Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Full course on slide share

1. Analog Instruments and
Digital Instruments
Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation (EE-336)

2. Contents
• Analog Instruments Basics
• Digital Instruments Basic
• ADC
• Sampling
• Quantization
• DAC (R-2R Ladder)
• Function Generator
• CRT and Oscilloscope
• Oscillators

3. Analog Instruments
• The y-axis is continuous and has
infinite values
• Gives the most accurate result if we
can measure it with accuracy. But
most of the time we can’t measure it
the way we can measure it in digital
instruments
• Easy to make and not complex to
understand
• Uses more power
• Calculation is easy in digital
instruments since analog has infinite
values of readings and its storage is
impossible
https://circuitglobe.com/analog-
instrument.html#:~:text=Definition%3A%20The%20analogue%20instrum
ent%20is,measured%20through%20the%20analogue%20instruments.

4. Digital Instruments
• The instrument which represents the measurand
value in the form of the digital number is known as
the digital instruments
https://circuitglobe.com/digital-
instrument.html#:~:text=Definition%3A%20The%20instrument%20which%20represents,into%20a%20countable%
20output%20signal.
1.The accuracy of the digital electronic instrument is very much
high.
2.The digital instrument consists sensitive elements which are
easily reacted with the surrounding temperature and humidity.
3.The input impedance of the digital instrument is very high
because of which it can draw very less power.
4.The digital instrument is less portable.
5.The cost of the instrument is high.
6.The instrument is free from the parallax error.

5. Analog to Digital Conversion
• Sampling
• Nyquist Theorem
• Quantization
• Uniform Quantization
• Non Uniform Quantization
• Quantization Error

6. Sampling
• The process of taking samples of
information from a continuous
information channel such that the
instances are taken w.r.t x-axis
• The rate at which samples are to be
taken must be double to the that of
the maximum frequency of the
information channel (fs=2fmax)
• When sampling is done below this
Threshold, aliasing phenomena
occurs which may produce very
different results upon DAC
http://microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/dib/sections/02Images/sampling.html

7. Quantization
• Quantization is the process of
mapping continuous infinite
values to a smaller set of discrete
finite values.
• It makes the surroundings of a
level on y-axis to the level defined
by the quantizer
• Quantization Error: The corruption
of data while we approximate an
analog value to a digital level.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_quantization.ht
m#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,termed%20as%20a%20Uniform%20Quantizatio
n.

8. Digital to analog conversion
R-2R Ladder
https://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/R-2R-ladder.html

9. Function Generator
https://www.circuitstoday.com/function-generators

10. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Oscilloscope
https://www.elprocus.com/cro-cathode-ray-oscilloscope-working-and-application/

12. Oscillators
• Colpitts Oscillator
• Hatley Oscillator
• RC Phase Shift Oscillator
• Crystal Oscillator
• Wein Bridge Oscillator
https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-oscillators-circuits/

13. Thanks