It is especially designed for the students of IGCSE and CAIE to help them in writing summary in a detailed but simple way.

1. SUMMARY
WRITING

2. STEPS TO WRITE A
SUMMARY
Glean out the
content points
Use your own
words to
rephrase them
Organize and
merge them to
form a summary

3. HOW TO GLEAN OUT THE
CONTENT POINTS
Read the questions and underline the keywords.
Example: Reasons why orangutans are an endangered specie
Identify which are main points and include all the key
facts relating to the subject of your summary.
Glean out the content points according to the
requirement of the question, but the content point
should not have more than ten words.

4. REPHRASE THE CONTENT
POINTS
Step 1: Understand
the message being
conveyed by the
content point.
Step 2:
Write in your own
words as much as
possible.
Step 3:
Change the
sentence structure
or the voice of the
sentence

5. HOW TO MERGE THE
CONTENT POINTS?After we have gleaned and rephrased the contents
points, we must merge the points in order to bring
variation in the sentence structure.
Merging is not only a very important component while
composing summary but it also allows us to shorten the
points and deliver the main idea of the passage briefly.
Some important points while merging are that, the
points that are being merged should be coherent to each
other.
Stylish and appropriate connectives should be used.
Merge at least two or more content points and combine
simple sentences into compound and complex
sentences.

6. STYLISH USE OF CONNECTIVES;
INSTEAD OF USING BUT , AND , SO THERE ARE
MANY OTHER CONNECTIVES THAT CAN MAKE
THE SUMMARY INTERESTING
And ;
Additionally
As well as
Moreover
Similarly
Furthermore
Including
besides
Because ;
Therefore
Hence
Since
Due to
As a result
Thus
Else
consequently
Then ;
• Before
• After
• Next
• While
• Afterwar
d
• soon
But ;
• Despite
• In spite of
• In
contrast
• However
• Whereas
• On the
other
hand

7. STRUCTURING
A comprehension is a combination of either cause or effect,
advantages and disadvantages or compare and contrast therefore the
summary should follow the same structure.
We must start the summary with the given points and then continue
adding the rephrased and merged points.
When ever the summary takes turn and the second part is being
discussed , there must a accurate use of connective to show the
difference.
No paragraphing is done in summary writing

8. EXAMPLES
Rephrase the following points and
merge the points using suitable
connectives;
Illegal logging destroys the natural
habitat of orangutans.
Burning down of forest cause
destruction of their habitat.
Organizations are encouraging
people to adopt orangutans.
Rephrased ones:
The natural domains of orangutans
are being ruined by the unlawful
loggings.
The demolition of their homes is also
being caused by the a blazing of
forests for the cultivation of land.
The people are being motivated to
ratify an orangutan.
Merging of the content
points:
The natural domains of
orangutans are set ablaze
for the cultivation of
crops. Furthermore, they
are also ruined by the
unlawful logging, however
people are being
motivated to ratify an
orangutan by authorities.

9. KEY POINTS;
Dos:
Use a concise and formal style
Remember to cover approximately
20 different content points.
Stick to the word limit.
Relevance and coherence must be
there.
Demonstrate a wide range of
vocabulary and linking devices.
The focus must be on the main
points instead of the supporting
details.
Sentence variety should be there ,
compound and complex sentences
Don’ts:
Do not copy wordings from the
passage; use your own words
throughout the summary.
Don’t use ‘I’ or ‘you’
Don’t use informal language.
Do not include irrelevant details.
Do not repeat any information.
Do not use same connectives
repeatedly.
Don’t offer an opinion on what you
are summarizing.