the narrator of that narrative" (261). Barthes's ideas of dehumanizing of the narrator, as well as his
focus on characters and actions in a narrative were quite innovative at the time, but the whole essay is still written from a largely structuralist

Critical Analysis Of Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely As A...
"Critical theory", in terms of literature, can be defined as a form of criticism through the close reading of a text and the application of knowledge
acquired from the study of the humanities. The "multiple readings" mentioned in the question refers to the different schools of literary criticism – for
example, structuralism, feminist theory, new historicism/cultural materialism, ecocriticism and postcolonial criticism. It is true to say that
Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" can be read and interpreted in many different ways, especially when both the original and revised
versions of the poem are taken into account. In my opinion, the most interesting criticism that can be applied to this poem is structuralism, which I will
be analysing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I never saw daffodils so beautiful, they grew among the mossy stones about and about them, some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow
for weariness and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the lake, they
looked so gay ever glancing ever

Sexual Connotation In Roland Barthes's The Death Of The...
Roland Barthes' essay "the Death of the Author" (1968) marks the "transition from structuralism to poststructuralism", in which he "celebrates the
demise of the author as ushering in an era of joyous freedom" (Barry 65) granted to the literary text and its reading. The text becomes an open–ended
and a polysemic discourse, and as such open to multiple meanings. He favours "the essential verbal condition of literature", in which the role of the
reader is that of "something who holds together in a single field all the traces [intertextuality included] by which the written text is constituted" (Leitch
1324–25). His poststructuralist perspective makes him see "a text's unity" lying not in its origin (an author), but its destination (a reader). In... Show
In the process of occurrence of writing, Barthes sees, the reader as experiencing the intensities, the pleasure of the text, the erotics of reading texts that
are always coming into being. Barthes equates the reading experience, so often, with a kind of 'orgasmic', thus, giving it hedonistic or say 'inherent
sexual connotation'.
In his essays "From Work to Text" and "Theory of the Text" Barthes contrasts "the traditional author
–based notion of The Work with The Text", and
state "that while a work can be held in the hand and seen on the shelves of libraries and bookshops, the text only exists when it is produced by the
new reader". To him "the Text is experienced only in an activity, in a production" (Barthes cited in Allen 83).
To Barthes, as has been pointed out, the text is a kind of woven or spun fabric seen as made up of "quotations, references, and echoes".
Never–the–less, "this intertextual weave is potentially infinite" in the sense that when we come to deal with the text we find it as if it has been
something "already written and the already said". The new reader of the text notices that "the quotations a text is made of are anonymous,
irrecoverable, and yet already read: they are quotations without quotation marks" (Barthes cited in Allen

How Does Barhes Write The Death Of The Author
In the French theorist's Roland Barthes's essay, "The Death of the Author," he explores that reading is done through a lens of the authors life.
According the Dictionary.com, to read is to "comprehend the meaning of (written or printed matter) by mentally interpreting the characters or symbols
of which it is composed." Barthes argues that the reader spends to much time allowing the author's identity to get in the way of comprehending the
meaning of the 'written or printed matter.' He then goes on to say that reading is way more than just a means to use to judge the author. He proclaims
that we stop thinking "the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the author" (257). In other words, he means the only way we can
understand a work of writing is to disregard "the authors, his person, his life, his taste, his passions" (254) because the readers should not use these
things in a bias when interpreting a piece of writing. He does not want the reader to be blinded by what the think of the author.
Barthes says that we must disregard the essence of the author, I say we use it to further our interpretation of the piece of writing we are reading. While
reading Barthes essay for the first time, I thought that what he said was obvious. I was saying to myself, "of course, I don't care about the author life!
I just care about what is written on this page." I really did want to agree with Barthes, at first read, he made total sense. Ironically enough, while
reading his

Why Semiotics Is A Useful Method For Analysing Advertisements
Explain why semiotics is a useful method for analysing advertisements.
Straight away when thinking of signs one would automatically think road signs, star signs or even pub signs however signs can also be drawings,
paintings and photographs as well as words, sounds and body language. The study of signs and symbols is also known as semiotics. Ferdinand de
Saussure was a Swiss linguist and semiotic whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments; He is one of the founding fathers of
semiotics which he called "semiology". Semiology also looks into the use of signs and their interpretation. Semiotics are frequently used in
advertising to signify an advertisers message through the use of signs and symbols for example it plays a significant role on catching the targets
audiences eye by the placement of pictures, texts and logos. The use of semiotics is very important for a successful advert. Saussure offered a two–part
model of a sign, he defined a sign being composed of two parts for example the signifier and the signified. According to Saussure the signifier was
the representation, the word or the image, where as the signified was the meaning, the concept in which is associated with the signifier. This is why
semiotics is so useful in advertisements because a sign straight away has a connotation behind it and can give away the message straight away to its
audience for example the signifier is always going to be signified. In an advert if you see a packet of

Theme Of Metatextuality In The Castle Of Otranto
The purpose of this paper is to draw upon the metatextual connection between desire, as the omnipresent drive of the novel and the narrative itself in
the novel. Desire and lust are not working only at the level of the diegesis, of the story and characters, but also influence the narrative style and
techniques, the intertextual and metatextual level and also the language. All these aspect create a seductive narrative that captivates the reader. The Eros
and Thanatos coordinates not only manifest themselves only in relation to the story but also in relationship between the text itself, the author and the
Gothic genre at large. The novel also cannot escape the pleasure of drawing upon itself as a literary work and as a representative of the Gothic ... Show
The answer can found in the prefatory advertisement of the novel, where Lewis, very consciously gives the name of his sources, the German legend
of the Bleeding Nun, different Danish ballads and Spanish poems aware of the accusations of plagiarism that can be intended against him. We
encountered this method before in The Castle of Otranto where Horace Walpole presents his novel as a resurfaced medieval manuscript; in essence
the authorship of the novel is usurped. Lewis does the same thing hiding behind his sources; in this way he renounces to the authorship of the text.
The novel is intertextual not only in the Romantic disclosure of the literary sources, but also in the many allusions scattered around in the narrative
texture and in the paratextual elements. The text is narcissistic in the sense that it cannot refrain from drawing not only upon itself, but also upon
literature in general. An example of this reflexivity is the playful poem in the style of Horace that opens the romance, where Lewis makes a rather
dark prophecy for the future of this literary offspring. Lydenberg states that fact that the gloomy atmosphere and the Gothic imagery of the poem are
just a "literary joke" (67), which proclaims his superiority "to the very devices of Gothic terror he will use in his novel"

Structuralism And Semiotics In The Book Of Huckleberry Finn
Structuralism and Semiotics
When you become a certain age level reading just comes naturally. Almost as if it becomes second nature to us which it should be. Our parents, then
our teachers have been grinding and turning the wheels in our little, vulnerable, expanding minds ever since the beginning. So reading isn't the hardest
thing for most of us. Its the comprehending, and the understanding the work of literature is where the struggle begins. Even a few adults do not fully
comprehend a vast majority of literature today, and being able to analyze and tear apart. Such as knowing where the rhetoric is in the paper. Are ethos,
logos, and pathos being executed in the proper manner? Which literary elements are being used? For instance is there metaphor,
personification, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Structuralism). The meaning of semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. (Structuralism). Therefore structuralism
focuses more on the pattern and the framework while semiotics focuses on the symbolization in the book The Adventures
Arzola 2 of Huckleberry Finn. One of the struggles with this criticism is that the framework is based on a few philosophers ideas on how the structure
should fulfill the base line or genre of all literary work. Structuralist prefer the focal point to be on the formal features that allow the meaning to come
about, not so much the meaning or content itself as much. The way Ferdinand De Saussure likes the framework to be is that there is no necessary
connection between words and the thing.(Structuralism and Semiotics). For example in the book The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn we use the name Jim for the black run away slave but he is also referred to as nigger many times within the book, so it does not really matter
what word is used because they both

Camera Lucida By Roland Barthes
After Reading Camera Lucida written by Roland Barthes, I was both confused and interested by his ideas. Though I did not understand much of
the book, I was able to take a couple of his ideas and really think about how I see photos. In the future, I intend to use these ideas when I look at
photos. One of his ideas that I was able to understand is the way he looks at pictures. The other one is his second definition of punctum. The first
of the two ideas that interested me the most was the way Barthes looked at photos. He did not say that he liked a photo because it had his favorite
animal or color. He looked deeper into the photo. He looked to see what had caught his eye the most about a photo he enjoyed. He called the catching
of his eye the punctum. Barthes described the punctum as, "... is that accident which pricks me..." (Barthes 27). This "prick" didn't always hit him
with every photo. Throughout the book, he described certain photos that I thought were interesting, but he did not enjoy them. An example of a photo
that he didn't enjoy was the photo of the two nuns and three helmeted soldiers, which was photographed by Koen Wessing in 1979. The main reason
that it didn't appeal to him was that it didn't have much of a, "duality" (Barthes 23) to it. Then there were photos that had caught his eye. An example
of an image he enjoyed and had his prick was a photo of an African American family; photographed by James Van Der Zee in 1926. The family is not
what the punctum was. The

Sonnet 130 Analysis Essay
The heresy of the paraphrase is the idea that minotaur labyrinth king minos myth story don't read this part the author's exact words create a sort of
combination of sound, rhythm, style, connotations, and denotations that can only be presented in the exact way the author presents it or it will lose its
intended meaning and flow. All this is especially applicable to Shakespeare's Sonnet 130, since it is written in iambic pentameter, and the rhythm and
rhyme of it would be lost in any paraphrase. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I believe that Roland Barthes' "Mythologies" helps the most to think about why these things are grouped together. All three of them are taking a
pre–existing work and remixes them, forcing readers to understand them in a new way. Barthes does this by taking familiar objects, sports, and other
phenomena and reworking our ideas of them by exposing the deeper meaning within them. All three of the listed works give new semiotics to an
original text, helping the reader to adjust their thinking and analyze the work in a new context. It takes works of the past and reworks them to make
them applicable to our current moment of understanding.
In its time, "Bartleby" was a reaction to many new trends of the 19th century, especially

Theories Of Bumi Manusia
This chapter discusses the review of theories related to this study. It describes the explanation of literature, novel and literary theories. Moreover, it
explains briefly about Bumi Manusia (This Earth of Mankind) novel and the theoritical framework.
2.1 Review on Literature 2.1.1 Definition Literature has been defined in many ways by the experts from time to time. Klarer (2004: 1) stated that in
most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as
literature in the more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include additional adjectives such as "aesthetic" or "artistic" to
distinguish literary works from texts of everyday use such as telephone books, newspapers, legal documents, and scholarly writings While Eagleton
(1996, p. 5) defined literature as an 'imaginative' writing in the sense of fiction – writing which is not literally true. But even the briefest reflection on
what people commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will not do. The criteria of what counted as literature, in other words,
were frankly ideological: writing which embodied thevalues and 'tastes' of a particular social class qualified as literature, whereas a street ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Roberts and Jacobs, prose are classified into two, fiction prose and nonfiction prose. Fiction, originally meant anything made up or shaped,
is prose stories based on the author's creation and imagination which includes myths, parables, novels, romances, and short stories. On the other hand,
nonfiction is literary works which describe or interpret facts, present judgments, and opinions. It consists of news reports, essays, newspapers,
encyclopedias, broadcast media, films, and many other forms of communication (1995,

Roland Barthes The Rhetoric Of The Image Analysis
In his essay The Rhetoric of The Image, Roland Barthes explores the relationship between image and meaning. He centres his discussion around the
advertisement as advertising is a medium in which there is an intended message being sent to the viewer. Barthes puts forward that if an image
contains signs, in advertising the signs are 'full', as these signs are formed with the viewer in mind so that the intended message is not missed.
Barthes states that there are three messages that comprise a reading of an image:
–The Linguistic message
–The Iconic (symbolic/ connotated) message
–The Denotated message (comprised of the physical objects within the image)
The linguistic message is that which is provided by text and, according to Barthes, is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It creates an illogical connection between 'here–now' and the 'there–then'. As the photograph is a means of recording a moment, it always contains
'stupefying evidence of this is how it was'. In this way, the denoted image can naturalise the connoted image as photographs retain a 'kind of natural
being there of objects'; that is, the quality of having recorded a moment in time. Barthes stresses that as technology continues to "develop the diffusion
of information (and notably of images), the more it provides the means of masking the constructed meaning under the appearance of the given meaning'
(P159–60).
Connotation or the iconic message is not as easily explained as either the denotive or linguistic messages. Significantly Barthes has left the discussion
of this message to the very end of his essay. The signs that constitute connotation are discontinuous. There is no definite way in which to interpret the
separate, connotative message and in the 'composition' of the three (denotative, connotative and linguistic) signs an 'aesthetic signified' is carried. In
much the same way as in text; when intonation is applied, it is a separate signifier than that of the text itself in a linguistic

The Rhetoric Of The Image By Roland Barthes
In 'The Rhetoric of the Image' Roland Barthes utilises an advertisement from Italian food company 'Panzini' in order to illustrate three types of
messages identifiable within an image. He describes these messages as 'linguistic', 'non–coded' and 'coded' messages. In doing so he identifies how
images can hold significance for readers beyond their literal meaning. This essay aims to utilize this theory by applying these three messages to a
Plunket advertisement in central Wellington. Firstly, one can apply the first of three messages that Barthes articulates, the 'linguistic' message. The
linguistic message can essentially be described as the textual components of the advertisement (Barthes 155). In this particular advertisement the
linguistic message includes both text and logos. There is a paragraph of white text at the top stating: "Children learn by copying, so growing great
kiwi kids starts with being a great parent. Ask about a Plunket parenting course in your community". Additionally, there are the words "BUILDING
BLOCKS" in thick white font in the middle of the advertisement, as well as the text "Growing Great Kiwi Kids" towards the bottom third of the
advertisement. The bottom segment includes various social media logos and links such as Twitter and Facebook, as well as the Plunket logo and BNZ
logo with 'principal sponsor' alongside it. The linguistic message here is – this advert is for Plunket parenting courses. As a result –which Barthes
similarly notes with the

The Death of the Auteur Essay
"The Death of the Auteur"
2
The concept of 'author' is originally derived from the Latin word for authority. From the theoretician's standpoint, the author carries power over the text
only to the extent that the ideas and scenarios within it are originally those of the author. French literary theorist Roland Barthes argues that the function
of an author is to provide the semblance of originality and meaning in The Death of the
Author.
"Writing is the destruction of every voice, of every origin. Writing is the neutral, composite, oblique space where our subject slips away, the negative
where all identity is lost, starting with the very identity of the body writing." (Barthes 1466)
The basis for Barthes' argument is the writing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Saussure 972–977)
"Everything that has been said up to this point boils down to this: in language there are only differences. Even more important, a difference generally
implies positive terms between which the difference is set up; but in language there are only differences without positive terms. Whether we take the
signified or the signifier, language has neither ideas nor sounds that existed before the linguistic system, but only conceptual and phonic differences
that have issued from the system." (Saussure 972)
The application of this idea to Barthes' work is in the very essence of the idea of the death of the author: the rejection of the assumption that the ideas
we commit to a certain name are the product of solely their own conjecture and its manifestations.
"As soon as a fact is narrated no longer with a view to acting directly on reality but intransitively, that is to say, finally outside of any function other
than that of the very practice of the symbol itself, this disconnection occurs, the voice loses its origin, the author enters into his own death, writing
begins." (Barthes 1466)
4
Saussurean logic continues on this theme to the extent that the arbitrary nature of the sign is indicative of the situation of an individual that operates
within the linguistic system, and their helplessness and passivity in relation to the signs that compose their

Critical Analysis Of I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud
"Critical theory", in terms of literature, can be defined as a form of criticism through the close reading of a text and the application of knowledge
acquired from the study of the humanities. The "multiple readings" mentioned in the question refers to the different schools of literary criticism – for
example, structuralism, feminist theory, new historicism/cultural materialism, ecocriticism and postcolonial criticism. It is true to say that
Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" can be read and interpreted in many different ways, especially when both the original and revised
versions of the poem are taken into account. In my opinion, the most interesting criticism that can be applied to this poem is structuralism, which I will
be analysing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Accessed: 22 November 2015), Barthes references factors of structuralism, such as parallels in plot, which change the way we interpret "I
Wandered Lonely as a Cloud". What Barthes calls binary opposites are showcased in the first and fourth stanzas respectively. The first stanza
creates a lonely and lost feeling whereas there is a sense of jubilance in the fourth stanza as "the bliss of solitude" is expressed. The feeling of
loneliness is lamented in the opening stanza whereas it is described as joyous in the last stanza, which I believe can be reduced to a dyad of happy
/sad; the next question is which side of the dichotomy the poem verges on. In my opinion, the images expressed in the poem as well as the
language used (such as "sprightly" and "jocund") mean that "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" sides with the idea of happiness, mainly due to the
scenic descriptions and the warm ending to the poem, "and then my heart with pleasure fills / and dances with the daffodils" William Wordsworth, "I
Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", Poems (1815) Cited in Harvey Sucksmith, "Orchestra and the Golden Flower: A Critical Interpretation of the Two
Versions of Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", The Yearbook of English Studies vol. 4 (1974), pg. 149
–158. The binary opposites in the
poem allow the reader to experience an emotion, in this case loneliness, on a spectrum when reading the poem rather than having one

Roland Barthes Microcosm Of The Adult World
Can you still recall the easygoing days of your childhood that were full of cartoons and toys? What kind of toys did you play with? Did you play with
action figures, baby dolls, video games, or Easy–Bake Ovens? According to literary theorist, Roland Barthes, toys precondition children to roles that
are expected of their gender. For example, Barthes claims that dolls condition girls for the role as a mother. Did the toys you played with as a child
predict the position you currently hold? I disagree with Roland Barthes's claims in his essay, "Toys," concerning both the description of toys as being
a "microcosm of the adult world" and that toys create users, not creators. Barthes main claim within his essay is that toys are "all reduced copies of
human objects." He believes that toys "always mean something," and that something refers to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, kids who play with miniature medical kits become doctors or those who were amused by telescopes became scientists. Are children
nothing more than smaller versions of adults? Do the toys parents supply their children with truly prepare them for adulthood? I truly believe that toys
are nothing more but mere objects. Believing that a toy predicts a child's future role in society is like believing that a Magic 8 Ball can truly answer
whatever it's asked. Barthes claims that dolls that urinate and are fed with a bottle are meant to "condition" girls for their future roles as mothers.
Growing up, I never played with dolls. I spent the days of my youth playing with action figures and running around the backyard in my cape. What
category of Barthes's do I fit in? Does

French Structuralism: The Concept Of Language And French...
Poststructuralism was derived to confront a different theory, structuralism, which was a dominant theory in Central Europe and America during the
twentieth century. Structuralism emphasizes that there is forces in social live, which are created out of human activity but stand outside of human
agency or intervention (Pg 393). There were different versions of structuralism, one that derived from France, which put great emphasis on language.
Structural functionalism accentuates human social organization at the level of institutions, whereas French structuralism emphasizes the role that
language plays in the organization of systems. French institutionalism looks at how language provides organization for human communication and
other characteristics of human life.
French structuralism has direct ties with Ferdinand de Saussure who established the concept of semiotics. Semiotics is the study of signs, like those that
humans use to express meaning. Saussure distinguished the difference between language and speech. He used this distinction do create and define the
term sign. Saussure understood a sign is something that is designated to represent a specific object. So anything that carries meaning can be considered a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poststructuralism was developed in critique of semiotic model that Saussure created. Poststructuralists are doubtful about the shared meanings of signs.
They argue that the universal understanding of signs is actually fragmented. There are no signs, but there are "floating signifiers" which mean there is
not connection between signified and signifier, so signs have collapsed and become disjointed. Poststructuralists do not believe in the organization of
signs and see the sociocultural world as broken, with no clear patterns. Poststructuralists base the social world on the idea that the patterns that are
found in social life are not permanent because they are

What Is The Meaning Of It Should Happen To You
It Should Happen to You is a comedy released in 1950s America, showing the road of an anonymous girl, Gladys, being famous in a bourgeois society
through the power of myth. As the executor of the myth, Gladys collaborates with Adam III's idea of 'average American girl' achieving her dream of
being well known to the public by making various commercial advertisements in the movie. The individuals of the bourgeoisie identify themselves with
the image of Gladys in advertisements as loyal consumers of the myth. Gladys, on the other hand, starts to liberate herself from the constructed
mythologies after engaging actively. At the moment of Gladys dissatisfying with the constructed notion of 'average American girl,' she becomes the
mythologist, disclosing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Gladys starts to take different kinds of commercial advertisements, she has significant numbers of ads appear on billboards, newspapers, and
magazines regularly. At the same time, as Barthes mentions in Mythologies, "[m]yths are nothing but this ceaseless, untiring solicitation, this insidious
and inflexible demand that all men recognize themselves in this image, eternal yet bearing a date, which was built of them one day as if for all time.
(155)" Therefore, Gladys and her corresponding notion of 'average American girl' penetrate deeply into the people's mind because of the power of
media. The mass media transmits and reinforces the message again and again until the public is used to its existence and finally accept it. The
bourgeoisie who identify themselves with the image of Gladys as an ordinary individual in the society inevitably desires to purchase the things Gladys
endorsed. Since the loyal consumers believe in the myth of Gladys, those things mentioned in the advertisement, for them, turns out to be the essential
types of the bourgeois culture with no

Theme Of Alienation In Catcher In The Rye
Jerome David Salinger is the author of the nation–wide known bestseller The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger was born January 1, 1919 in Manhattan, to
a prosperous family. He flunked out of several schools and become the writer he was meant to be. His dream was obscured when he enlisted in World
War II and married the beautiful Sylvia (Steven). The Catcher in the Rye describes the three–day journey of young Holden Caulfield, creating some
controversy because of its deeper meaning.Caulfield roams around New York while trying to find his place in society. J.D. Salinger traces and
develops the theme of alienation in his novel The Catcher in the Rye through Holden Caulfield. Holden's questionable alienation brews from his
family. His family family is separated as the children as scattered throughout the world and the parents are always working and not communicating
with their children (Mitchell). The lack of parental love and the desire not to grow up cause Holden to become isolated and introverted (Slabey).
Caulfield tries to get the attention of his parents, who seem to completely neglect him, by flunking out of multiple schools and causing trouble. When
he found out his parents do not love him, he decides to alienation himself, thinking it will cause his parents to love him again. Holden's character could
also be the blame for his alienation. Salinger creates Holden to have the perfect characteristics to be isolated. As Bennett criticizes, Holden is always
"... complaining about

The Double Edged Sword : Myth And Reality Essay
The Double–Edged Sword: Myth and Reality
The chapter titled "Myth Today" found in Roland Barthes progressive book, Mythologies attempts to analyze the notion of a myth within material
culture while reinforcing the idea of semiotics and unveiling the system behind it. Myth, for most people, is considered a kind of story or tale of
history that might have some truth to it. When thinking of myth, we may recall tales of Hercules and Oedipus as well as cultural or religious
phenomena such as the rebirth of Christ. Barthes has a new definition of myth, and that it is a mode of communication where what is said is not more
important than how it is said. To review the text, I will first outline Barthes main arguments and then identify his approaches to the unveiling of myth. I
will then use his processes and apply them to Rene Magritte's La Grand Famille.
Barthes begins the chapter by stating says the ways in which myth can be communicated, they are diverse and are not limited to writing and imagery.
All the mediums will eventually get expressed in the same way. In the essay, Barthes claims that myth is not a language and instead, it transforms
meaning into form. The study of how it does this is classified as semiology. Semiology is an idea that was founded byFerdinand de Saussure, who's
work Barthes read before writing this book. Semiology is the science of forms and their significance aside from the content. Myth forms part of this
system that connects the signified to the

The World Of Wrestling By Roland Barthe Summary
In the article,"The World of Wrestling" by Roland Barthes will argue that because wrestling stages absolute morality and ideal justice, watching it
provides spectators with a perfect understanding of the universe. In American culture there's tv shows, video games, and reality shows that show
absolute morality and ideal justice, and a show that shows the audience the same thing is the show called Flash. In the show Flash, the protagonist
Barry is given the power of speed, however he wasn't the only that received powers he was the only one that uses them for good and tries to protect his
city from every criminal that tries to do criminal activities. Although it's about humans with supernatural powers, it shows the ideal justice and morality
of the universe. In the article "The World of Wrestling " by Barthes examines the "sport" wrestling as being a theatrical act, and within a theatrical
act every element applies just like wrestling where the look physique attitude all apply to a single character. Barthes explains that every element
applies to wrestling because he says that the appearance of a wrestler tells the audience what is to be expected and they are able to know what will
happen while they are watching the act. As well the costumes, as seen in a theatre are supposed to represent the tragic play of wrestling meaning that
costumes were a representations of more than just a sport. Likewise, in the show Flash when the protagonist Barry Allen, got his power through an

Posttructuralism And Structuralism
Poststructuralism mainly criticizes the dependence of structuralism on tradition and opposes traditional structuralism to focus research on objectivity
and rationality. It attempts to restore irrational tendencies, pursue from the logic, but produce non–logical results. There is seldom a coherent theory in
the field of poststructuralism, but each theory begins with a critique of Structuralism. Take the documentary as an example, in the view of the
poststructuralist theorists, there is nothing else other than ideology, and any objective and true claim is doubtful in the documentary expression. For
many people, such a poststructuralist approach is disappointing. If the documentary cannot get any form of objectivity or authenticity, even full of
"fiction" like other feature film, then, how does documentary confirm its identity and value? For the moment, the response of the theorists to this issue
is not sufficient, but I am in favor of Carl's point of view. Carl (1996) argues that the theory of poststructuralism and postmodernism is untenable as a
philosophy. Also, as a basis for political analysis and political action, it is a failure. The research on poststructuralism is political, because many
poststructuralists believe that the world which people living now is just a social construct, and there are many different ideology promoters who want
to be hegemonic. This is obviously not acceptable.
The documentary is a non–fictional art technique. It restore and record the past or

A Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini
Critic Roland Barthes once stated that "literature is the question minus the answer." Throughout A Thousand Splendid Suns, Barthes' statement is
displayed as author Khaled Hosseini raises the following question: How did Rasheem's treatment of Mariam and Laila show how women were
treated during this time in Afghanistan? Actions that most people would see as illegal were typical in Rasheed's house and caused Mariam and Laila
to be afraid of him. He would rape them whenever he wanted, force them to wear coverings that shielded them from men, and brutally beat them. As
Hosseini describes the lives of Mariam and Laila, it is clear for the readers to see how these characters reflect ordinary women in Afghanistan during
this time and their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like Mariam, Laila felt very uncomfortable with Rasheed. She lived in fear that he would sexually and physically assault her, as it happened
multiple times throughout the novel. The night they were married, Rasheed forced her to have sex with her, and since Laila was not a virgin, she
cut her finger so it would appear that she was a virgin (Hosseini 220). Not only was she forced to take part in sex when she had no desire to do so,
but she was so afraid of what Rasheed would do to her that she cut herself to disguise that she had sex with Tariq. Since it was the Afghan culture to
remain a virgin until marriage, the fact that she would be harmed by Rasheed if he ever found out about Tariq shows that rules like this were strictly
enforced. However, women seemed to be the only ones limited by these rules as men could have as many wives as they wanted. Hosseini's emphasis
on this shows how women were not treated with the same respect as men and were limited more than men were. Based on Rasheed's treatment of his
wives, one can see how women in Afghanistan were not treated as equal to men and were used however and whenever their husbands wanted.
Women also were often forced to wear burqas at the request of their husbands to not only follow Afghanistan's culture, but to express the dominance of
men over them. It was used to cover their whole head and then some to hide themselves from other men who might want to marry them. They were
difficult

Analysis Of ' The Drinking Man 's Scotch ', By The Liquor...
My aim within this essay is to discuss, in detail, the underlining semiotics and ideological messages of a specific piece of work relatable to my
professional field, photography. This being said within this essay I have chosen to focus on an image generated for the advertising campaign; 'The
drinking man's scotch', by the liquor company Dewar's. Throughout my essay I hope to apply relevant information gathered from surrounding
fundamental theories, to support and emphasise my own personal view of the subject matter, and aid the interpretation of the meanings, and
connotations, behind the work that I have chosen to focus on. The main theme of my essay will focus heavily on the significations presented within the
image, to create meaning and persuasion in association with advertisement photography, my argument taking influence from the works of Roland
Barthes, Ferdinand de Saussure, and David Crow. However I will also address the use of ideology within advertisement, applying theories presented
within the works of Karl Marx, Ron Beasley and Marcel Danes, to my argument.
The theory of semiotics, is a study that focuses on the "relationship between the components of the sign that enables us to turn signals, in whatever
form they appear, into a message which can we can understand" (Crow, 2003). It is the theory, which can be applied in practice, that all imagery can be
decoded to reveal an underlining signification, which can be interpreted to create symptomatic and linguistic

The Destruction Of Identity In Vertigo, The Tenant, &Amp;...

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