Astronaut Astronaut X Figure 1 Astronaut Y Astronaut X Figure 2 35- Tw.docx

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Astronaut X throws a container to Astronaut Y while they are connected by a taut cable and stationary relative to a space station. Figure 1 shows Astronaut Y beginning to move left after the throw due to momentum transfer through the cable. Figure 2 shows Astronaut Y moving right after catching the container due to an additional momentum change from catching the container. The motion of Astronaut Y is left in Figure 1 and right in Figure 2.

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Astronaut Astronaut X Figure 1 Astronaut Y Astronaut X Figure 2 35. Two astronauts are
connected by a taut cable and are initially at rest with respect to a nearby space station. Astronaut
X throws a large container to Astronaut Y. Figure 1 above shows the astronauts immediately
after the container is thrown by Astronaut X, and Figure 2 shows the astronauts immediately
after the container is caught by Astronaut Y. Which of the following describes the motion of
Astronaut Y in Figures 1 and 2? Figure l Figure 2 (A) Does not move (B) Moves to the left (C)
Does not move (D) Moves to the left Moves to the right Moves to the right Does not move Does
not move
Solution
1. When Astronaut X throws the container the container moves towards right, due to
conversation of momentum, the astronaut X will move to the left , since Y is also connected to
X, he will start moving towards left.
2. Since Y is already in motion towards left, if he catches the container, due to conservation of
momentum, he will start moving to the right. Hence B.

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As a transportation planner/engineer, would you implement a bus service or a light rail service in a Completely Motorized Network Urban Structure? Provide 3 reasons for your choice. Solution As a transportation planner I want to improve bus service(BRT) modern communication systems, smartcard ticketing, GPS, intelligent transport technologies and computer optimisation techniques it has become possible to serve urban transport needs with modern bus rapid transit (or high capacity bus systems) very adequately. These bus systems have the following advantages: i) Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems can serve the needs of medium sized cities all the way up to mega cities. ii) BRT systems can easily reach capacities of 20,000 passengers per direction per hour. These capacities are very adequate for cities which have multiple business districts and medium rise buildings. In such cities higher capacity systems will never run at peak capacity. iii) BRT can be implemented at a fraction of the costs involved in building metro rail transit and light rail systems. BRT systems use existing right-of-way on urban corridors and so the modifications involved do not disrupt the city significantly. iv) A major advantage of BRT is its flexibility in meeting changes in the city development and in changes in demand in quality and quantity. V)Rail systems can only serve a very limited area of a city. Not one developing country city subway system serves more than 10% of population. BRT systems can achieve very high coverage at low investment costs. .

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explain why glass electrode is a good example of an ion selective electrode Solution Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate or chalcogenide). This type of ISE has good selectivity, but only for several single-charged cations; mainly H + , Na + , and Ag + . Chalcogenide glass also has selectivity for double-charged metal ions, such as Pb 2+ , and Cd 2+ . The glass membrane has excellent chemical durability and can work in very aggressive media. A very common example of this type of electrode is the pH glass electrode. An ion-selective electrode ( ISE ), also known as a specific ion electrode ( SIE ), is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential. The voltage is theoretically dependent on the logarithm of the ionic activity, according to the Nernst equation. Ion-selective electrodes are used in analytical chemistry and biochemical/biophysical research, where measurements of ionic concentration in an aqueous solution are required. A glass electrode is a type of ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion. The most common application of ion-selective glass electrodes is for the measurement of pH. The pH electrode is an example of a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. Glass electrodes play an important part in the instrumentation for chemical analysis and physico-chemical studies. The voltage of the glass electrode, relative to some reference value, is sensitive to changes in the activity of certain type of ions. .

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explain why galvanize steel does not rust Chlorine is added to swimming pools because it acts an a(n)___to kill bacteria. Before Charles Hall developed a process of extracting it through a technique later called the Hall-Heroult process, ___ was considered more precious than gold. Any substance that, when dssolved in water, allows the resulting solution to conduct electricity is called ____. the electrode of an electrolytic cell from whch electrons flow back to the power source, giving it a positive charge, is called the___. In a zinc-carbon dry cell battery, the Zn isconverted to Zn2+. therefore Zn has been___. Solution Q.why galvanized steel does not rust ? Ans.galvanized Steel coated with zinc to make them corrosion resistant. Regular steel is made of iron which will rust when exposed to moisture, either in the form of rain or ambient humidiy. 2. Chlorine kills pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by breaking thechemical bonds in their molecules.its act as disinfectants. 3.Aluminum produced via the Hallâ€“HÃ©roult process, in combination with cheaper electric power, helped make aluminium (and incidentally magnesium) an inexpensive commodity rather than a precious gold 4.ny substance that, when dssolved in water, allows the resulting solution to conduct electricity is called an electrolyte. 5.the electrode of an electrolytic cell from whch electrons flow back to the power source, giving it a positive charge, is called the cathode. 6.In a zinc-carbon dry cell battery, the Zn isconverted to Zn2+. therefore Zn has been oxidized .

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Explain why in the DPCM structure, the input to the predictor P is the quantized version of the original input [n] instead of the actual original input x[n]. [please i need a detailed explanation] Solution we go for using DPCM instead of PCM system inorder to decrease the QUANTIZATION ERROR ....we know for multiplexing point of view channel bandwidth should be as high as possible and the signal bandwidth is as low as possible for more number of signals to be transmitted via the same channel ...in PCM system direct input is applied to sampler after encoder block and sampled values are given to quantizer those quantized values are given to decoder via regenerative repeaters and then to the receiver at the receiver input we have probability of error because of quantization distortion called the quantization error ( Q e ) quantization error varies between -(delta)/2 to +(delta)/2 here delta is called the step size delta= (signal amplitude (peak to peak)) /2 n and band width in PCM = 1/T b where as T b = T S /n as signal ammplitude increases quantization error increases , so for decresing the Q e either the value of n is increased or the signal amplitude should bd decreased if we increase n value the bandwidth of a signal will increases multiplexing point of view which is a drawback so we go for DPCM system in which we are applying difference amplitude means difference of present sample value - previous sample value so numerator of step size decreases the Qe value also decreases so for reducing of quantization error we are using DPCM insted of PCM .

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explain Westminster system? explain Westminster system? explain Westminster system? Solution Answer: The Westminster System is a democratic system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom, as used in the Palace of Westminster, the location of the UK parliament. The system is a series of conventions and procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once also used, in most Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth nations. There are other parliamentary systems, for example those of various European countries, whose procedures differ considerably from the Westminster system. Aspects of the Westminster system include: Most of the procedures of the Westminster system originated with the conventions, practices and precedents of the UK parliament, which are a part of what is known as the British constitution. Unlike the UK, most countries which use the Westminster system have codified the system in a written constitution. .

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Explain what an Solution An intervention is a deliberate process by which change is introduced into peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The overall objective of an intervention is to confront a person in a non-threatening way and allow them to see their self-destructive behavior, and how it affects themselves, family and friends. It usually involves several people who have prepared themselves to talk to a person who has been engaging in some sort of self-destructive behavior. In a clear and respectful way, they inform the person of factual information regarding his or her behavior and how it may have affected them. The immediate objective of an intervention is for the self-destructive person to listen and to accept help. Intervention can be used in various settings depending on the need of the organization. Survey feedback intervention provides data and information to all the managers. Information related to the attitude, structure, working conditions will be included in the survey. Managers analyze the data pertaining to each and every employee and takes appropriate action. They try to analyze the problem, evaluate the result and correct the problem. Key considerations include: 1) involvement of organizational decision makers, 2) development of a situation change model, and 3) use of evaluative methods and measures that corroborate evidence of outcomes. .

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Explain what is meant by the statement that a preferred stock is a hybrid between a common stock and a bond. What factors determine the value of a share of preferred stock? Solution Preferred stock is featured as its name that is preference . Preferred stock is always given preference over common stock that is they are the first one to claim their right on the income of the company either at the time of distribution of income or at the time of the liquidation of the company , this is the main difference between the preferred stock and the common stock . Preferred stock is also considered as a type of bond due to its feature of fixed income and repay characteristic at the time of maturity these are the reason ehy the preferred stock is considered as a hybrid between common stock and a bond Factors determining valuation of preferred stock 1) Fixed dividend: Holders of preferred stock treat it as a investment that gives them fixed income in the form of dividend like bond gives fixed interest 2) Market interest rates: Preferred stocks are also a type of bond hence market interest rates plays a important role in the valuation of preferred stock , if market interest rate is down then preference rate increases and it the market interest rate is high then the preference rate goes down 3) Structure: Whether the preferred stock is convertible or non convertible also plays a great role in the valuation of the preferred sock .

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Explain the weaknesses of the OOA/OOD focusing only on Use-cases and Class Diagram Design using CRC cards without using State Diagrams. Solution Object-oriented analysis (OOA) and design (OOD) are techniques which have evolved since 1988 to support the creation of object-oriented software targeted at languages like Smalltalk, C++ and Eiffel. A contrast is drawn between the older structured systems analysis and design and the newer OOA&D. The aims and goals of SSA&D are different from the aims and goals of OOA&D. A large number of OO methods for analysis and design have been put forward. These can roughly be categorised as: relationship and attribute centred approaches (Shlaer/Mellor, Coad/Yourdon) behaviour centred approaches (OBA, RDD) high industrial profile approaches (OMT, Booch) synthesized approaches (Objectory, Fusion) No one approach has all the best techniques Very few approaches cover all aspects in equal depth Complexity and Abstraction A look at the psychology behind human conceptual activity. Complexity Software is among the most complex of human artefacts. few material constraints, contrast bridge designs; arbitrary reconstructions, contrast building designs; Abstraction Abstraction is the tool we use to encapsulate complexity: higher abstractions introduced to reduce complexity; certain aspects of problem highlighted; certain aspects of problem suppressed. .

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Explain two Principle of locality used in Memory Hierarchy. Solution Hierarchical memory is a hardware optimization that takes the benefits of spatial and temporal locality and can be used on several levels of the memory hierarchy. Paging obviously benefits from temporal and spatial locality. A cache is a simple example of exploiting temporal locality, because it is a specially designed, faster but smaller memory area, generally used to keep recently referenced data and data near recently referenced data, which can lead to potential performance increases. Principle of Locality: Memory Hierarchies :- Temporal locality- Recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Temporal locality is found in instruction loops, data stacks and variable accesses. If at one point a particular memory location is referenced, then it is likely that the same location will be referenced again in the near future. There is a temporal proximity between the adjacent references to the same memory location. In this case it is common to make efforts to store a copy of the referenced data in special memory storage, which can be accessed faster. Temporal locality is a special case of spatial locality, namely when the prospective location is identical to the present location. Spatial locality - Items at addresses close to the addresses of recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Spatial locality describes the characteristic that programs access a number of distinct regions. If a particular storage location is referenced at a particular time, then it is likely that nearby memory locations will be referenced in the near future. In this case it is common to attempt to guess the size and shape of the area around the current reference for which it is worthwhile to prepare faster access .

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Explain the use of “directives” in configuration files. Provide an example of two directives found in an Apache configuration file and detail what each accomplishes. Solution The configuration files contain directives that can be applied to the entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular directories, files, hosts, or URLs. HTTP Server of Apache is configured by putting or placing directives in plain text configuration files. Configuration file httpd.conf is called main configuration file. During compile time its location is set, but command line flag -f is used if it\'s need to be overridden ever.Directive \"Include\" is used to add other configuration files ,likewise wildcards can also be used to add many configuration files.Any of these configuration files can be used to place any of the directives,httpd is used to recognised if any of the changes is made in main configuration file when it is started or restarted. The <If Define>directive encloses directives that will only be applied if an appropriate parameter is defined on the httpdcommand line. The < IfModule>directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will only be applied if a particular module is available in the server. The module must either be statically compiled in the server, or it must be dynamically compiled and its LoadModule line must be earlier in the configuration file. This directive should only be used if you need your configuration file to work whether or not certain modules are installed. It should not be used to enclose directives that you want to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages about missing modules. .

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Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. Solution Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. steps: 1) enable : in this it will ask you for your password 2) configur terminal: it will give access in internation configure mode 3) ROUTING : IT ENABLE ROUTING OF THE SPECIFIC DEVICE 4) vrf definition: it configures the routing and get into vrf configure mode 5) address :enter vrf address 6) exit :it will exit exit from vrf address 7) exit: it exit from vrf configure mode 8) mode enable: it give access to vrf 9) rip process: creates the routing process 10) EXIT: exit from rtr mode and get into gobal configure mode 11 )interface: here we will specify the interface type 12) vrf forwarding : it combine to specific interface routing object 13) enable : it will enable routing process 14) enable : it will start enabling routing process on interface 15) end: here it will exit form interface advantages: 1.it uses the updated information for best posiible routing 2.the size of the database can be minimized 3.there will clear vision for for evry router 4.about the network so its difficult to routing loops disadvantages: 1.there is a need of perfect netwrok design 2.there is aneed of higher memory 3.setup of link state protocol is expensive .

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Explain the motivation behind using a header file for a C program. Solution Motivation behind using header file in c Programming: Header files contain definitions of functions and variables which can be included into any c program by using #include. Compilation speed up and optimization :During compilation of some parts of the code it may be sufficient to load API interfaces from header files to check correctness of the code used while defining them. -2. The motivation for the introduction of header files is type safety. C allows function calls without forward declaration. Logically speaking using functions without forward declaration is as harmful as using Macros as compilers has no proper mechanism to validate the type of the arguments with the parameters. So chances of unresolved linkage errors and runtime failure is more prominent. 3. Header files are more like data abstraction, you just see the important components and you don\'t need to know the background process. 4. To reduce overhead of RAM....the functions or classes defined in these header files are already compiled so they can be directly used . 5.Including a header allows your code to call functions or methods which are written elsewhere and which may or may not be a part of your software project/build, but which can be found by the \'linker\' when you are building the software. 6. Header files are mainly used to declare and include the signatures (i.e. function name, return value and arguments) of your functions in other files. The compiler needs to know these signatures when compiling and linking your files together. .

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Explain the importance of using the typedef keyword then write a C ++ statements (examples) showing how it works for declaring a string data type. Solution typedef is a reserved keyword in the C and C++ programming languages. It is used to create an alias name for any other data type. As such, it is often used to simplify the syntax of declaring complex data structures consisting of struct and union types, but is just as common in providing specific descriptive type names for integer data types of varying lengths. [1] They are most often used when a standard declaration is cumbersome, potentially confusing, or likely to vary from one implementation to another The typedef keyword allows the programmer to create new names for types such as int or, more commonly in C++, templated types--it literally stands for \"type definition\". Typedefs can be used both to provide more clarity to your code and to make it easier to make changes to the underlying data types that you use. the following declarations define a new data type with the name string: .

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Explain the meaning the term symbol and state/list the pieces of information it provides. i. ii. Discuss Hund\'s rule and emphasize how it relates to the term. ii. Write the possible term symbols for the following: A. Li- [He]2s\' B. Zn [Ar]3d14s2 C. Si [Ne]3s 3p* Solution i) Term symbol is an abbreviated description of the (total) angular momentum quantum numbers in a multi-electron atom (however, even a single electron can be described by a term symbol). Each energy level of an atom with a given electron configuration is described by not only the electron configuration but also its own term symbol, as the energy level also depends on the total angular momentum including spin. The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell-Saunders coupling or Spin-Orbit coupling). The ground state term symbol is predicted by Hund\'s rules. ii) Hund\'s rule : Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin. State with the largest value of S is most stable and stability decreases with decreasing S. For states with same values of S , the state with the largest value of L is the most stable. If states have same values of L and S then, for a subshell that is less than half filled, state with smallest J is most stable; for subshells that are more than half filled, state with largest value of J is most stable. iii) Possible term symbols for following molecules are For Li, term symbol is 2 S Â½ For Zn, term symbol is 1 S 0 . For Si, term symbols are 3 P , 1 S and 1 D .

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explain the importance for evaluating governmental financial performance, and distinguish among and describe key financial performance concepts, such as: financial position, financial condition, and economic condition. Solution Solution: The importance of Governmental Financial Performace An earlr warning system of impending financial difficulty can serve to prevent disruption in critical government services. It will help taxpayers to have a close view on the workig of the government. Furhter, analytical tools have evolved to better track performance of governmental financial. Evaluation of financials help the government to provide its stakeholders a clear and fair view of its financials. Further, governmental financial performance would help the government to plab it budgted revenues, expenses, and would assist it by providing basis like past results. Financial position focuses on assets and liabilities that require cash or are normally converted to cash in the short term ( i.e. liquidity ) Financial Condition refers to a government\'s ability to meet its financial obligations to creditors and others as they become due, as well as its service obligation to constituents currently and in the future ( i.e., solvency) Economic Condition is a term Government Accounting Standards Board uses to capture a composite of the government\'s financial health and its ability and willingness to meet its financial obligations and service commitments .

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Explain the fundamental structure of bisensors Solution A biosensor is a analytical device used for detection of various types of analytes (samples) like protein, DNA, etc The main components of a biosensor are; i) Bioreceptors : It is the biological component onto which the antibodies are immobilised. It is with this part of the biosensor that the sample comes in contact. The sample interacts with the antibodies to give out certain signals, which are further analysed by the other parts of the biosensor. ii) Transducer : It is the physicochemical detector which is attacted with the bioreceptor, and it detects the signals produced due to interaction in between the sample and the antibodies.Depending on the type ofsignal produced different types of transducers are used for example optical, electronic, piezoelectric, etc. iii) Amplifier : It amplifies the detected signal so that their analysis becomes easier. iv) Microelectronics : This part is responsible for data processing or data analysis that gives us the actual information we want to obtain using the biosensor like concentartion of a certain analyte in a certain sample. .

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explain the importance of financial markets and securities to businesses. Respond should be 250 words in length out Lasher, W.R (2011) BBA 3301 Solution According to Lasher (2011), â€œFinancial information about a business is important becausepeople inside and outside use it as a basis for making decisions about the firm and theirrelationship with it.â€ (p. 69). Various groups of individuals or groups use the financialinformation to determine their role in investment with a company or to monitor their priorinvestments in such companies.Financial information is useful to the following groups:1) Management - they are responsible for making day-to-day decisions that affect the company\'sfinancial well-being and ensures objectives are met.2) Owners as investors - this group may or may not have direct ownership in the company (i.e.sole proprietor, partnership) but require financial understanding to make sound decisionsregarding stock purchase and monetary investment in the company.3) Employees - they are concerned about employment with a company that can maintainbenefits, pension, and salaries. 4) Lenders - external financing from lenders requires access tocompany financial information attesting to solid financial health.5) Suppliers - providers of goods and services, they want to ensure they will be paid on time.6) Consumers - financial information provides customers with a sense of whether this companycan continue providing them with the goods or services they rely on .

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Explain the differences between a threat assessment, a vulnerability assessment, and an exploit assessment. Solution Some of the most commonly used security are misunderstood or used as if they were synonymous. Certain of these security terms are so closely related that it\'s worth examining these together. Today, we\'ll look at several related terms â€“ threat, vulnerability, and exploit Threats:- These are generally can NOT be controlled. Security considers several kinds of threats. A threat may be an expressed or demonstrated intent to harm an asset or cause it to become unavailable. Hostile acts that target an asset, irrespective of the motive, are considered threats Acts of nature, human error or negligence are also considered threats. Someone or some thing must express or pose a threat. These are threat actors vulnerability :- A vulnerability is a flaw in the measures you take to secure an asset. which considers only flaws or weaknesses in systems or networks For example, if you do not run antivirus and antimalware software, your laptop or mobile device is vulnerable to infections. How you configure software, hardware and even email or social media accounts can also create vulnerabilities. exploit :- The term exploit is commonly used to describe a software program that has been developed to attack an asset by taking advantage of a vulnerability. The objective of many exploits is to gain control over an asset. a successful exploit of a database vulnerability can provide an attacker with the means to collect or exfiltrate all the records from that database. The successful use of exploits of this kind is called a data breach. .

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Explain the difference between the following three report\'s: Payroll Summary, Payroll Item Detail, and Payroll Transaction detail. Solution Please rate: Payroll Summary This report shows the total wages, taxes withheld, deductions from net pay, additions to net pay, and employer-paid taxes and contributions for each employee on your payroll. In the report, Gross Pay includes commissions and additions such as bonuses or tips. Adjusted Gross Pay is gross pay minus any pre-tax deductions such as an employee contribution to a 401(k) plan. Net Pay is the amount paid to the employee after taxes, and after any adjustments for after-tax deductions (such as a loan payment) or additions (such as reimbursed travel expenses). The Employer Taxes and Contributions section of the report shows amount accrued during the period covered by the report, regardless of whether your company paid them. Payroll Item Detail : This report lists the payroll transactions on which each payroll item appears. For example, you could use this report to find out which paychecks had deductions for disability insurance. The amounts shown in the Wage Base column are the total earnings on which a payroll tax is based. In some cases, this may be different than the total amount of the paycheck. Payroll Transaction detail This report lists the payroll transactions on which each payroll item appears. For example, you could use this report to find out which paychecks had deductions for disability insurance. The amounts shown in the Wage Base column are the total earnings on which a payroll tax is based. In some cases, this may be different than the total amount of the paycheck. .

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Explain the different roles the network server and client workstations play in product data management (PDM) Solution Product Data Management (PDM) is the name given to specific computer-based tools and processes used to manage engineering and technical data associated with the product development process. Networked computer systems are used to manage and distribute the PDM database information. Individuals working at CAD workstations (the clients) can access the database located on a central server through the network. The client software allows the user to search for documents by database fields such as the part name, file name, who created the data, or the last date revised. The software usually provides a viewer for previewing the selected document. The PDM system provides tools to update, manage, and secure engineering data. In addition, the system typically provides some means of managing the workflow of design information.Wide area network tools on the Internet such as the World Wide Web are being used to distribute and manage engineering data among re mote locations of global companies. .

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