presentation on mining and production engineering

1. Nkumba university
METHODS OF MINING.
Presented by group 2:
Kuorwel Ngang Jacob/2013/BPMM/B11865/Day
KOBUSINGYE JUDITH 2013/BPMM/B11864/DAY
ENEREST WAMALA
NANTEZA ALAISA
ASIIMWE FRANCIS/2012/Aug/BPMM/B11122/WKD

2. Mining
Mining is extraction of
valuable minerals (ore body)
from the earth’s sub-surface
and surface. Ores recovered
by mining include; coals, oil
shale, gemstones, limestone,
metals, rock salt, gravel and
clay.

3. Mining
Mining is required to obtain any material
that can’t be grown through agricultural
processes or created artificially in the
laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider
sense include extraction of non-renewable
resources such as petroleum,
natural gas or even water.

4. TYPES OF MINING
There are two main
types of mining i.e.
•SURFACE/OPEN CAST
MINING
Underground
mining.

5. Surface mining.
Surface mining as
shown in figure,
including strip
mining, open-pit
mining and
mountaintop
removal mining. It’s
a broad category of
mining in which soil
and rock overlying
the mineral deposit
(the overburden)
are removed
www.wirtgen-group.com/en/technologies/materials-mining-processing/
surface-mining

6. Surface mining
There are five main forms of surface mining, detailed below.
Strip mining: is the practice of mining a seam of mineral,
by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock
(the overburden). It is most commonly used to mine
coal and lignite (brown coal)
Area stripping: is used on fairly flat terrain, to extract
deposits over a large area.
Contour stripping: involves removing the overburden
above the mineral seam near the outcrop in hilly
terrain, where the mineral outcrop usually follows the
contour of the land.
Strip mining at Garzweiler, Germany.

7. Surface mining
Open-pit mining refers to a method of
extracting rock or minerals from the earth
through their removal from an open pit or
borrow.
Mountaintop removal mining(MTR) is a form
of coal mining that uses explosives to blast
"overburden" off the top of some
Appalachian mountains. Excess mining
waste or "overburden" is dumped by large
trucks into fills in nearby hollow or valley fills
EARTHJUSTICE.ORG/SLIDESHOW/IMAGES-OF-MOUNTAINTOP-REMOVAL-
MINING

8. Surface mining
Dredging: Dredging is a method often used to
bring up underwater mineral deposits.
High-wall mining is another form of surface
mining that evolved from auger mining. In High-wall
mining, the coal seam is penetrated by a
continuous miner propelled by a hydraulic
Pushbeam Transfer Mechanism (PTM). Seam is a
stratum of ore or coal thick enough to be mined
with profit. Mining site in Chile 2008

9. Underground mining
method
Underground
mining is a
mining method
of which the
over laying rock
or soil is left in
place and the
mineral is
removed or
extracted
through shaft
and tunnels.
A 25-ton loading-hauling-dumping machine used in the
underground mining of magnetite at the Malmberget iron mine near
Gällivare, Sweden.

10. Underground mining
Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground
mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, mainly
those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver,
iron, copper, In contrast soft rock mining refers to excavation
of softer minerals such as salt, coal, or oil sands.

11. ORE ACCESS
Levels are excavated horizontally off the decline or
shaft to access the ore body. Stopes are then
excavated perpendicular (or near perpendicular) to
the level into the ore.
Declines can be a spiral tunnel which circles
either the flank of the deposit or circles around
the deposit. The decline begins with a box cut,
which is the portal to the surface.
Shafts are vertical excavations sunk adjacent
to an ore body. Shafts are sunk for ore bodies
where haulage to surface via truck is not
economical.
Adits are horizontal excavations into the side
of a hill or mountain. They are used for
horizontal or near-horizontal ore bodies where
there is no need for a ramp or shaft.

12. Principal phases of
underground mining;
Development
mining is
composed of
excavation
almost entirely in
(non-valuable)
waste rock in
order to gain
access to the
ore-body.

13. Principal phases of
underground mining;
Production mining:
Production mining is further broken down into two methods, long
hole and short hole. Short hole mining is similar to development
mining, except that it occurs in ore.
long hole mining typically requires two excavations within the ore
at different elevations below surface, (15 m – 30 m apart). Holes
are drilled between the two excavations and loaded with
explosives

14. Principle phases of
underground mining
Ventilation:
Ventilation is required to
clear toxic fumes from
blasting and removing
exhaust fumes from diesel
equipment. In deep hot
mines ventilation is also
required for cooling the
workplace for miners. http://www.ecvv.com/product/4207526.html

15. Ground support in underground mining
Ground support
Some means of support is
required in order to
maintain the stability of the
openings that are
excavated. This support
comes in two forms, local
support and area support.
www.greater-china.basf.com

16. Ground support in underground mining
Area ground support
is used to prevent
major ground failure.
Holes are drilled into
the back (ceiling)
and walls and a long
steel rod (or rock bolt)
is installed to hold the
ground together

17. Ground support in underground mining
Mechanical bolts: Point
anchor bolts (or
expansion shell bolts) are
a common style of area
ground support
Grouted bolts: Resin
grouted rebar is used in
areas which require more
support than a point
anchor bolt can give.
•Cable bolts are used to
bind large masses of rock
in the hanging wall and
around large
excavations.

18. Ground support in underground mining
Friction bolts
Friction stabilizer are
much easier to install
than mechanical bolts
or grouted bolts.
Swellex is similar to
Friction stabilizers,
except the bolt
diameter is smaller than
the hole diameter.

19. Ground support in underground mining
Stope and retreat:
Using this method, mining is
planned to extract rock
from the stopes without
filling the voids; this allows
the wall rocks to cave in to
the extracted stope after all
the ore has been removed.

20. Ground support in underground mining
Stope and fill
Where large bulk ore bodies are to be mined at great depth, or
where pillars of ore is uneconomical, the open stope is filled with
backfill, which can be a cement and rock mixture, a cement and
sand mixture or a cement and tailings mixture
The orebody can be narrow vein such as a gold mine in the
Witswaterand, the orebody can be massive similar to the Olympic
Dam, South Australia or Cadia-Ridgeway Mine, New South Wales.

21. Selective underground
mining methods
Cut and fill
Drift and fill
Shrinkage stoping
Room and pillar mining
Block caving

22. Ore removal
In mines which use rubber tired
equipment for coarse ore removal,
the ore is removed from the stope
using center articulated vehicles.
These pieces of equipment may
operate using diesel engines or
electric motors, and resemble a
low-profile front end loader.
Underground mining in Chile

23. Examples of deepest underground
mines in the world.
The deepest mines in the
world are the TauTona
(Western Deep Levels)
and Savuka gold mines in
the Witwatersrand region
of South Africa, which are
currently working at
depths exceeding 3,900
m (12,800 ft). There are
plans to extend Mponeng
mine, a sister mine to
TauTona, down to 4,500 m
(14,800 ft)
An image showing of S.Africa’s deepest & darkest mine.
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24. Example of the biggest surface mining field in the world
The Bingham Canyon Mine has produced more
copper than any other mine in history -
approximately 14.5 million tons of the metal.
Bingham Canyon is primarily a copper mine and is
the biggest hole on earth. As the largest man-made
excavation, Bingham Canyon is more than
a half-mile deep and if one of the world's tallest
building.
The Bingham Canyon open pit stretches more
than 2.5 miles across and covers 2,000 acres. Its
immensity makes one of the few man-made
feature visible to the naked eye from the orbiting
space shuttle.
The Bingham Canyon Mine - World's Largest Open Pit Mine
The Robinson Mine produced 121 to 126 million pounds of copper
per year.

25. Thank you
Q&A