Acid Rain Research Papers

Acid Rain Research Papers
Acid Rain Paper
Acid Rain is classified as rain with a pH lower than 5.7. The pH of normal rainfall is around 5.6; the
acidity in this is natural and due to the CO2 and carbonic acid that is present in the atmosphere. Acid
rain contains higher amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids compared to normal rainfall. There are
many factors of pollution that lead to acid rain. There are natural pollutants in acid rain including
emissions from volcanic and decaying vegetation, but the majority of the pollutants are man–made.
Emissions from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO) are the main causes of acid rain;
both of these are a result of electric power generation and fossil fuel combustion. Burning coal,
driving vehicles, CFCs, HAPs, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All sources of energy have environmental benefits as well as environmental costs. Many of these
energies are more efficient but more expensive to produce, which decides who is able to afford
them. But I am sure that as time goes on these alternative sources of energy are becoming more and
more cost effective. Acid rain majorly affects any environment and it is sometimes impossible to
restore the environment back to the condition it was before the introduction of acid rain. Limestone
is one way to shorten the healing process for acidic lakes, but while used extensively in Norway and
Sweden it is a very expensive and tedious process and only considered a short–term remedy, but
does allow the environment to return to health much quicker. There is no cure–all for the damages
caused by acid rain. Time and a restoration of a healthy environment with a normal pH level is the
only solution known to modern day technology at this time. Because of the harmful affects of acid
rain, the distance it can travel and how pricey it is to try and reverse, it has become the reason for
more than a few lawsuits. The basis for many of these lawsuits is that a factory in location A is
causing a major (harmful) effect on the environment in location B. Acid rain occurs in clouds and
these clouds may travel hundreds of miles; this is what the lawsuits are based on. The result of these
lawsuits is that the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Definition of Air Pollution
1. Definition of air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in
the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1]
Define Air pollutants
Pollutants
Main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected
carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3–butadiene is another
dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. * Particulate matter –
Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of
solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together.
Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally,
originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial
processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic
aerosols–those made by human activities–currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount
of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards
such as heart disease,[3] altered lung function and lung cancer. * Persistent free radicals connected
to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.[4][5] * Toxic metals, such as lead,
cadmium and copper. * Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – harmful to the ozone layer emitted from
products currently banned from use. * Ammonia (NH3) – emitted from agricultural processes.
Ammonia is a compound

Cap and Trade Policy Paper
Introduction: The issue of carbon emissions is an important one not only from an environmental
perspective but also an economic one. While reducing carbon emissions is an important one for the
health of human beings as well as that of the environment, the larger question is what type of policy
strategy is best for both reducing such emissions which might have an impact on efforts to mitigate
the effects of pollution on climate change. While ther are options to consider which does not rely on
economics–– technological or output standards achieved by command and control regulations––they
are often fraught with political resistance by industry because they do not allow industry to make
any choices or play a role in solving the problem of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way of obtaining individual caps is for the government to auction off emission permits that total
the pre–set amount of emissions that it feels is optimal. Firms with higher costs of reducing
emissions will bid higher than firms with lower cost structures. Again, the only problem is
determining what the total amount of emissions should be reflecting all social costs and benefits of
reducing carbon emissions. 3) A Cap–and–Trade Policy An added twist on the cap policy allows
firms to trade emission allotments between themselves based on the buyer of allotment bargaining
with the seller over the proper price to pay for the extra allotment. A two–panel diagram is needed to
better understand the logic of trading emission allotments. Figure 4 illustrates the marginal cost of
reducing emissions of two firms. One firm is run on older technology with high abatement costs that
goes from right to left with zero costs represented at the lower right–hand corner of the diagram.
The other firm has newer technology in its plant with lower abatement costs that goes left to right
with zero costs represented at the lower left–hand corner of the diagram. The width of the horizontal
axis is the reduction in emissions that must be achieved overall to an efficient level. The intersection
of the two marginal cost curves is where economic efficiency is achieved. That is,

Fossil Fuel Power Station
A fossil–fuel power station is a type of power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas
or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity. Central station fossil–fuel power plants are designed on a
large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical
energy used.
Fossil fuel power stations have rotating machinery to convert the heat energy of combustioninto
mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam
turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustionengine. All plants use
the energy extracted from expanding gas – steam or combustion gases. A very few MHD generators
have been built which directly convert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
temperatures too low.)[3]
The Carnot cycle is the theoretically most efficient closed thermodynamic cycle for conversion of
heat energy into useful work, and practical fossil–fuel stations cannot exceed this limit. In principle,
fuel cells do not have the same thermodynamic limits as they are not heat engines.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[edit]Coal
The Grand Canal of China allows convenient access to this power station inYangzhou
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the
largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United
States. This contrasts with natural gas and petroleum, the largest deposits of which are located in the
politically volatile Persian Gulf. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most
applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportationand the natural gas not used for electricity
generation is used for space, water and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid
fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible.[citation
needed] Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal–derived fuels. Coal can produce
more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.
As of 2009 the largest coal–fired power station is Taichung Power Plant in Taiwan. The world's most
energy–efficient coal–fired power plant is the Avedøre Power

Electricity in Our Lives
UNIVERSITY „VALAHIA" OF TÂRGOVIŞTE FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMMUNICATION DOMAINE
PAPER FOR THE ENGLISH COURSE
"Electricity in our lives"
Made by Student Pană Nicolae Alexandru 2nd year, group nr. 2
TÂRGOVIŞTE
2010
List of contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Short History 3
3. Definition 4
4. Electricity sources 4
5. Current Electricity 7
6. Electromagnetism 8
7. Uses of electricity 9
8. Generating Stations 10
1. Introduction
Electricity means all the phenomena that result from the interaction of electrical charges. Electric
and magnetic effects are caused by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning and static electricity, but in
addition, less familiar concepts, such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction.
4. Electricity sources
People have been trying to solve the electricity issue when faced with an acute shortage of
electricity, so every country wants to increase power production in all possible ways. The most
prolific source of electric energy are the nuclear power plants, but the risk of a catastrophic event,
such as Chernobyl in 1986, makes people think twice before accepting this kind of energy source.

Of course there are other ways of acquiring electrical energy, called alternative sources of energy.
Wind energy, solar energy, sea waves energy are the latest resources, but the technology for them is
still developing so they can be used only in a few countries. There are many reasons we are looking
towards alternative energy sources. With many countries, and US cities, signing the Kyoto Treaty,
efforts to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases are a primary focus in today's culture. Alternative,
or renewable energy, sources show significant promise in helping to reduce the amount of toxins
that are by–products of energy use. Not only do they protect against harmful by–products, but using
alternative energy helps to preserve many of the natural resources that we

Using Clean Coal Technologies to Reduce Air Pollution
ASDF
SCI/275
September 4, 2011
Kristal Davis Fadtke
Air pollution is of pronounced concern in the media lately. Some of the effects of air pollution
include the increase of carbon in the atmosphere which contributes to the global warming effect.
The effects have been felt with record temperatures on the east coast and in the Midwestern United
States this summer. One major contribution to the pollution is the use of coal to generate electricity.
Approximately 50% of the power in the United States comes from coal fired electrical generation
plants (UCSUSA, 2009). A typical 500 megawatt generation plant burns 1.4 million ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This system does require a large footprint to install, but it does produce a saleable byproduct.
Nitrogen oxides are removed in a combination of ways (Sen, 2010). Figure one is a chart of the
different ways this is done. Typically one technology is not used but a combination of them. As
shown in the table, not all of the technologies are as effective as those to remove sulfur oxides, thus
a combinational approach is used.
One of the more impressive developments in clean coal technology has been the fluidized bed
technology (Berg & Hagar, 2007). This technology has been in development since the 1980s
and represents a great leap forward in the clean burning of coal. This technology allows the burning
of coal with high sulfur content with little to no pollution (Berg & Hagar, 2007). The country
Turkey has been developing the technology to work with their low quality coal resources as well as
different biomasses including olive cake (Eskin & Hepbasil, 2006). The use of this technology
permits greater generation of electricity with the lower quality fuels that are available in Turkey
(Eskin & Hepbasil, 2006). The emissions are greatly reduced by the introduction of limestone
into the fuel prior to the combustion chamber (Berg & Hagar, 2007). This neutralizes the
majority of the acidic compounds produced during combustion. This technology also creates more
heat with less fuel allowing for less

Pros And Cons Of Power Plants
Steven Castellano
SC–100–03
Professor Raffi Manjikian
October 17, 2016
Report #2 – Power Plant Scrubbers David Stockman was a director of the Office of Management
and Budget for President Reagan in 1984. During that year, he said it would cost $1,000 per fish to
control acid precipitation in the Adirondack lakes and that it would be cheaper to buy fish for
anglers rather than installing scrubbers on power plants in Ohio. In this paper, I will explain what
scrubbers do, review their pros and cons, and provide an opinion on whether or not they should be
required in power plants. According to Marshall Brain, scrubbers help "remove most of the sulfur
oxides from the smoke stack exhaust of a power plant," (Brain). There is a filter inside the scrubbers
that removes soots and ashes resulting in thick smoke to flow in the air due to burnt coal. As the
thick smoke is formed, it generates an environmental concern because ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is a restricted amount of coal being supplied in power plants. The second con is the increased
rates of asthma and lung cancer from coal emissions. Breathing the coal dust is extremely dangerous
and can result in major health concerns for people especially those who work inside the power
plants. I have a cousin who has asthma and he has trouble breathing sometimes. He does track for
Ramapo College of New Jersey so he has to use an inhaler before starting his races so he could
breathe normally and perform better. I can't imagine what his pain would feel like if he had to run an
event five miles away from a power plant that produces sulfur dioxide clouds. The last con is the
cost of transporting coal is expensive. According to power–eng.com, "Owners of coal–fired plants
invested more than $30 billion in flue gas desulfurization systems, also known as scrubbers," (U.S.
Coal–Fired Power Plants Invested More Than $30bn On Scrubbers In Four

The Pathology Of The Property
I have been instructed by my client Mr Clive Streatfield to carry out a RICS level 2 survey of the
subject property. This report will provide a general overview of the property, with the completed full
report being available for view in Appendix A. This part of the report will discuss the pathology of
this property discussing defects, the remedial requirements for their repair and future maintenance
required to keep this property at a liveable standard being careful to keep all works within the
required building regulation's 2010 as set out in the Building Act of 1984.
This property is of traditional terraced construction having brick faced areas and a symmetrical
composition. The property comprises of a three–storey dwelling house over basement, built in
approximately 1740 and is believed to be of Georgian design and build (Verification required). The
basement area is of concrete floor, and then all of the upper floors from ground to second upper are
of timber flooring. The main roof is covered with plain clay tiles. The property has been extended
and modernisation of the interior is required. The property has well–proportioned room and stands
in an approximately rectangular shaped plot, see above site plan, having gardens to the rear. There is
no driveway and all parking is off street, there is parking available on the street at the front of the
building, beyond the double yellow lines shown in the above photo displaying the front elevation.
There were no outbuildings to

A Report On The Production Of Biodiesel
BIODIESEL
Bi0–diesel is a bi0–degradable c0mbustible fuel made fr0m vegetable 0ils and animal fats.
GENERATION ΡROCESS
Fats/0ils are reacted with alc0h0l (methan0l), using a str0ng alkaline catalyst (s0dium hydr0xide
Na0H 0r ρ0tassium hydr0xide K0H)
This ρr0duces Bi0diesel(M0n0–Alkyl Methyl Esters) and glycerin F0r Examρle: 100 ρ0unds + 10
ρ0unds → 10 ρ0unds + 100 ρ0unds Triglyceride Alc0h0l Glycerin M0n0–Alkyl Methyl Esters
(Vegetable 0il) (Methan0l) (Bi0diesel)
But c0mmercial bi0diesel is blended with regular ultra l0w sulfur diesel (ULSD) and is s0ld. Such
as B10 which c0ntains 10% bi0diesel and 90% ρetr0leum diesel.
Ρure bi0diesel is kn0wn as B100 (100%) 0r neat bi0diesel. But usually B100 is n0t used in vehicle
engines due t0 engine warranty c0ncerns and m0re0ver 0ρerati0n with bi0diesel blends may result in
very slightly l0wer mρg due t0 l0wer energy c0ntent
N0w a days, m0st vehicles are n0w warranted uρ t0 B20 i.e. uρt0 20% bi0diesel c0ntent is all0wed
in the fuel.
CRITERIA F0R BIO–DIESEL ΡRODUCTION FROM WASTE OIL The high visc0sity vegetable
0il must be chemically c0nverted f0r it t0 0ρerate ρr0ρerly in a diesel engine.
Raw vegetable 0il cann0t meet bi0diesel fuel sρecificati0ns as: – It is n0t registered with the EΡA. –
It is n0t a legal m0t0r fuel. – It is high visc0sity s0 burns ρ00rly .
It is imρ0rtant that the fuel ρr0duced meets

Climate Change: Turning Carbon Dioxide in Cement Essay
TURNING CO2 INTO CEMENT
Introduction
Global climate change is a growing global problem every decade. Climate change is caused by
increased greenhouse gases (namely Carbon Dioxide) being released into the atmosphere. Carbon
Dioxide mainly comes from burning fossil fuels–coal, natural gas, and oil from power plants and oil
refineries. However, a new type of technology developed from a California company named Calera
is being introduced to climate–friendly energy production by reducing the amount of Carbon
Dioxide output by replacing it with something more useful: cement.
Turning CO2 into Cement
Cement is the second most commonly used material on Earth, next to water. Cement is commonly
composed of calcium silicates and requires heating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water and pollution are mixed together and dried by the spray dryers that use the heat in the flue
gas. The Calera results of the dry compound is a white, chalky cement that can be substituted for the
Portland cement that is typically blended with rock and other materials to make the concrete that is
used to build anything between roads and buildings. Calera's process of making calcium carbonate
cement would not eliminate all CO2 emissions but in theory would reverse that equation. Brent
Constantz, founder of Calera and crystallographer said, "For every ton of cement we make, we are
sequestering half a ton of CO2. We probably have the best carbon capture and storage technique
there is by a long shot."
CO2 Reduction and Climate Change
Carbon Dioxide is the main contributor to greenhouse gases in the global climate change. CO2 is
released from power plants and vehicles all over the world. Approximately 62 million cars are
registered in the US alone, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. There are also 2,775
power plants in the US alone. 30,000 parts per million of Carbon Dioxide are released from the
700–degree Fahrenheit fumes into the atmosphere from the turbines at Moss Landing power plant
along the California coast is an example of the amount of CO2 released from one single power
plant. This new idea of technology would reduce the amount of the greenhouse gas CO2 being
released into the atmosphere and would capture and store it in cement.

Literature Review : Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling
LITERATURE REVIEW
AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION MODELLING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction...............................................................
2. Air pollutants and control of gases....................................
3. Air pollutants: particles................................................
4. Mobile sources............................................................
5. Measurement of gases and particles....................................
6. Concentration and deposition..........................................
7. Meteorology and Modelling............................................
8. Analysis of an air quality data set......................................
9. Indoor air quality ........................................................
10. Mitigation of air pollution: The role of vegetation..................
11. Effects on plants visual range and materials.........................
12. Responses of human and other animals...............................
13. Greenhouse gases and climate change.................................
14. Ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation ..............................
15. Standards and legislation...................................................
16. Conclusion ..................................................................
17. References ...................................................................
TABLE OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION Nowadays pollution is the major cause across all the cities in the world and it is
not by heavy industries but one of its products – the motor car. Car is usually considered as our
lifestyle product. However, the rapid growth of the world's motor–vehicle fleet due to growth of
population and improvement of economic level, the expansion of metropolitan areas and increasing
dependence on motor–vehicles because of changes in land use has resulted in an increase in fraction
of the population living and working in close proximity to

The Effects Of Ocean Acidification
Introduction
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH levels of the Earth's oceans, caused by the
uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere that goes on for a long period of time. This happens
as the ocean and atmosphere interact. They interact in many ways, in exchanges of heat, salt, water
and momentum. When wind blows over the ocean, energy is transferred from wind which then
drives ocean currents. However, not only natural things are happening to acidify the ocean, we play
a part in it too. Fossil fuels and deforestation. Climate Interpreter's website report how are humans
causing ocean acidification? (Last updated December 18th 2013) states that "Fossil fuel emissions
are the gases that are spewed out of most cars, airplanes, power plants, and factories that are burning
fossil fuels (coal, oil or gas). Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuel consumption has risen
exponentially to create many climate change–related issues, including ocean acidification.
Deforestation is a two–fold issue. Burning down forests is similar to burning fossil fuels, it emits a
lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Forests are important because large expanses of plant life
(even in the ocean) are known to be carbon sinks, taking in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The
CO2 being produced was in turn being absorbed. Deforestation not only creates more CO2, but it
also destroys one of the very things that helps absorb it! Atmospheric CO2 is increasing so the ocean

Oxides Research
Oxides Research
1. Assess evidence, which indicates increases in atmospheric concentration of oxides of sulfur and
nitrogen.
Thorough collection of data, surveys, and tests from the 1950's indicate a rising trend in atmospheric
concentrations of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. An enhancement in funding, technological and
information resources, has led to wider and more detailed analyses of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
concentrations, and as the diagrams indicate (see diagrams) there is a clear rise in these oxides.
Unfortunately, comprehensive statistics of various gases in the atmosphere only dates back to 50
years ago, therefore reducing numerical evidence available to scientists. However, complementary
events, which have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This led to the introduction of regulations to control emissions from factories and these caused a
dramatic improvement in air quality; particularly with respect to SOS and particulates. Today
although the annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide in cities and mining areas is
significantly greater than in `pure' air, it is generally below the upper limits for safer recommended
by health authorities.
Serious pollution from NO, did not develop until the 20th century as electricity generation and use
of motor cars expanded dramatically (since it is high temperature combustion that produces NO).
Photochemical smog (ozone in the air formed from O, and sunlight) first became a problem in the
1960s (first in Los Angeles, then in many other sunny– cities). This led to the introduction of
emission controls on motorcars (and some restrictions on power station emissions also).
Consequently there was considerable improvement in air quality for shout two decades.
However increasing city populations and increasing vehicle–kilometres being driven have to a large
extent cancelled out further benefits of increasingly stringent emission controls. In most major cities
air quality has probably not deteriorated in the past decade but it has not been improving either.
The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO) in most

Coal Fired Power Plant General Technical Specifications
1.0 General Description
1.1 General
1.1.1 Project Capacity This project is planning to install 2×300MW units, The configuration of unit
is Pulverized coal fired boiler with condensing steam type turbine, and Limestone–gypsum wet Flue
Gas Desulphurization system adopted.
1.1.2 Site Conditions(supposed for the technical proposal for the present.) 1. Location The power
station is located at Boalkhali Chittagong Bangladesh 2. Fuel & Transportation The source of coal
for the power station and oil for starting and operating will be supplied from Indonesia by ship and
transferred from the unloading seaport to the site 3. Water Source The source of make–up water for
the whole plant will be from a river near the power plant . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Low NOx burners for each boiler shall be supplied to minimize emission concentration of NOx. The
ground–level concentration of SO2, NOx & Particulate Matter shall be reduced by using the
chimney of 210m height. Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) shall be equipped for
measure air pollutants emission concentration/rate.
(2) Liquid effluents The project shall install wastewater treatment system. The wastewater shall be
treated to meet the effluent standard, then discharging out of the power plant and shall be connected
by OWNER at 1m out of boundary of the power plant.
(3) Industrial solid wastes The fly ash and bottom ash, FGD gypsum shall be delivered to ash
storage yard .
(4) Noise The project shall adopt the low noise equipment, and using silencer or noise insulating
shelter to control the noise under the allowable limit. Noise control measures such as acoustic
insulation, absorption or acoustic enclosures shall be provided if the noise level of equipment
exceed 85 dB(A).
1.2 Designing Parameters
1.2.1 Area For the power plant location and general arrangement refer to the drawing. The total
occupied land of the power plant including the ash yard is 37HM2, in which the ash storage yard is
16 HM2,( based on one year ash production), the land that owner already obtained from the
government is 32HM2(as per the Feasibility Study Report), therefore the

How Does Gas Storage Options?
Abstract Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, which involves capturing, transporting and storing
the main greenhouse gas, is a process that could help in the fight against climate change. This paper
evaluates gas storage options in detail and discusses the issues and potential of each. The technology
proves to have large potential for development in the close future. The most effective carbon capture
method is inconclusive as it is dependent on the type of fuel being used and whether it is a pre–
existing plant. Of the existing methods of storage, enhanced oil recovery is the most common and
economically viable option due to the large volume of CO2 the empty oil reservoirs can secure. The
future of what can be done with captured carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carbon Capture Carbon capture technology has been in use for several decades in the oil industry,
however with environmental worries the technology is being developed to be implemented into
power plants, as they are main source of CO2 emissions. There are three methods of Carbon
capture: Post combustion capture, Pre combustion capture and Oxy–fuel combustion capture. The
method used is dependent on the fuel being burnt and the percentage composition of the stack flue.
Post combustion carbon capture removes CO2 after fossil fuels are burnt, the flue gases are
separated after entering a contact absorber. This filter used is most commonly a solvent with an
amine base however ionic liquids and metal organic framework can also be used, the percentage of
CO2 left in the stack flue depends on the solvent used however it is possible to capture as much as
80–90% of the total CO2 produced. The solvent is later heated to release water producing a high
purity stream of CO2, this continues to a stripper where pure amine gas is recycled as a solvent
again and the CO2 is dehydrated and compressed ready to be transported. This technique is most
commonly used for gas and coal plants as the technology is easily adapted to pre existing plants and
allows flexibility as the system works separate from

The Death Of Being Pregnant
Bun in the Oven 101
The What, Where, How, When, Do 's and Don 'ts of Pregnancy
Being pregnant is one of the most dichotomous events of human experience. It can be almost divine
in its beauty and nearly hell–like in its misery. Having been through three pregnancies, I have
experienced firsthand both extremes.
The earliest days for the newly pregnant may be filled with a range of emotions and sensations. The
emotions will depend on the circumstances of the pregnancy. I will freely admit that only one of my
three pregnancies was actually planned. Our first, believe it or not, was conceived, amazingly, on
our wedding night. I say amazingly, because, we lived together for six years before we finally tied
the knot and were never 'surprised', then, hours after making it legal, SURPRISE! It being my first
pregnancy, I did not realize I was 'in a family way' until I was actually missing my little friend Dot.
My emotions upon realization were of fear and a deep belief that we could not handle this. I believe
that this is a very common reaction when a pregnancy is not planned. I believe this because I
experienced it AGAIN just last year when number three made his unexpected conception known,
and I felt the same fear and sureness that we were doomed. Rest assured if you feel this way,
however, it will be fine. Things have a way of just falling into place, and that goes for babies too,
they find their place and soon you will think, 'How is it possible that this world ever existed

Taking a Look at Thermal Cracking
Thermal Cracking:
The simple distillation of crude oil produces various types of products and some of them (heavy
distillates) are not very much useful as a fuel when compared to light distillates. So there is a need
for subsequent conversion of heavy distillates to light distillates. This can be obtained by altering the
molecular structure of hydrocarbons in heavy distillates. One of the ways of accomplishing this
change is by 'Cracking', a process that breaks the high boiling point petroleum fractions into more
useful products like gasoline, fuel oil, gas oils. Thermal Cracking is the process of converting high
boiling point petroleum fractions to more useful products using high temperature to heat them up
and this high temperature gives them sufficient heat energy to crack.
The first thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was invented by Russian engineer
Vladimir Shukhov, in the Russian empire, Patent No. 12926, November 27, 1891and the first
thermal cracking process was developed around 1913. In thermal cracking heavy oils are heated in
large drums under pressure to crack them into small molecules which have good anti knocking
properties but this process lead high coke formation. Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons follows free
radical mechanism. Free radical mechanism has three steps Initiation, propagation, and termination.
Cracking happens in the initiation step and the termination step leads to formation of coke. This
process of thermal cracking evolved

Boiler Basics
Boiler Basics
Design and operation A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be
transferred into water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure
is then usable for transferring the heat for the steam requirements of process industries or for power
generation. Combustion boilers are designed to use the chemical energy in fuel to raise the energy
content of water so that it can be used for heating and power applications. Many fossil and non–
fossil fuels are fired in boilers, but the most common types of fuel include coal, oil and natural gas.
During the combustion process, oxygen reacts with carbon, hydrogen and other elements in the fuel
to produce a flame and hot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the circulation process, the colder water, which is outside the heat transfer area, sinks and enters
the mud drum. The water is heated in the heat transfer tubes to form steam. The steam–water
mixture is less dense than water and rises in the riser tubes to the steam drum. The steam drum
contains internal elements for feedwater entry., chemical injection, blowdown removal, level
control, and steam–water separation. The steam bubbles disengage from the boiler water in the riser
tubes and steam flows out from the top of the drum through steam separators. Boiler tubes Boiler
tubes are usually fabricated from high–strength carbon steel. The tubes are welded to form a
continuous sheet or wall of tubes. Often more than one bank of tubes is used, with the bank closest
to the heat sources providing the greatest share of heat transfer. They will also tend to be the most
susceptible to failure due to flow problems or corrosion/ deposition problems. Superheaters The
purpose of the superheater is to remove all moisture content from the steam by raising the
temperature of the steam above its saturation point. The steam leaving the boiler is saturated, that is,
it is in equilibrium with liquid water at the boiler pressure (temperature). The superheater adds
energy to the exit

Chemical Processes And Its Effects On The Industrial Age
In order to power the industrial age, humans have burned gigantic amounts of coal to produce any
form of power. Coal naturally contains high amounts of sulphur and burning of coal produces huge
amounts of heat and the sulphur present in the coal combines with the atmospheric oxygen to
produce Sulphur Dioxide. The smoke stacks of a power plant throw out all the waste gases into the
atmosphere which contains huge amounts of Sulphur Dioxide. It is said that thermal power plants
are the largest contributor of Sulphur Dioxide into the atmosphere. It is estimated that more than half
of the total amount of Sulphur Dioxide generated in the atmosphere comes directly from thermal
power plants that run on coal.
Another anthropological source of Sulphur Dioxide gas as a pollutant is from paper production. The
paper mills that produce pulp wood through a chemical process, normally combust their spent
pulping liquor in a combustion unit. The most widely used chemical processes are Kraft Pulping
process, Sulphite Pulping and Neutral Sulphite Semi–Chemical Pulping (NSSC Pulping). Among
these, Kraft Pulping process is the most widely used process as it can be used to make strong and
durable paper products. This process consists of digestion of wood, or any other cellulite substance
in a solution of sodium sulphite and sodium hydroxide, the waste products of which produce
harmful pollutants including sulphur compounds. Sulphite Pulping and NSSC Pulping produce
paper for the printing industry

Persuasive Essay On Clean Coal
Coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. When burned, it produces emissions that contribute to global
warming, create acid rain and pollute water. With all of the talk surrounding nuclear energy,
hydropower and biofuels, you might be forgiven for thinking that grimy coal is finally on its way
out. On the other hand, coal is no sooty remnant of the Industrial Revolution – it generates half of
the electricity in the United States and will likely continue to do so as long as it's cheap and plentiful
. Clean coal technology seeks to reduce harsh environmental effects by using multiple technologies
to clean. Coal is a fossil fuel composed primarily of carbons and hydrocarbons. Its ingredients help
make plastics, tar and fertilizers. A coal derivative, a solidified carbon called coke, melts iron ore
and reduces it to create steel. But most coal – 92 percent of the U.S. supply – goes into power
production .Electric companies and businesses with power plants burn coal to make the steam that
turns turbines and generates electricity. When coal burns, it releases carbon dioxide and other
emissions in flue gas, the billowing clouds you see pouring out of smoke stacks. Some clean coal
technologies purify the coal before it burns. One type of coal preparation, coal washing, removes
unwanted minerals by mixing crushed coal with a liquid and allowing the impurities to separate and
settle. Other systems control the coal burn to minimize emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides
and

Incineration Essay
cineration is the process of the destruction of waste by converting the organic material to carbon
dioxide and water vapour by fire leaving only the ash and non–combustibles to dispose in the
landfill
(http://www.saincinerator.com). Ash is the incombustible inorganic residue after the waste has been
destructed by means of incineration. Incineration is another method that is used for reduction of
waste in the form of burning waste leaving smaller amount of ash. The incinerators can be in the
form of oil, gas, coal fire or when burning high BTU waste such as paper, need no auxiliary fuel
(http://www.sainincinerator.com).
Incineration can also refer as waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste
for recovering energy (http://www.wrfound.org). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MSWI generates residues such as bottom ashes; particulate matter carried over from the furnace and
removed from the flue gas without injection of sorbents, and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues.
The aim of this study was to assess the characterization of MSWI from facilities with different air
pollution control systems. Analysis of traces metals from ash was performed by two different
procedures, which differs according to method used. The objective was to obtain by total digestion
attack with results obtained by an extractable digestion procedure, emphasizing differences that can
arise depending on digestion protocol performed, which often is not well specified in legal or even
scientific papers. To analyse total heavy metal (Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Ni, and Cu, approximately 1g per
triplicate of each sample was digested using an HNO3 /HF/HCIO4 mixture in teflon flask.
In their results high content of CaO has been confirmed by the analysis. In this study two types of
incinerator facilities, first generation (mass burn, electrostatic precipitator as air pollution control
system) and second generation (RDF, semi–dry APC control system have been characterized. It

Turbulence Modeling Of Vehicle 's Exhaust System
A Project Plan
On
Turbulence modeling of vehicle's exhaust system to reduce the exhaust emissions
Submitted to
Amity University Uttar Pradesh
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical And Automation by
MANISH SHARMA
ANMOL VERMA
MANTHAN KUMAR UTKARSH SRIVASTAVA
under the guidance of
Dr. R.K. TYAGI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND AUTOMATION
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
NOIDA (U.P.)
November, 2014
DECLARATION
We, Manish Sharma, Anmol Verma, Manthan Kumar And Utkarsh Srivastava, students of B.Tech
(2011–15) hereby declare that the project titled "Turbulence modeling of vehicle's exhaust system to
reduce the exhaust emissions" which is submitted by us to Department of MECHANICAL AND
AUTOMATION, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh,
Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Mechanical And Automation , has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,
diploma or other similar title or recognition.
Noida
Date Name and signature of

Solemn Soot and Social Despair In the Transformative World...
Solemn Soot and Social Despair
In the Transformative World of William Blake England was changing. The rolling green shires and
inspiring scenery that was fixed in the earliest memories of the Romantic poets was quickly
vanishing. There was a trade off happening. Rivets for rocks, chimney stacks for trees, locomotives
for carriages and steal tracks for cobblestone. Piece by piece England's quaint agricultural backdrop
was being replaced by a stern industrial one. Progress! Some shouted. The greater good! Others
exclaimed. Expansion was becoming virtuous. In droves they came from the country to work in
London's factories. The machines ruled the fields now. Farmers turned their plows in for hammers
and the way peopled lived was never going to be the same.
A new social class was developing in England. It was the working class. And although a wider
segment of the population was producing, creating steam for the Empire, certain leading minds of
the time had to examine the under–belly of this fiery beast. In William Blake's poems "The Chimney
Sweeper" and "London" he does just that. Through this examination Blake dwells on the theme of
the loss of innocence. He writes these two works in a straight forward tone, almost like a social
awareness pamphlet, urging the reader to wake up. And in typical Romantic fashion he does this
through stark imagery. What impression would a first time reader have after digesting these pieces
when first published? Depending on their class

Heating For Heating Building Or House
Many technologies are available for heating building or house. Boilers are pressure vessels intended
to heat water or deliver steam which can then be used to give space heating and additionally benefit
water heating to a building. In most business building heating applications, the heating source in the
boiler is a natural gas fired burner. Oil fired burners and electric resistance radiators can be used too.
Steam is favored over heated water in a few applications, counting absorption cooling, kitchens,
laundries, sterilizers, and steam driven hardware. Boilers have a few qualities that have made them a
typical component of buildings. They have a long life, can accomplish efficiencies up to 95% or
more, give a powerful strategy for heating a building and on account of steam systems, require little
or no pumping energy. Otherwise, fuel costs can be significant, regular maintenance is required, and
if support is deferred, repair can be exorbitant. Boilers are regularly one of the biggest energy users
in a building. For consistently a boiler system goes unattended, boiler expenses can increase around
10%. Boiler operation and maintenance are in this way a decent place to begin when searching for
approaches to reduce energy use and save money.
1.1 How boilers work Both gas and oil fired boilers use controlled burning of the fuel to heat water.
The key boiler components required in

Co2 Essay
Since the dawn of the industrial evolution, Earth's atmosphere has taken a beating. Fossil fuels are
being consumed at an alarming rate resulting in CO2 in our atmosphere increasing dramatically. By
increasing CO2 levels in our atmosphere, it results in global warming and climate change. Today
fossil fuels, coal, gas, and oil, contribute to about 80% of the world's energy needs. These fuels are
expected to contribute to a majority of the power for decades to come. Nevertheless, with using
these fuels, carbon dioxide is being released into our atmosphere. The level of CO2 has been
increasing dramatically over the years and even over the past 54 years, we have increased the CO2
concentration in our atmosphere by about 100 ppm (parts per ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, this technology can capture up to 90% of the carbon dioxide produced from electrical
generation and other industries.
Jeffery Rissman and Robbie Orvis from Forbes
An article from Forbes goes into depth about the process of removing, transporting, and storing the
carbon dioxide will work. The article talks about how CCS is much more expensive compared to
other sustainable energy resources such as wind and solar. They argue that by adding the equipment
needed for CCS to coal power plants, the efficiency of these plants will reduce. As a result, power
companies must burn additional fuel to make up for the amount that would be lost in the capture of
carbon. In fact, they also state how a new solar photovoltaic (PV) system or a wind farm is half the
price of a new coal unit with CCS and has zero carbon emissions. Generally speaking, they don't
talk about how much space would be needed to produce an equal amount of electricity a coal power
plant would be producing. A question that must be answered is will be CCS a worthwhile
investment for producers of carbon dioxide to help remove CO2 from our atmosphere. When it
comes to carbon dioxide every little bit removed will help our atmosphere. It the meantime,
implementing CCS, even though it would be a costly investment will only be used for roughly the
next century until the Earth runs out of fossil fuels. By doing so

Ntpc Barh Bihar
A PROJECT REPORT BASED ON TRAINNING SESSION VINAY KUMAR VINAY GUIDED
BY:– ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING OIST BHOPAL.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I DHEERAJ KUMAR a vocational trainee–2012 batch would
like to thank the management of NTPC LIMITED for arranging such a well managed training
programme for the vocational training which I hope is highly beneficial to the organization and
students in course of time. I sincerely acknowledge the co–operation and complete support provided
by Sh. A K Jha (Deputy General Manager, O&M), Sh. Suresh Kumar Sr. Engineer ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following minimum safety inter locks shall be provided in the system for pumps and drives. a)
W–ater level in the sump––– very low b) Pressure at pump discharge due to accidental closure of
valve––– high c) Winding temp of Motor(for HT drives)–––high d) Temperature of pumps thrust
bearing (HT drives only)––––High e) Bearing vibration (for HT drives only)––––High vii)
Emergency stop of drives has also been envisaged from the local push button (lockable stay put
type) provided near the drive. This local push button will be directly wired to Switchgear/MCC. To
monitor the HT/LT drives following minimum signals shall be exchanged between Switch
gear/MCC and PLC system: a. Drive start/stop command. b. Drive status feedback (ON/OFF) c.
Ready to start. d. Electrical trips (from SWGR/MCC). viii) DM plant PLC system shall be provided
with suitable communication gateway for monitoring through DDCMIS in central control room
CONTROL PHILOSPHY OF PLANT WATER SYSTEM The control & instrumentation shall
be through microprocessor based PLC system for the entire Plant water system covering the total

Generation Of Pu
3.)Generation of pu – mu interaction curves: The magnitude of Pu determines the neutral axis. On
location of the neutral axis the strain distribution is known. This can then be used to solve for the
value of Pu and the ultimate moment Mu. It is therefore obvious that the solution to the above set of
equations can be found as a closed form solution. This is because the location of the neutral axis is
required for the calculation of the normal force Pu, while the value of Pu is itself required for the
location of the neural axis.For the purpose of developing the interaction curves the location the
neutral axis is assumed and the values of the normal force and the moment are calculated. The
neutral axis is then changed to calculate a new set of Pu and Mu. This is repeated to get the
interaction curves of PuVs Mu. The figure no. 1 shows the interaction curve for d/Dfrom were area
of steel is determine. Following steps are followed:
i. Select various outer diameter D inner diameter d and cover c to generate various cases of Pu– Mu
interaction curves for d/D and D'/D ratios for chimney. Total 27 cases are generated. ii. Assume the
location of neutral axis in the cross section for various cases from 0.1d to 1d. iii. Various
percentages of steel (P%) from 0.25% to 55.5% of steel is taken to generate interaction curves of
various cases of p/fck, Total 1100 cases are taken for designing of chimneys.
Fig.1 Pu–Mu Interaction curve for d/D = 0.95, D'/D =0.008
iv. Find strain in

techniques of waste heat recovery Essay
Techniques of Waste Heat Recovery
Waste heat recovery is being more used more and more often today as it is becoming more effective,
due to increasing energy prices, technological developments and a decrease in equipment costs. Heat
recovery can be classified into three main strategies: recycling energy back into the process,
recovering the energy for other onsite use and using it to generate electricity in combined heat and
power systems. Once the system has been made as efficient as possible before using waste heat
recovery, passive strategies are used. These have no significant input for operation except for
auxiliary equipment such as pumps and fans. The last case is active strategies, which require some
input of energy to upgrade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is capable of operating at 300ºC with around 70% heat recovery capability. They are used where
cross contamination between gas streams must be prevented in applications such as ovens and steam
boilers.
Run around coil exchangers
These are quite similar in principle to the heat pipe exchanger. The heat from the hot fluid is
transferred to the colder fluid via an intermediate fluid. One coil of this closed loop is installed in
the hot stream; the other in the cold stream and the circulation is maintained by means of a pump.
This application is used when the hot and cold fluids are located far away from each other and not
easily accessible.
Economizers
Used in boiler systems an economizer is used to pre–heat the boiler water or combustion air using
the flue gas, in low to medium temperatures. These are used in domestic cases as well as in large
factories. They can increase the net thermal efficiency of a boiler by up to 15%.
Waste heat recovery boilers
They are ordinary water tube boilers in which the hot exhaust gases pass over a number of parallel
tubes containing water. The water is vaporized in the tubes and collected in a steam drum from
which it is drawn out for use as heating or processing steam.
Shell and tube heat exchangers
If the medium containing waste heat is a liquid or a vapor and is needed to heat another liquid both
paths must be sealed to contain the pressures of the respective fluids. The shell contains the tube

Fossil Fuel Power Station
A fossil–fuel power station is a type of power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas
or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity. Central station fossil–fuel power plants are designed on a
large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical
energy used.
Fossil fuel power stations have rotating machinery to convert the heat energy of combustioninto
mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam
turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustionengine. All plants use
the energy extracted from expanding gas – steam or combustion gases. A very few MHD generators
have been built which directly convert the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unloading one of these trains takes anywhere from an hour to an hour and a half. Older unloaders
may still use manually operated bottom–dump rail cars and a "shaker" attached to dump the coal.
Generating stations adjacent to a mine may receive coal by conveyor belt or massive diesel–
electric–drive trucks.
A collier (cargo ship carrying coal) may hold 40,000 long tons of coal and takes several days to
unload. Some colliers carry their own conveying equipment to unload their own bunkers; others
depend on equipment at the plant. Colliers are large, seaworthy, self–powered ships. For
transporting coal in calmer waters, such as rivers and lakes, flat–bottomed vessels called barges are
often used. Barges are usually unpowered and must be moved by tugboats or towboats.
For start up or auxiliary purposes, the plant may use fuel oil as well. Fuel oil can be delivered to
plants by pipeline, tanker, tank car or truck. Oil is stored in vertical cylindrical steel tanks with
capacities as high as 90,000 barrels (14,000 m3)' worth. The heavier no. 5 "bunker" and no. 6 fuels
are typically steam–heated before pumping in cold climates.
Plants fueled by natural gas are usually built adjacent to gas transport pipelines or have dedicated
gas pipelines extended to them.
[edit]Fuel processing
Coal is prepared for

Iocl Organisation Study
Table of Contents Introduction 3 Overview 3 Geographic Coverage 3 Technology Solutions 4
Customer Focus 4 Expansion and Diversification 4 International Expansion 4 Business Environment
and Competition 5 Industry Background and Market Structure 6 SWOT Analysis of IOCL 8 PEST
Analysis of IOCL 9 Vision and Mission 10 Vision 10 Mission 12 Work Culture 12 Organizational
Structure and Leadership 13 Hierarchical Structure 13 Leadership 13 UP Operations 13 Supply
& Demand Management 14 Distribution Network 14 Knowledge Management 14 Training 14
People and Processes 15 Employee Profile 15 Employee Benefit Schemes 15 Career Growth
Opportunities 16 Appraisal 16 Awards 16 Entrepreneurial Culture 17 Welfare of Employees 17 ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Technology Solutions IOCL's world–class R&D Centre is perhaps Asia's finest. Besides
pioneering work in lubricants formulation, refinery processes, pipeline transportation and alternative
fuels, the Centre is also the nodal agency of the Indian hydrocarbon sector for ushering in Hydrogen
fuel economy in the country. It has set up a commercial Hydrogen–CNG station at an IOCL retail
outlet in New Delhi this year. The Centre holds 214 active patents, including 113 international
patents. IOCL has joined the league of global technology providers last year with the selection of its
in–house developed INDMAX technology (for maximising LPGas yield) for the 4 MMTPA
Fluidised Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit at the Corporation's upcoming 15 MMTPA grass roots
refinery at Paradip in Orissa, as well as for the FCC unit coming up at BRPL. A wholly–owned
subsidiary, IOCL Technologies Ltd., is engaged in commercialising the innovations and
technologies developed by IOCL's R&D Centre. Customer Focus At IOCL, customers always
get the first priority. New initiatives are launched round–the–year for the convenience of the various
customer segments. Exclusive XTRACARE petrol & diesel stations unveiled in select urban
and semi–urban markets offer a range of value–added services to enhance customer delight and
loyalty. Large format Swagat brand outlets cater to highway motorists, with multiple facilities such
as food courts, first aid, rest rooms and dormitories, spare

Feasibility Study on Setting Up an Environmental Laboratory
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
STOOK ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES COMPANY
BY
KAYODE, STEPHEN OLUWATOBI
166277
A SEMINAR SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF
IBADAN, IBADAN
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF
SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND POLLUTION CONTROL)
M.Sc. (ECPC)
JANUARY, 2013
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As globalization continues and the earth's natural processes transform local problems into
international issues, few societies are being left untouched by major environmental problems like
flooding, global warming, strange death of humans and animals, loss of biodiversity among others.
This outcome of the global environmental disasters have produces a bloodstone to the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To meet out these requirements, an environmental services company with a competent laboratory
having all the necessary instruments, equipment, expertise, capabilities and relevant technical
know–how and personnel is essential. 2.1 Relevance of a Laboratory in an Environmental Services
Company 1. For environmental monitoring program or single sampling event project. 2. For the
assessment of the status of the environment comprising both abiotic (soil, water and air) and biotic
(flora, fauna and human being) components. 3. For processing samples taken from the
environmental media (air, water, soil, and biota) both from the environment as well as from sources
disposing into the environment (industries, domestic and agriculture sources, automobiles etc.). 4.
The laboratories are the essential corner stones of any effective pollution control programme. 5. It
provides qualitative as well as quantitative data for good decision making purpose. 6. For generating
valuable data with a desired accuracy and to quantify concentration of the constituents present in the
samples being analyzed. The essentiality of achieving all the aforementioned goals gave rise to the
proposed establishment of STOOK environmental services company which has the desire in

acquiring the required facilities and employing capable personnel to deliver qualitative services to
our clients as well as being responsive to the host community in our corporates social

A Report By Nolan Marriott
Summary
"Power Production in Ontario," a report by Nolan Marriott, will be an outlook at the decision–
making process used by the government of Ontario to make a well–rounded decision to do away
with coal fired power plants as a source of power production. The topics throughout this paper will
discuss the root cause reasoning for the initiation of closing the plants, then will discuss how the
overall environmental affect the environment. To conclude the effects of these causes will be
reviewed looking at the resultant job outlook.
This report will allow Ontarians to gain knowledge about this controversial situation and better
understand why the final decision was made, clarifying information that may be found in the media.
The pollution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article "Thunder Bay Generating Station Stops Burning Coal," states that coal had become 25%
of the power capacity in Ontario, which is significant, as this area is dominated by the vast capacity
of nuclear power (CBC News, 2014). This value makes it clear the impact coal power had on the
overall production in Ontario, and how much of a void this is to fill by other alternative sources. The
purpose of this report will be to evaluate Ontario's decision to eliminate coal fired power plants
through cause and effect analysis. To begin the pollution from exhaust gases are assessed. This will
be followed by the effect that burning this fuel source has as far as extracting the material, and the
by–product that results from the burning. Finally the loss of an industry will be addressed as it
impacts a multitude of job areas including power engineers, including those seeking employment
upon graduation of programs such as the Chemical Processing and Engineering Technology course
offered at Lambton College. The information borrowed for the production of this report have been
gathered from such sources as the Government of Canada, news articles including the CBC, and
other scholarly sources which will offer an unbiased analysis.
Background
The idea of burning coal, is not a new one, nor is it recent that coal has been chosen as a fuel source
since the 1700's in England as it burned hotter and cleaner than anything else at the time, which
caused it to find its way into steam

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