frank has klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)... Frank has Klinefelter sy.pdf

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frank has klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)... Frank has Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY). His mother has normal skin, but his father has anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, an X-inked condition where the skin does not contain sweat glands. Frank has patches of normal skin and patches of skin without sweat glands. Complete the sentences. Some answers may be used more than once or not at all. Frank received the mutant chromosome from his. Nondisjunction occurred in his during the meiotic division. Solution Answer Frank recieved the mutant chromosome from his Father Nondisjunction occured in his Father during the First meiotic division. Since, the mutant gene is present on X-chromosome of Father of Frank Frank has also got this disease, therefore, the second chromosome of XXY combination must have been inherited from father. Nondisjunction has occured at Meiosis- 1 Stage, At meiosis -1 chromosomes separate (Not chromatids), therefore, one cell has recieved both chromosomes (XY) Each chromosomes is made up of 2 chromatids. At Meiosis -II chromatids separate. therefore, the sperm from such a cell recieves one chromatids from X and another chromatids from Y and forms XY combination when this sperm with XY fuses with egg having X, there resultant zygote has XXY genotype.

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Activity 4: Understanding the basics of meiosis Mitosis and meiosis both lead to new daughter cells, but meiosis sets up organisms for sexual reproduction. Meiosis produces cells (sperm and egg in humans) with only one set of chromosomes so that when fertilization occurs, it results in a new cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from the egg and one from the sperm). This is how there is genetic recombination of DNA resulting in unique individuals. Before we talk about what can go wrong in meiosis, you need to be clear about the process itself and how genetic recombination in particular occurs. To this end, complete the following set of questions. Questions 1. In the following diagram, draw what a cell with 1 chromosome would look like in the stages of meiosis. Prophase 1 is filled in for you and includes replicated homologous chromosomes; the black replicated chromosome is from the reproducing male’s mom and the grey replicated chromosome is from dad. 2. In your diagram from question 1: a. How many tetrads are formed? _______________ b. How many chromosomes are in the sperm? _______________ 3. In what stage(s) of meiosis: a. Are tetrads formed? ________________________________ b. Does crossing over occur? ________________________________ c. Do the chromosomes move to the poles? ________________________________ d. Do replicated chromosomes separate? ________________________________ e. Does the cytoplasm divide? ________________________________ 4. What processes in meiosis result in genetically unique daughter cells? When do these processes occur? (Note: There are two main processes; discuss both). 5. Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis to complete the following table. Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics between meiosis and mitosis. Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis Type of organisms it occurs in # of chromosomes in human parent cell Number of times chromosomes replicate Number of cell divisions Crossing over occurs? (Y/N) Type of daughter cells produced Number of daughter cells produced Daughter cells identical to parent cell? (Y/N) Daughter cells are: 1n or 2n? # of chromosomes in human daughter cells Activity 3: Chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis In the nucleus of the cell are the chromosomes that are composed of the hereditary material DNA. In every somatic (body) cell of a human there are 46 chromosomes. Each species may have a different number of chromosomes than another species. Since each somatic cell of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes, there must be a duplication of material before the nucleus divides during mitosis. In each somatic cell, there are two sets of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 2n (diploid) number, in which n means number of chromosomes. In humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes. In each gamete (sex) cell, there is only one set of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 1n (haploid) number. In humans, 1n = 23 chromosomes. This means the.

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In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX Solution Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism: X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome. X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype, Females are XX (homogametic) Males are XY (heterogametic) Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow But, sex and body color not inherited independently Body color is linked to sex Body color gene on X chromosome Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color alleles: Diploid. Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile. Answer is d) XO.

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Arrange the following parts and processes of eukaryotic gene expressi.pdf

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The polarization of the CMB detected in the WMAP data is evidence for which of the following? A. The first stars had enough mass to change lens the light around them, which polarized the light. B. The first stars acted as polarizing lenses as the CMB passed through them. C. The first stars gave off strong enough radiation to ionize most of the hydrogen gas in the universe, which in turn, polarized the light. D. The first stars, themselves, gave off this polarized light. Solution Answer is (c) Long time back ago perhaps 200 million years after big bang, the evolution of universe is started. when first star started shining then it light reionizes thehydrogen. result from WMAP show that re-ionization started too early as redshift z-20. and it is alsofound that re-ionization process was ongoing when redshift z-6that was a billion years after the Big Bang.it has been found that At this late stage in the evolution of the Universe,the density of hydrogen was much lower than atrecombination. Hence, even though hydrogen isfully ionized, only a fraction of the CMB photonsscattered with electrons after this re-ionization. Ascattering percentage somewhere around 10% to20% is the value favored in the latest analysis ofWMAP data. Even though only a fraction of thephotons scatter after re-ionization, this still has adramatic effect on the production of polarizationon large angular scales, of order ten degrees. Onthese scales the polarization produced atdecoupling (z ~ 1100) is minimal because thesescales are much larger than the mean free path atdecoupling. Thus, the signal from re-ionizationdetermines the shape of the power spectrum atlarge scales..

The polarization of the CMB detected in the WMAP data is evidence fo.pdf

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Technical Performance Measures are quantitative measures that must be met for the system to fulfill its mission. Name two primary areas in the systems engineering process that TPMs are used: Solution Technical performance measures are shortly called as tpms.. They are used in different kinds of engineering fields.. The two important fields are 1) military engineering namely in u.s.a 2)space system engineering ..

Technical Performance Measures are quantitative measures that must be.pdf

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Show that the center Z(D) of a division ring D is a field. Solution By defintion, a division algebra D over a field F is a vector space over F with a product operation, which satisfies all the usual laws of associativity and distributivity (but not necessaily commutative). in addition to the property that evey non-zero element in D is invertible. Now Z(D) is the center of the division algebra = {x in D~ xy =yx}, the set of all x in D commuting with all the elements of D. Clearly Z(D) itself is a division algebra . ( xy =yx implies y-1 x-1 = x-1 y-1 for all y implies Z(D) is closed under inverses). By very definition Z(D) is a commutative . So Z(D) is a field. (any commutaive division algebra is a field.).

Show that the center Z(D) of a division ring D is a field.Solutio.pdf

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