4G Wireless Tech & Its Generations

Wireless Mobile Telecommunication Technology And The...
Abstract
With the development of mobile devices and web applications, people tend to access data, audio,
picture and video from their mobile devices anywhere and anytime, thus, wireless mobile
telecommunication becomes more and more important. Cellular network technology is the basis for
the wireless mobile telecommunication. And the generation is used to describe the development
history of wireless mobile telecommunication standard and technology, from first generation (1G) to
fifth generation (5G). Fourth generation (4G) is currently widely commercialized around the world
by different wireless service providers, or carriers. Mobile WiMAX and Long–Term Evolution
(LTE) are two technology categories in 4G systems and the spread spectrum radio technology
behind 4G is orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA). 4G not only provides internet speeds that are five times
faster than 3G, but also reduces likelihood of losing the connection significantly, solving the
problem of unreliability. with sudden drops in speed and complete outages. LTE is based on the
GSM/ EDGE and UMTS/ HSPA network technologies, offering high speeds and low latencies over
long distances. FDD–LTE and TDD–LTE are two different standards for LTE 4G technology.
Besides, LTE Advanced is a major enhancement of the LTE standard, in order to reach and surpass
the ITU requirements.
Keywords: Cellular Network, 4G, LTE The purpose of the paper is to focus on the development of
wireless mobile telecommunication. Firstly, cellular
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Voip Security
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Department of Defense (DoD) has transitioned from its older public–
switched telephone network (PSTN) network to an almost total Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
network. They are being adopted by DoD because they offer higher flexibility, more features, and
lower costs than the traditional PSTN infrastructure. However, VoIP systems also represent a higher
complexity in terms of architecture, protocols, and implementation, with a corresponding increase in
the potential for misuse. This case study examines the current state of affairs on DoD VoIP security
through research of known/disclosed/potential eavesdropping and interception threats to DoD
systems. This paper should serve as a starting point for understanding ... Show more content on
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A signaling protocol, such as session initiation protocol (SIP), performs the legwork: locating users,
call parameters, modifications and building or ending a session. A media transport protocol, like real
time transport protocol (RTP) handles the data portion of a connection, which includes digitizing,
encoding and ordering. Networking protocols, such as IP, are wrapped around the VoIP packets
when they are transmitted through the proper servers to the end user.
VoIP communication can take occur on both LANs or on WANs, as is the case with internal calls on
a corporate network. If a VoIP user wishes to call a destination on PSTN, a special gateway is used.
These devices act as connectors between the data network and the SS7 network used by POTS. They
translate the incoming data into a format the recipient, be it IP or SS7, can understand.
SIP Protocol

Types Of Networks : Local Area Network
Types of networks: LAN– LAN means Local Area Network. It is a computer network that distances
quite a small area. It is mostly restricted to a room or a building etc. WLAN– WLAN means
Wireless Local Area Network. It is a wireless version of a LAN. It allows a mobile user to connect
to a local area network through a wireless connection. WAN– WAN means Wide Area Network.
They are mostly connected through public networks. For example: Telephone systems. It can also be
connected through satellites. WAN consists of two or more local area networks. MAN– MAN means
Metropolitan Area Network. It's a network that interrelates users with computer resources in a
specific area or a larger region than the amount covered by the LAN and smaller than the WAN.
PAN– PAN means Personal Area Network. It is the interconnection of IT devices within a specific
range of a person. It is most likely to be a range of 10 metres. This kind of network can become
wireless to the internet and other networks. Network topologies: Bus– This is once a private cable
joins all of the workstations, digital computer, printer and alternative elements along. At every finish
of the bus are some things referred to as a 'Terminator' this can be a hardware piece that prevents
signals bouncing forward and backwards. It's simple to put in and to feature additional workstations.
Ring– In a ring network layout, all the computers are connected to each another in a circle
formation. The data passes

Mobile Communication : An Overview Of 4g And Its Features,...
Mobile Communication from 1G to 4G Ajit Singh Grewal GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
Fairfax, Virginia, USAAbstract The evolution of mobile telephone system can be classified into
different generation based on the level of maturity in technology. This classification does not depend
on any standardized facts. The purpose of this paper is to provide the history of mobile
communication and provide an overview of 4G and its features, architecture, key technologies and
challenges. Introduction: From 1G (First Generation) to 3G (Third Generation) the way of mobile
communication has changed drastically. The new generation is giving users a new way to
communicate and access the services on the go. The ultimate aim of the latest generations is to
provide better services to its users. The growth of mobile users over last few decades has increased
significantly. From around 210 million users in 1995 to almost 1.6 million users in 2008 worldwide.
Figure1: Figure 1: Growth of mobile users from initial years till 2010. Initial advancement that were
taken during the launch of GPRS (2.5G) i.e. users can use data services (E.g. internet access, MMS–
Multimedia Message Service). As clearly shown in the figure1, the mobile internet subscribers also
increased from almost zero to almost 800 million in 2008. Now the ever growing need of high
mobile data services led to the new generation i.e. 4G (The Fourth Generation) of the mobile
communication that tends to support all these

What is VolP? Essay
CONTENTS
1. Introduction: What is VoIP?
2. Circuit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction: What is VoIP?
VoIP stands for 'V'oice 'o'ver 'I'nternet 'P'rotocol, popularly known as IP telephony. As the term says
VoIP tries to let go voice (mainly human) through IP packets and, in definitive through Internet.
Thus Voice–over IP (VoIP), is the transmission of telephone calls over a data network like one of the
many networks that make up the Internet. While you probably have heard of VoIP, what you may
not know is that many traditional telephone companies are already using it in the connections
between their regional offices.
Let us learn about VoIP and the technology that makes it possible. We'll talk about VoIP's major
protocols, about the various services provided and the low–cost, often free software that allows you
to take advantage of them.
But first, let's discuss the fundamental problem with existing telephone networks –– namely, their
reliance on circuit switching.
2. CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Circuit

An Analog, Voice Grade, Basic Form Telephone Service Essay
POTS is an analog, voice grade, basic form telephone service that connects home and businesses to
central office telephone networks around the globe. It is based off of the Bell Telephone system and
runs over copper twisted pair wires that form the local loop. (What is Plain Old Telephone Service
(POTS), 2015). It is used more than any other phone system because it is reliable. The band path
frequencies are limited to 300 to 3400 hertz.
Local Land Line Phone System:
Local Loop – the local loop is the copper wire connection that is created when the two–pair copper
twisted–pair is connected to the central office.
Central Office – using switches, the central office connects the user to other local subscribers, other
central offices, or long–distance providers.
Local Exchanges – are connected by trunk lines. The local exchanges connect to local households in
the area. The local exchanges aggregates by multiplexing the individual calls using timeslots.
POP – point of presence is where the telephone company will hand its service off to a subscriber.
Long Distance System – this is purchased from the local carrier. A Picc code is assigned to the long
distance carrier network and is handed off when a 1 is pushed to make a long distance call.
Fixed Line – is also known as a landline telephone that uses metal wire or fiber optic telephone lines
for transmissions.
Telecommunications Network Components: A base station provides cells with network coverage. It

Business Phones Decision Time : Cloud Pbx Vs Traditional Pbx
Business Phones Decision Time: Cloud PBX vs Traditional PBX
Private branch exchange (PBX) is defined as a private telephone network that allows businesses to
share numerous outside lines for making external calls. The name comes from the way that the
technology interacts with the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The term "private" is used
because the network is separate from the PSTN, but it can connect to it. The word "branch" refers to
how PBX relates to the PSTN; basically it is a branch off the main circuits. The label "exchange" is
used to describe how connections are altered which allows higher numbers of calls to be routed
through fewer lines. Now businesses have a choice to make that could significantly impact their
bottom line, and their efficiency. Its business phones decision time: cloud PBX vs traditional PBX.
Traditional PBX
For years, businesses have been using PBX technology to route calls. Traditional PBX offered
organizations their own private telephone network, allowing the business to share a number of
outside lines, to make inbound and outbound phone calls. Most companies that have large numbers
of employees, and multiple phones, cannot survive without PBX technology. Traditional PBX
systems feature standard office phone aspects such as call routing, auto–attendants, voicemail, fax–
integration, user shortcuts, and are capable of sophisticated applications. The original PBX
technology was a cumbersomely large piece of hardware that was

Radiotelephony History
Today we refer to our phones as cellphones or mobile phones. However, that was not the case when
they first came about. The term "radiotelephony" was used to describe what we now call our cell
phones. Early radiotelephony, "early" dating back to the 1940's, services was available for a very
small amount of people. The very first mobile phones were better known as radiotelephones and
were first used in the early part of the last century. Radiotelephones were originally used for ship–
to–shore or ship–to–ship communications. "Inventor and entrepreneur Guglielmo Marconi, is
credited with developing the first successful wireless telegraph." Even though Marconi, is credited
for developing the first successful wireless telegraph, it could ... Show more content on
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He is also credited with being the first person to make a call from a handheld cell phone. Mr.
Cooper's invention was later improved and marketed by Motorola. The handheld cellphone was
called the DynaTAC 8000x. The phone weighed over two pounds, had 35 minutes of talk time, with
eight hours of standby. It also had a recharging cycle of ten hours. The DynaTAC 8000x is known to
everyone as the original brick phone. The phone could only store up to 30 numbers and retailed for
about $4,000. Even though the first cellphone had been developed and patented, no city wide
commercial analogue cellular service had been established. In May of 1973, the Baharain Telephone
Company is assumed to have established the first city wide commercial analogue cellular system.
This cellular system only had two working cells and was restricted to twenty channels. The cellular
system was supporting 250 subscribers in spite of its small system. Not falling far behind was Japan
who was next in line. Japan followed with the operator Nippon Telephone and Telegraph. With this
they presented the first generation cellular service into Tokyo in 1979. In 1981, just shortly after
Japan, cellular service became available in Northern Europe. The Nordic Mobile Telephone Service
went into act across the Nordic countries of northeastern Europe. Those Nordic countries include:
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and a few related islands and territories such as Greenland. In
1985, Western Europe

Quiz Questions On Computer Networks
CHARLES STURT UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT–2 NAME: PILLELLA CHAITANYA
STUDENT ID: 11568590 SUBJECT: COMPUTER NETWORKS INDEX QUESTION
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Generally in connection based structure when two or more workstations transmit information in the
same time, data gets blended up to noise and this state is known as collision. Right when the effect
is seen in the workstations hold up certain amount of time and attempt to send once again. In this
circumstance it can 't be picked when a workstation will get a chance to transmit. This kind of
condition is known as nondeterministic protocol

Essay about Aint'
Network Fundamentals | Question | ID | Correct Answer | 13. MC: ____ operating systems provide
network control and include special functions for connecting computers and other devices.
A . Client
B . LAN
C . Server
D . WAN | 449244 |
C . Server | 14. MC: A(n) ____ is hardware (a computer) that can be used to share mail, databases,
and more.
A . client
B . server
C . operating system
D . router | 449242 |
B . server | 15. MC: A(n) _____ is a description of the rules computers must follow to facilitate
device identification and data transfer.
A . switch
B . extranet
C . POTS
D . protocol | 449249 |
D . protocol | 16. MC: A(n) _____ network limits its accessibility to only authorized users.
A . ISP
B ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IP address
C . operating system
D . gateway | 449254 |
B . IP address | 24. MC: Simon tells the board that he set up a(n) _____ for employees so they can
access work files from home.
A . proxy server
B . firewall
C . Virtual Private Network
D . Integrated Services Digital Network | 449253 |
C . Virtual Private Network | 25. MC: Which of the following is NOT a classification type for a
network?
A . client/server
B . peer–to–peer
C . intranet

D . gateway | 449245 |
D . gateway | 26. MC: Which of the following is NOT a type of server operating system?
A . Microsoft Windows
B . Mac OS X
C . Adobe Dreamweaver
D . Linux | 449243 |
C . Adobe Dreamweaver | 27. MC: Which of the following is NOT an example of malicious code?
A . Trojan horses
B . worms
C . hackers
D . spyware | 449240 |
C . hackers | 28. MC: Which of the following is NOT true about connecting to the Internet?
A . A cable modem uses the same type of cable as used for cable TV.
B . The bandwidth is much greater with a cable modem than with a dial–up modem.
C . Broadband over Powerline (BPL) is one way to access the Internet.
D . A DSL modem can transmit data, but not voice. | 449250 |
D . A DSL modem can transmit data, but not voice. | 29. MC: Which of the following is NOT true
about network risks?
A . As data flows through a number of networks, computers are vulnerable to unauthorized access.
B . Malware can cause equipment malfunctions

History Of Wireless System
Wireless system was first appeared in late 1970 and established in 1980. There are different
generations of wireless technologies such as First Generation, Second Generation, Second plus
Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation and still boosting up till Fifth Generation. These
different generations have different features and each upcoming generation has provided best
services as compare to the previous generation as per demand of users.
First Generation Second Generation Second+ Generation Third Generation
Analog transmission Digital transmission Digital transmission Digital transmission
Used for talking Used for talking Used for talking For talking and video as well
Voice bands Data Digital data Boost digital data Mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another standard deployed by 2G was TDMA (time division multiplexing) which was developed
in– USA. It provides wide range of network services that included telephone services, short message
services and FAX. It supports 24.7 kbps data rate. And third is CDMA (code division multiple
access) that supports 14.4kbps data rate and was much compatible by AMPS system which was used
in first generation. GSM (Global system for mobile communication)
Global system for mobile communication was widely used by 2G and it was standardised in Europe
in 1992 but it is now used worldwide. In 1998 there were around 100 million subscribers of GSM
and it reached 500 million subscribers at the end of year 2002 and it's exceeding to 10 billion at the
end of year 2004. The GSM technology is based on the TDMA (Time division multiple access) and
FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) techniques. GSM works at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz
frequency bands in Europe and 1900 MHz frequency bands used in North America.
2.1.3 SECOND PLUS GENERATION
The second plus generation uses the GPRS (General packet radio system) which is results increased
the data capacity of GPS system and also helpful to remove some of its negative facts. GPRS
introduces packet switching capabilities in the existing GPS and TDMA system. As GSM used

pros and cons to having a purely cellular network vs....
NT1310
:
Week
1
Telecommunications
By: Marvin Redd
You are an IT Network Specialist and are required to develop the design of the company's telephone
system for its new building which will begin construction in a few months. In order to get a
background which will help when developing the new system, your supervisor asked you to
research the current Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) currently used by the company. You must
research the system components and report back to your supervisor , the Telecommunications
Manager, within a week.
1. Describe a local land line phone system based on the following Landline Telephone Components:
a. Local Loop
The local loop is the physical wiring that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4G networks offer 10 or more times the data transmission rate of a 3G network. The data rates
available on a 4G network allow the cell phone to access information from the Internet as fast as a
land–line connection.
b. Telephone Network Topology:
i. Demarcation Point
The demarcation point, also known as the Demarc, Network Interface Device (NID), or Minimum
Point of Entry (MPOE) serves several purposes: It is the point that defines the end of the telephone
company's wiring, and the beginning of your wiring. It defines where the telephone company's
responsibility for maintenance ends and your responsibility begins.
It contains a surge suppressor to help protect the wiring and connected equipment in your facility
from damage It allows you to temporarily disconnect your wiring from the telephone company's
wiring for troubleshooting purposes.
Equipment
Cables making up the core networks need to go very long distances across many states within the
country. They typically follow well–deﬁned routes such as highways and railways.
Access Networks
An access network or outside plant refers to the series of wires, cables and equipment lying between

a consumer/business telephone termination point (the point at which a telephone connection reaches
the customer) and the local telephone exchange. iv. Regional/ Metro Networks
c. Cable TV
i. Broadcast TV
Broadcast television systems are encoding or formatting standards for the transmission and
reception of

Computer Networks : Principles, Technologies And Protocols...
Material in this section is based on material from Computer Networks: Principles, Technologies and
Protocols for Network Design by Natalia Olifer and Victor Olifer (pub. John Wiley & Sons 2005).
The term 'VPN' has no standard interpretation. Different networking specialists and different
organisations may understand it in different ways. Historically, the term was first introduced by
telephone companies. The main feature of a telephone VPN is that it can provide users from an
organisation which uses a public provider's telephone service instead of its own private PBX with
something very close to PBX functionality (commonly known as Centrex, and popular in North
America). For example, they can dial using convenient private (usually short) numbers; certain
phones can be fully or partly isolated from the public telephone network; and users can use PBX–
style telephone services like call forwarding, call rerouting, voice mail etc. For data networks the
term came to be used later, at first mainly for services which provide more security than the standard
Internet service due to user data encryption. However, there are also services that do not encrypt
user data but create logical channels for users within public data networks and provide controllable
connectivity between VPN users and with the outside world. (Some of these elements were available
to the data networking community in the closed user group of X.25 and the filtering capabilities of
SMDS in previous incarnations of

Electronic Communication Methods And Devices For Digital...
JKJ Property Services can use different methods and devices for their electronic communication
across branch offices, such as E–mail, mobile phones, fax, text and instant messaging. Email is an
electronic mail method that allows the users to communicate over communication networks, and it
is a message that contains text, files, images and other attachments to be sending to other individual
or a group of users. Email is a very efficient method of communication which uses a computer,
notebook, iPod, tablet, laptop and smartphones to be send. In my opinion, this is a good electronic
communication method for JKJ to send the information to the staff in different branches, and to the
customers as well, good way to save them money and time as well and to keep the JKJ staff and
customers up to date in term of the services they provide as a state agent. Mobile phones: Is wireless
device that allows users to make calls, send text messages and send emails (with the smartphones).
As JKJ, it is a state agent mobile phone is needed to be in touch with their customers and colleagues
from outside the offices, such as calling the customers from the properties they need to rent or sell.
Text messages: Is an electronic message method allows JKJ composing and sending electronic
messages between two or more mobile phones. This is a cheap and quick communication method
for JKJ to send up–to–date information 's to the customers and staff, it is very useful. Fax: is a
device which scans,

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Isdn
ISDN
ISDN means integrated services digital network.
Defenation
It is just a communicational standard used for transmitting video and data digital telephone lines or
normal telephone wires. This standard support data transfer rates of 64 kbps. It is the initial high–
speed internet service. [1]
ISDN internet service is simply a telephone–based network system that operates by a circuit switch,
or dedicated line. It can transmit data and phone conversations digitally over normal telephone
wires. This makes it both faster and of higher quality than dial–up internet service.[2]
Why isdn developed
Before ISDN, it wasn't easy for ordinary telephone lines to offer fast transportation over just one
line. ISDN was made to perform on digital telephone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10.Automatic Call Distribution, Queue and Agents Handling and Statistics. 11.Contacts and
directories management . 12.Music on hold server and audio files manager. [13]
Advantages of IP Telephony
Decreased costs :– As the investment for VoIP service is maximized, the University of Florida will
realize a significant cost savings in its total costs of ownership and operation. The immediate cost
savings benefits will include:
1.Single cable and backbone infrastructure supporting both Voice and Data 2.Decreased cost of
telephone moves 3.Reduced Centrex services line costs.
Long distance savings – As IP Telephony deployment matures across the country and into various
business enterprises, there will be some savings in long distance services, especially for our
international calling users.
Mobility : – When someone moves offices today, there is a corresponding change in the cabling path
to reach their telephone set in its new location. With IP Telephony, in many cases you will be able to
simply move your phone from one place to another. Without any additional changes your telephone
number will move with the telephone. This is part of the expected significant savings the University
will realize with an enterprise wide voice / communications

Integrated Services Digital Network ( Isdn )
Before we get into the discussion, let's briefly introduce some of the technologies used in WANs and
the different characteristics of each one:
Point–to–point links
A so called point–to–point link (Fig. 2.0) provides a pre–established WAN communication path
from the user's location trough a telephone company's network, also known as the carrier. For this
kind of line, the carrier dedicates pairs of wire and hardware to that line only. This kind of circuits
are priced depending on bandwidth needed and distance to be covered.
(Figure 2.0 – Point–to–point link)
Circuit Switching
Work like a normal telephone line. Data connections can be started when needed and terminated
when the communication is over. An example of circuit switching is called Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN). When a router receives data that's intended to go to a specific remote site,
the switched circuit (Fig. 2.1) is initiated with a specific circuit number for that particular network.
As soon the two networks that are trying to connect get the authentication done, it is possible to
transfer data. When data transmission is over, the communication gets terminated.
(Figure 2.1 – Switched Circuit)
Packet Switching
Here users share common carrier resources (Fig. 2.2). This is a more cost effective solution
compared for example to point–to–point lines. The carrier can make more efficient use of its
infrastructure. Connections into the carrier's network are shared between many customers and

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) A Case Study
Table of Contents:
Introduction ....................................... 3
Overview ....................................... 3
Innovative Aspects ......................................... 5
Advantages .......................................... 6
Disadvantages .......................................... 6
Conclusion .......................................... 7
Introduction:
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a high speed network technology which is designed to
support both voice and data communications. It was initially developed to meet the needs of the
Broadband Integrated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each ATM cell contains exactly 53 octets, 5 octets for header 48 octets for data. As a core protocol,
ATM is used in Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH),
which are backbone of Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) use Asynchronous Transfer Mode on their long–distance private networks. ATMs operate at
the Layer 2 (Data Link layer) of the OSI model, over fiber cable or twisted–pair cable
(http://www.wanredundancy.com).
The ATM transport hierarchy is shown in the figure below. The physical layer can be divided into
three functional levels:
Transmission Path Level: This extends between network elements that assemble and disassemble the
payload of a transmission system. For end–to–end communication, the payload is end–user
information. For user–to–network communication, the payload may be call–control signaling
information (call setup and call termination). Cell delineation and header error–control functions are
required at the end points of each transmission path.
Digital Section Level: This refers to the exchanges or signal transfer points in a network that are
involved in switching data streams.
Regenerator Section Level: This is a part of the digital section.
Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths
Logical connections in ATM are referred to as virtual channels. A virtual channel is analogous to a
virtual circuit in X.25 or a frame–relay logical connection. It's

Case Study Of Airtel
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 TOPIC CHOSEN FOR STUDY A Study on Consumer Perception
about Airtel Services Customer perception is defined as the way that customer usually view or feel
about certain services and products. It can also be related to customer satisfaction which is the
expectation of the customer towards the products. Customer satisfaction can be done based on
various circumstances that can be linked either to product or services. It is also based on the
satisfaction level of the management, customers, etc. by which it is able to increase the working
conditions. Hence satisfaction is the customers feeling of pleasure or disappointment which he/she is
able to express after being an Airtel customer. The Airtel services for the project includes the mobile
services, 3G, 4G, & Wi–Fi. 1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY The need for the study is to conduct a
survey on the Airtel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.1.2 Why Is Consumer Perception Important?  Meeting the needs of consumers is the underlying
rationale for the existence of community service organization. Customers have a right to quality
services that deliver outcomes.  Organization that strive beyond minimum standards exceed the
expectations of their consumers are likely to be leaders in their sector.  Consumers are recognized
as key partners in shaping service developments and assessing quality of service delivery. 3.1.3
Dynamics of Perception One can take an input– throughout–output approach to understand the
dynamics of the perceptual process. This approach emphasis that there is input, which is processed
and gives output. The stimuli in the environment – subjects, events, or people – can be considered as
the perceptual inputs. Processes Defining Perceptual

How Organizations are Changing in the World Today
The natural forces that bring companies together are dissipating in the communications and
information technologies industries. Core competencies that form much of the force of economies of
scope are becoming increasingly narrowed and specialized, leading us to industry fragmentation in
the information revolution contrasting against the industry consolidation that accompanied the
industrial revolution. If we look behind the curtain of public policy dressed in its diverse laws and
regulations, we see less rather than more gravity drawing the communications industry into
operational or financial consolidation. Neither vertical nor horizontal integration of
communications–related businesses appears compellingly natural. The rate of technological
advancements (and apparent lack of economies of scale that such behemoths as Bell Labs once
enjoyed) allows industry giants to be toppled at unprecedented rates. Instead we see a growing value
in cooperatively developed integrative standards that will marry such distant cousins as content to
conduit, computing to transportation, appliance functionality to communications.
Thus, consolidation of firms has greater value in its portfolio effect than in economies of scope and
scale (the uncertainty of just which information and communications products will be successful
carries risks that can be mitigated by having a portfolio of such products).The present rate of
technological change in the information and communications industries also

Development Of Wireless Mobile Telecommunication Essay
The purpose of the paper is to focus on the development of wireless mobile telecommunication.
Firstly, cellular network technology is introduced to understand the basis of wireless mobile
telecommunication. And then the history evolvement of mobile telephone systems is investigated to
help know the background of fourth–generation wireless communication (4G). Finally, the standard
of 4G, different categories, the spread spectrum radio technologies as well as potential benefits and
problems that come with it are discussed. Especially, LTE standard is further explained, including
FDD–LTE, TDD–LTE and LTE advanced.
Cellular Network
In the development history of data communications and telecommunications, one of the most
significant advances has been the cellular networks technology, which is the foundation of wireless
mobile telecommunication and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired
networks. It is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, wireless Internet and mobile web
applications, and so on.
Cellular network is a network where the last connection is wireless. In cellular network multiple
low–power transmitters are used, with 100 W or less, thus, the spread range of such a transmitter is
small, dividing an area into cells. A band of frequencies is allocated to each cell and each cell is
served by a base station (BS), including of transmitter, receiver, and control unit. The base station
provides wireless network coverage which can be used

Macroni: The First Radio Based Wireless System
INTRODUCTION
In 1895 a few years after invention of telephone, Macroni demonstrated the first radio based
wireless transmission.The first radio based conversion was used in ships during 1915.The first
public mobile telephone system known as mobile telephone system (MTS) was introduced inunited
states in 1946.AT&T Bell laboratories devised the cellular concept which replaced high power high
coverage base station used by MTS with a number of low power low coverage stations. The area of
coverage of each such base station is called a cell.The operating area of the system was divided into
a set of adjacent , non over lapping cells.The first generation (1G) of cellular system was designed
in late 1960s and deployed in early 1980s.The first commericalanalog system in theunited states
known as Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) went operational in 1982 with only voice
transmission. The disadvantages og analog systems was overcome by second generation of cellular
systems which represents data digitally.The first commercial deployment ogf 2G system called
GSM was made in 1982.In 1993 as another 2G system also known as CDMAone(IS–95) was
standardized and commercially deployed in south korea and hongkong in 1995, followed by united
states in 1996.Upgrade to 2G systems offering higher data speeds called 2.5G systems was
deployed.GSM has such two technologies calledhigh speed circuit switched data(HSCSD) and

Computer Science
Part–1 1. What are common carriers, local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers? A common
carrier is a private company that sells or leases communication services and facilities to the public.
Common carriers are profit–oriented, and their primary products are services for voice and data
transmissions, both over traditional wired circuits as well as cellular services. Common carriers
often supply a broad range of computer–based services, such as the manufacturing and marketing of
specialized communication hardware and software. A common carrier that provides local telephone
services (e.g., BellSouth) is commonly called a local exchange carrier (LEC), while one that
provides long distance services (e.g., MCI) is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, dedicated circuits require more care in network design than switched circuits both in
terms of locations and the amount of capacity you purchase. With packet switched services, the user
again buys a connection into the common carrier cloud. The user pays a fixed fee for the connection
into the network depending upon the type and capacity of the service and is charged for the number
of packets transmitted. 13. Distinguish among T1, T2, T3, and T4 circuits. T1 circuit is sometimes
called a DS–1 circuit. It provides a data rate of 1.544 Mbps. T1 circuits can be used to transmit data,
but often are used to transmit both data and voice. In this case, a time division multiplexer (TDM)
provides 24 64–Kbps circuits. Digitized voice using pulse code modulation (PCM) requires a 64
Kbps circuit so T1 circuit enables 24 simultaneous voice channels. T2 circuit transmits data at a rate
of 6.312 Mbps. Basically; it is a multiplexed bundle of four T1 circuits. T3 circuits allow
transmission at a rate of 44.376 Mbps, although most articles refer to this rate as 45 megabits per
second. This is equal to the capacity of 28 T1 circuits. T3 circuits are becoming popular as the
transmission medium for corporate MANs and WANs because of their higher data rates. At low
speed, these T3 circuits can be used as 672 different 64 Kbps channels or voice channels. A T4
circuit transmits at

Assignment 1: Voice Vs. Data
Unit 1 Assignment 1: Voice vs. Data
Cell phones: A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone, and a hand phone) is a
device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide
geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone
operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used
only within the short range of a single, private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as
text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short–range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile ... Show more content on
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Fax Machines: Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax, is the telephonic
transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number
connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine
(or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image,
converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system. The receiving fax
machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy. For many decades before digital
technology became widespread the scanned data was transmitted as analog.
Pagers: A pager is a wireless telecommunications device that receives and displays numeric or text
messages, or receives and announces voice messages. One–way pagers can only receive messages,
while response pagers and two–way pagers can also acknowledge, reply to, and originate messages
using an internal transmitter.[1] Pagers operate as part of a paging system which includes one or
more fixed transmitters (or in the case of response pagers and two–way pagers, one or more base
stations), as well as a number of pagers carried by mobile users. These systems can range from a
restaurant system with a single low–power transmitter, to a nationwide system with thousands of
high–power base stations.
VOIP (voice over IP) phones: A VoIP phone or IP Phone

Mobile Telephone Call : A Mobile Device Essay
Mobile telephone call: A mobile device initiates a call by sending the number of the called device on
the preselected setup channel. In this process, the the mobile device firstly checks whether the setup
channel is idle by examining information that comes from the BS channel. If it finds that the setup
channel is idle, the mobile device may transmit the information of number to the BS. The BS then
sends the request to the MTSO.
Mobile device paging: The MTSO then tries to complete the connection to the called mobile device.
In this process, the MTSO sends a paging message to certain BSs by examining the mobile number.
Each BS sends the paging message on the setup channel, including the information of number.
Telephone Call connected: The called mobile device monitors the setup channel and finds its
number in the paging message. And then it responds to the BS, which transmits the response to the
MTSO. The MTSO sets up a connection between the calling and called BSs. And then the MTSO
tries to find an available traffic channel within each BS's cell. If the MTSO find available traffic
channel, it will notify each BS, which in turn notifies the mobile devices. The two mobile devices
tune to their respective assigned channels.
Call in connection: When the connection is maintained between two mobile devices, voice or data
signals are exchanged between the two mobile devices, through their corresponding BSs and the
MTSO.
Handover: If a mobile device moves out of the scope of one

Final Project: Executive Summary for Network Design Project
CphoeniX Inc.'s Network DesignOctober 25, 2009Executive SummaryCphoeniX INC is a small
organization that specializes in aircraft maintenance. The company's headquarters are based in
Illinois; and they have facilities located in four other states as well. Each facility or office then
consist primarily of four departments; maintenance, accounting, receiving, and shipping. Due to the
breakdown of each department, and the multiple facilities, constant sharing of data, programs and
various applications will need to be accessible over a Local Area Network (LAN); as well as over a
Wide Area Network (WAN), and via remote access. The goals of the network, both LAN and WAN,
are to allow for a secure yet easily expandable network, that allows ... Show more content on
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Due to the breakdown of each department, constant sharing of data, programs and various
applications will be needed over a Local Area Network (LAN). When planning the LAN for
CphoeniX INC, there are multiple considerations to take into account; the main concerns being the
integrity and accessibility of the data over the network as well as the ease of expanding the network.
With each department broken into specialty groups, data needs to not only be shared, but more
importantly saved in accessible locations for each department that needs access to the data. For
instance, certain accounting positions will require access to all data concerning shipping and
receiving to maintain up–to–date financial records. However, the shipping and receiving
departments do not require access to the accounting department's data. One such way to accomplish
this is through the use of a central storage unit, or server that is specifically for data and file sharing
amongst all four departments. Along with specified data accessibility over the network, CphoeniX
INC also requires daily backups of all data pertaining to each department, and that all finical data is
to be saved indefinitely to a secure location. Other specifications for CphoeniX INC's LAN include
that each department is able to share peripherals devices; including scanners, copiers and printers.
As well, CphoeniX INC would also like to be able to provide

Out Of The Frying Pan, Into The Fire
Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Fire Lance Gehrke University of Maryland University College Out
of the Frying Pan, Into the Fire On the flight from Boise, Idaho to Syracuse, New York I kept
thinking to myself, "This is just a new chapter. This is just a new chapter in my life." I was on my
way to my next duty assignment, the 10th Mountain Division stationed at Fort Drum, New York. I
was filled with dread from all the bad things people said about this duty station like, "Be ready for
the 8 month winters" and "Get ready to deploy a lot." It was a very scary time for me. I was told
these comments when I was at my last duty station in Okinawa, Japan. I thought about them the
entire time from the moment I got my orders to the moment I hopped on that plane to get there.
After finding my seat, I was hit with the full idea of what I was about to experience. As I was
stepping off of the plane into the lobby, I was hit with what part of my new experience was going to
be like; bitter cold. It was only the beginning of April and it was still colder than any other part of
the United States. As I walked into the airplane lobby and waited to grab my bags, I saw a room at
the end of the terminal labeled "USO". All around me were other people from flights that just
landed. A few, I could tell, were in the military; judging by their close kempt haircuts and confident
statures. After grabbing my bags off of the carousel, I walked to the USO room where I saw an older
woman talking

Alternative Communication Systems... during disasters
4.
Alternative Communication Systems... during disasters
In Monsoon–2004, severe flood situations in the States of Assam and Bihar caused major
devastation. Many district head quarters got totally cut–off from the State head quarter and
neighboring districts due to submerged telephone exchanges or damaged cables and disrupted roads
and railways communication. In the worst affected districts the need for relief and rescue operation
could not be communicated to the State head quarters. Realizing this, State
Government requested National Disaster Management Division of the Government of India to
immediately send the emergency coordination kits containing satellite phones to establish
communication links among the severely affected districts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This may lead to severe losses in terms of human lives, livestock and property. The prime
communication networks of Government of India. NIC: National Informatics Centre (NIC) is a
premiere Science & Technology organization of the Government of India in this field. It functions
through a nationwide information and communication technology (ICT) network called NICNET.
29
BSNL: The Department of Telephone Operations, Government of India became a corporation on
October 1, 2000 and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Today, BSNL is a
leading telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India. It has a
network of over 45 million lines covering 5000 towns with over 35 million telephone connections.
Its responsibilities include improvement of the quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom
network, introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its
customers. Modes for Emergency Communication RADIO COMMUNICATIONS In the scenario
where normal telephone and mobile phone network is disrupted or such services have never existed
in the disaster affected area, we need to find out other reliable means of communicating urgent
messages from the site to shorter and longer distances. The first obvious choice is to establish a
wireless radio

Effects of Cell Phone
What is a cellphone?
Small wireless device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired telephone but is
smaller and more mobile. A cell phone requires a subscription to a service provider and requires
either a prepaid or monthly billing setup. Generally, they have more functions than traditional land
lines and need to be charged after a period of time. Also called mobile phone or mobile device.–
BusinessDictionary.com
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can
make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It
does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to
the public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to the expansion of mobile networks, agricultural producers were often unaware about prices
and had to rely on information from traders and agents, the report said.
"Delays in obtaining this data or misinterpretation of second–hand pricing information has serious
consequences for agricultural producers, who may end up underselling their products, delivering too
little or too much of the product, or having their products wither away," the World Bank said.
The study also mentioned Cebu City where taxi drivers use mobile phones with global positioning
systems to receive traffic data and dispatch information.
The report added that social media, along with messages, videos and pictures sent from mobile
phones, were useful tools for organizing protests and monitoring democracy and freedom.
"Mobile communications offer major opportunities to advance human and economic development–
from providing basic access to health information to making cash payments, spurring job creation,
and stimulating citizen involvement in democratic processes," said World Bank vice president for
sustainable development Rachel Kyte.
"The challenge now is to enable people, businesses and governments in developing countries to
develop their own locally relevant mobile applications so they can take full advantage of these
opportunities," Kyte added.
Positive Effects of Cell Phone
The Positive Effects of Cell Phones on Society

It Infrastructure Answers
1.13
Convergence – In the telecommunications industry, convergence refers to the integration of voice,
internet, broadcasting, and other telephony servers into one mega–industry from their traditionally
separate industries. Companies such as Telstra are an excellent example of this, as Telstra now offers
an abundance of products such as, Fixed Phone, Mobile Phone, Dialup Internet, Broadband Internet,
Wireless Internet, TV, Music, Tickets, and more. Incentives are given to "bundle" services with the
one particular provider, which can have advantages and disadvantages.
Unified Communications – This term refers to the integration of video, voice, data and messaging
into a software suite. A particular advantage of these suits is that they ... Show more content on
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End user programming allows you to take prewritten modules and assemble them into a solution
which fits a particular use well, without having to learn advanced programming techniques.
Increasingly, large organisations are customising their internal communications software to suit the
organisation's needs. This is often end–user programming, however is occasionally outsourced to
technical support companies. Gaining technical support for this particular solution can be
troublesome and expensive, as the support officers must become completely familiar with the
software before they can supply advice.
4.1
Both circuit–switching and packet–switching are methods of data communication between two
parties. In circuit switching, both parties agree on a specific path which the data will travel along
while the connection is open using a resource optimization algorithm before the transmission begins.
The route is used exclusively for the entire session and only released when the session is terminated.
In packet–switching, the path which the data takes is not predetermined but rather decided upon by
the packets during transit. It does this using the packet header which contains all the information it
needs to get to its destination. At each hop, the packet will re–evaluate the shortest path to get to the
destination.
Packet switching is the more appropriate technology to be used for the internet because of the
dynamics of the internet itself. Computers connected the internet are

Essay On Evolution Of Mobile Phones
Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology
Mobile phone
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can
make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by
connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public
telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single,
private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as
text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short–range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987.
AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but
it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to
eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning;" Many of the iconic early
commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded
by Digital AMPS (D–AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American
carriers by 2008.
Digital cellular networks – 2G
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for
supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed
CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog
transmission, and also fast out–of–band phone–to–network signaling. The rise in mobile phone
usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by
2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example,
the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems
were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS–54 standard was
deployed

Article Review of 'VoIP Definition and Solution'
VoIP Technology
This essay evaluates an analysis presented in an article discussing voice over Internet protocol
(VoIP) technology. The article, "VoIP Definition and Solutions," written by PCWorld and CIO
author and editor Thomas Wailgum, describes how VoIP works, its capabilities and its applications.
The article examined the treatment of VoIP topics including its definition, objectives, systems and
solutions.
The term voice over IP refers to a technology that carries voice calls over an IP network by
digitizing and packetizing voice streams. Closely related to IP telephony and Internet telephony,
VoIP technology allows analog communications to be routed over data networks that include wide
area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and the Internet. Combining voice and data on
one network can offer the Army potential telecommunications savings and efficiencies, but there are
challenges that come with maintaining network capability, reliability, flexibility and security.
Callers connect to VoIP technology in three ways. One method uses a regular telephone, along with
a fast Internet connection, and for the individual soldier placing a call, an analog telephone adapter
or ATA. The ATA converts analog voice signals into digital packets of data to be sent over the
Internet. This application of VoIP technology is easy to set up and use, and is frequently used by
VoIP consumers.
The Army, which has many users on traditional telephones, would need to use a specialized

Article Review : Aggregate Exchange Level Demographic Data...
Wendy Arnold
STT 221W
01 Nov 2016
Project: Article Review
Aggregate Exchange–Level Demographic Data Can Be Used To Adjust for
Non–Resolvability In Telephone Surveys
Williams, Stephen, and Ronghua Cathy Lu. "Using Telephone Exchange–Level Data To Adjust For
Non–Response: Application In An Establishment Survey." ASA Section on Survey Research
Methods, pp. 3847–3854, Published by American Statistical Association.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.494.7518&rep=rep1&type=pdf Accessed
01 Nov. 2016.
Introduction
Traditional procedures for conducting telephone surveys are challenged in today's world by the
popular use of call–blocking and screening services. Problems arise in determining if a telephone
number is linked to a sample unit eligible for participation and also in completing interviews with
participants. Researchers seek to revise survey methods and find ways to adjust for non–response
and the increasing rate of unknown eligibility in telephone surveys. In "Using Telephone Exchange–
Level Data to Adjust For Non–Response: Application in An Establishment Survey," Williams and
Lu suggested using household demographic summary information at the telephone exchange level to
decrease non–response bias and increase accuracy in establishment survey results (Williams and Lu
3847).
Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study was to reduce bias in the results of a telephone survey of post–secondary
education establishments by finding solutions to the

Uses of Voice Over Internet Protocol
VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) can be defined as a series of technologies and technique
that is used for release of voice communications and multimedia through Internet Protocol networks.
In some cases, this technique is referred to as a means of converting analog audio signals into digital
data that can be delivered through an Internet Protocol. The use of the technique is attributed to its
ability to transform standard Internet connection into a platform for free phone calls. In the past few
years, Voice over Internet Protocol has emerged as an innovative technology with the capability of
completely transforming phone systems across the globe. As a result, VoIP providers have not only
existed for a considerable period of time but are also growing steadily. However, the use of VoIP to
rework modern phone systems is characterized by several advantages and disadvantages.
Use of VoIP: The use of Voice over Internet Protocol is primarily an intelligent re–invention of the
wheel in the world's phone systems. Generally, this technique involves transmitting voice
information in digital format in distinct packets instead of using the conventional circuit–committed
protocols of the public switched telephone network ("VoIP (voice over IP)", n.d.). This technique
was developed following initiatives by major equipment providers to enhance the use of standard
measures for transmitting voice and video using Internet Protocol within an intranet and across the
public

Pros and Cons of Packet and Circuit Switching.
Question:
What is Circuit and Packet Switching? Also Write Pros and Cons of Packet & Circuit Switching.
Answer:
Circuit Switching:
Circuit switching was the first early era technique used in communication networks because it is
quite simple, easy and enough to carry analog signals. The main example of its use in the telephone
system, but it is also used in the core network and the core of the internet in the form of
SONET/SDH. In circuit switching, the transmission medium is mostly divided into the channels
using the FDM(Frequency Division Multiplexing), CDM (code division Multiplexing) or Time
division Multiplexing. A circuit is established the carry the information from source to the
destination. The signaling method is used to create a circuit. This signaling method only carries and
control the information, and considering the overhead. Overhead is the most important part in the
circuit switching. It is assumed that the signaling and per–circuit state manage to make the circuit
switches are very difficult and hard to design, operate and the configuration also.
Circuit switching brings a direct physical connection between two nodes such as telephones or
computers. In order to create the direct connection by the many links it is necessary that each link or
node to be simultaneously free at all. Thus the average utilization of the all resources of the nodes
must be low if Evaluation of Telecommunication Switching systems the probability of demand for
connection is

Wiretapping In The United States
Many state legislatures in the United States enacted statutes that prohibited anybody from listening
in on telegraph communication. Telephone wiretapping began in the 1890s, following the invention
of the telephone recorder,[46] and its constitutionality was established in the Prohibition–Era
conviction of bootlegger Roy Olmstead. Wiretapping has also been carried out under most
Presidents, sometimes with a lawful warrant since the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional in 1928.
On October 19, 1963, U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who served under John F. Kennedy
and Lyndon B. Johnson, authorized the FBI to begin wiretapping the communications of Rev.
Martin Luther King, Jr. The wiretaps remained in place until April 1965 at his home and June 1966
at his office.[47] The history of voice communication technology begins in 1876 with the invention
of Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. In the 1890s, "law enforcement agencies begin tapping wires
on early telephone networks".[48] Remote voice communications "were carried almost exclusively
by circuit–switched systems," where telephone switches would ... Show more content on
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House of Representatives held hearings on the legality of wiretapping for national defense.
Significant legislation and judicial decisions on the legality and constitutionality of wiretapping had
taken place years before World War II.[50] However, it took on new urgency at that time of national
crisis. The actions of the government regarding wiretapping for the purpose of national defense in
the current war on terror have drawn considerable attention and criticism. In the World War II era,
the public was also aware of the controversy over the question of the constitutionality and legality of
wiretapping. Furthermore, the public was concerned with the decisions that the legislative and
judicial branches of the government were making regarding

The Pros And Cons Of Long-Distance Communication
Introduction Telecommunication is – according to Article 1.3 of the International
Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as "Any transmission,
emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by
wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems." This definition is also identical to those
contained in the Annex to the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication
Union (Geneva, 1992). Telecommunication occurs Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of
information between two or more entities (communication) includes the use of technology.
Communication technology uses channels to transmit information (as electrical signals), either over
a physical medium (such as signal cables), or in the form of electromagnetic waves. The word is
often used in its plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different technologies.
Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke
signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs. Other examples of pre–modern
long–distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung–blown
horns, and loud whistles. Modern technologies for long–distance communication usually ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching – a
technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing
through a centralized mainframe. A four–node network emerged on 5 December 1969; this network
would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213

An Open Public Network / Environment Essay
Introduction Virtual is something that is not real, but can be produced by computer imaging. So
when you have a VPN, it is considered to be private interaction with two or more devices. The way
that these two or more devices can communicate with one another is through the use of the Internet
wish is a public network and not private. So the communication that takes place between two or
more devices is virtual but not physical form. Private the meaning of is to keep something hidden
like a secret from others, or in this case from the public. Although two or more devices are able to
communicate with one another on an open public network/environment, there will be no third party
who can disturb this communication. Since a third party in unable to disrupt there communication it
is also unable to receive the information that is being exchanged between the two communicators. A
network is terminal nodes and links that make it possible for two computes or other devices
electronically pass data to each other along data connections. These computers and devices are able
to communicate with one another via cables and wires, so in turn a VPN is a network. It also has the
ability to transmit data long distances very productively and smoothly with no problem. VPN has
been associated with remote connectivity services in the past such as the (PSTN), Public Switched
Telephone Network. This network is starting to be coupled with IP networks. In the past IP network
enterprises had broadband

Essay about Voice over Internet Protocol
Voice over Internet Protocol
Definition of VoIP
"Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!" These were the first words that were spoken over the phone
back on March 10 1876. If you combine this invention with the same invention of the first computer
that was completed nearly 70 years later in 1946, you would then be able to access VoIP. VoIP is
also known as voice over internet protocol. VoIP is in essence the ability to talk with ones voice via
computer to computer. In the next few pages you will learn about the history of VoIP, how it works,
the requirements that are needed to use VoIP, the benefits and risks of this type of technology, and
lastly you will get a glimpse at the future of VoIP.
Not many people know what VoIP is or even that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the introduction of Ethernet services the quality was able to get better. There was better clarity
but there were still some bugs due to static and difficulty making connections.
In the beginning VoIP traffic represented rather less than 1% of voice traffic. In 1998 three IP switch
manufacturers introduced equipment capable of switching (intertangent, 2005). With these
implementations by the year 2000 the voice traffic had risen only two more percent to 3%. This is
not a huge leap but there are many advances that are still being made and the numbers will continue
to grow.
The real breakthrough occurred when such systems like Cisco Systems and Nortel started producing
VoIP equipment that was capable of switching (Viopreview, 2005). With the introduction of
switching it was no longer the CPU's responsibility to switch the voice packets. With the
introduction of the new switching this made it to where the computer did not require specific
hardware to be able to use VoIP. When the switches were introduced this made the hardware cheaper
and allowed larger companies to be able to implement their calls via the internet.
VoIP has not really caught on with the general public, but has been primarily used by large
corporations. The general public does not really search out things such as this because they
sometimes become complacent in their day to day life. On the other hand, large companies will

4G Wireless Tech & Its Generations

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