2. Chapter 13 Section 2
I. The New Urban Environment
a. From 1800-1900 the population of
London grew from 960,000 to
6,500,000.
i. Urban residents grew from being 40 to 60
percent of Great Britain’s Population.
b. Cities grew because of rural
migration to the urban centers.
i. Lack of jobs and improved living
conditions in the cities led to this rural
migration in the second half of the
nineteenth century.
3. c. City governments created boards of
health to improve the quality of
housing.
i. Officials inspected the buildings for
public health hazards.
d. Essential to public health was clean
water and proper sewage systems.
i. A system of dams, reservoirs, aqueducts,
and tunnels provided the water.
ii. Beginning in the 1860’s heaters made hot
baths available.
4.
5. e. Sewage treatment was improved
by using underground pipes that
took the waste out of the city.
i. Frankfurt sewer slogan “from the
toilet to the river in half an hour.”
6.
7. II. Social Structure of Mass Society
a. Even with a rising standard of
living, great poverty remained in
the west.
b. Wealthy elite made up 5% of
European Society.
i. They controlled up to 40% of the
wealth.
8. c. The middle class included
lawyers, doctors, members of
the civil service, engineers,
scientists, and others.
i. Below this middle class was the
lower middle class of
shopkeepers, secretaries, and
clerks.
9. d. The European middle classes
believed in hard work, which was
open to everyone.
i. They also were churchgoers
concerned with the moral way of
doing things, which gave rise to a
genre of etiquette books.
10. e. The Working class, which made
up 80% of the European
population.
i. Included artisans, semi-skilled
laborers, and unskilled laborers,
including day laborers and domestic
servants.
11. f. The life of urban workers improved
after 1870 due to reforms.
i. Wages increased, and lower prices of
consumer goods.
ii. Workers could now afford leisure
activities, and strikes were leading to a
10-hour workday and Saturday
afternoons off.
12. III. The Experiences of Women
a. In 1800 family roles mainly defined
women.
i. Women were legally inferior to and
economically dependent on men.
b. The Second Industrial Revolution
opened the door to new jobs for women.
i. Many employers hired women as low-paid,
white-collar workers.
ii. Both industrial plants and retail outlets
needed secretaries, clerks, typists, and
similar workers.
13. c. Women took jobs in the
expanding fields of education,
social work, and health.
i. Women who took these jobs were
looking for an improved life.
d. During the 1800s marriage was
the only honorable and available
career for most women.
14. e. By the early 20th century,
some working class mothers
could afford to stay at home
due to rising wages in heavy
industry.
i. Working-class families started
to purchase new consumer
products such as sewing
machines.
15. f. Modern feminism, the movement
for women’s rights, began during
the Enlightenment.
i. Movement during the 1800s began
with the fight for women to own
property.
g. Women who fought for feminism
by becoming a nurse;
i. Amalie Sieveking, Florence
Nightingale, Clara Barton.
16.
17. h. Around 1840-1850 women began
to demand equal political rights,
such as the right to vote.
i. Suffragists—people who wanted to
vote extended to all adults—
believed in the right of women to
full citizenship in the nation-state.
ii. Before WWI, only Norway and
some U.S. states gave women
receive the right to vote.
iii. Following WWI governments in the
West will give women the right to
vote.
18. IV. Universal Education
a. Universal education was a
product of the mass society.
i. Before, education was primarily for
the wealthy and upper middle
class.
19. b. By 1914 most Western
governments established state-
sponsored primary schools.
i. Boys and Girls 6-12 were required
to attend.
ii. Teachers were trained by the State.
iii. 1st female colleges were actually
teacher-training institutes.
20. c. States made this commitment to
public education because of
industrialization.
i. Companies needed skilled,
knowledgeable laborers.
ii. People could aspire to fields previously
not accessible to them.
d. Main reason for public education was
political.
i. Extending the right to vote called for a
better educated public.
ii. School instilled patriotism.
21. e. Education increased literacy or
ability to read.
i. 1900 most adults could read.
ii. In state where there was no
universal schooling, almost 80%
of adults could not read.
22. V. New Forms of Leisure
a. Following the 2nd Industrial
Revolution people could now pursue
more leisure activities.
i. These activities distracted people from
the realities of their work lives.
b. The industrial system gave people
time like evenings and weekends to
pursue fun after work.
i. Amusement Parks
ii. Team sports
iii. Public Transportation
