E X E R C I S E S Exercise 10.1 During the sixth month of the fiscal year, the program director of the Westchester Home-Delivered Meals (WHDM) program decides to again recompute fixed costs, variable costs, and the BEP using the high–low method. Here are the number of meals served and the total costs of the program for each of the first six months: Month Meals Served Total Costs July 3,500 $20,500 August 4,000 $22,600 September 4,200 $23,350 October 4, 600 $24,500 November 4,700 $25,000 December 4,900 $26,000 Recompute fixed costs, variable costs, and the BEP. What are the variable costs? What are the fixed costs? How many meals will the WHDM program need to provide during the fiscal year to reach the BEP? How much profit will the program earn if it completes its 45,000-meal contract with the City of Westchester? Exercise 10.2 It has been two years since the New River Community Council (NRCC) started its newsletter dealing with state and community funding opportunities for human service agencies. The current number of subscribers to the newsletter is 525. During the second year, the NRCC hired a new part-time newsletter coordinator (social work student). The NRCC has raised the salary of the part-time newsletter coordinator to $6,000 per year and has also hired another part-time student as an assistant for ten hours a week. The assistant is to be paid $75 per week or $3,900 per year. Together the newsletter coordinator and the part-time assistant believe they can handle up to 650 newsletter subscribers. Beyond this number, the newsletter program will require still more staff resources. In order to help cover the cost of the new part-time assistant, the executive director has also decided to increase the annual subscription price of the newsletter to $20. Additionally, the variable costs of preparing, printing, and mailing six bimonthly issues of the newsletter have risen to $4.50. Recompute the BEP for the newsletter program. What is the new BEP? Is the new BEP a feasible solution? Why or why not? Will any slack capacity exist? If so, how much? If not, why not? The Persian Wars and the Parthenon The Parthenon Temple on the acropolis in Athens built between 447 and 432 BCE. The Parthenon was built on the site of a previous temple to Athena that the Persians destroyed in their invasion of Greece in 480 BCE. * Hollywood depiction of the Persian ruler Xerxes. * A contemporary Persian depiction of Xerxes. * A contemporary Persian depiction of Xerxes predecessor Darius. * Persian Empire at its greatest extent. The use of the term Achaemenid o ...

1. E X E R C I S E S
Exercise 10.1
During the sixth month of the fiscal year, the program director
of the Westchester
Home-Delivered Meals (WHDM) program decides to again
recompute fixed costs,
variable costs, and the BEP using the high–low method. Here
are the number of
meals served and the total costs of the program for each of the
first six months:
Month Meals Served Total Costs
July 3,500 $20,500
August 4,000 $22,600
September 4,200 $23,350
October 4, 600 $24,500
November 4,700 $25,000
December 4,900 $26,000
Recompute fixed costs, variable costs, and the BEP. What are
the variable
costs? What are the fixed costs? How many meals will the
WHDM program need
to provide during the fiscal year to reach the BEP? How much
profit will the program
earn if it completes its 45,000-meal contract with the City of
Westchester?
Exercise 10.2
It has been two years since the New River Community Council
(NRCC) started its
newsletter dealing with state and community funding
opportunities for human service
agencies. The current number of subscribers to the newsletter is
525. During the
second year, the NRCC hired a new part-time newsletter
coordinator (social work

2. student). The NRCC has raised the salary of the part-time
newsletter coordinator to
$6,000 per year and has also hired another part-time student as
an assistant for ten
hours a week. The assistant is to be paid $75 per week or $3,900
per year. Together
the newsletter coordinator and the part-time assistant believe
they can handle up to
650 newsletter subscribers. Beyond this number, the newsletter
program will
require still more staff resources. In order to help cover the cost
of the new part-time
assistant, the executive director has also decided to increase the
annual subscription
price of the newsletter to $20. Additionally, the variable costs
of preparing, printing,
and mailing six bimonthly issues of the newsletter have risen to
$4.50.
Recompute the BEP for the newsletter program. What is the new
BEP? Is the
new BEP a feasible solution? Why or why not? Will any slack
capacity exist? If so,
how much? If not, why not?
The Persian Wars and the Parthenon
The Parthenon Temple on the acropolis in Athens built between

3. 447 and 432 BCE. The Parthenon was built on the site of a
previous temple to Athena that the Persians destroyed in their
invasion of Greece in 480 BCE.
*
Hollywood depiction of the Persian ruler Xerxes.
*
A contemporary Persian depiction of Xerxes.
*
A contemporary Persian depiction of Xerxes predecessor
Darius.
*
Persian Empire at its greatest extent. The use of the term
Achaemenid on the map is to the Persian dynasty that founded
the Empire.
*

4. I. The Persians1. Cyrus the Great (circa 550-530 BCE) 2. A
Multi-Cultural Empire and Religious TolerationPersian rulers
supported Zoroastrianism, but allowed their subject peoples to
maintain their own religionsCaptured Babylon 539 BCE;
allowed Jews to return to their homelandIssued Decrees to
rebuild Temple in JerusalemEfforts to Conquer the Greek
Mainland 490-80 BCE
Persians came into contact with the Greeks at the end of the
Greek Archaic period. Although the Greeks spoke related
dialects and shared some religious beliefs and cultural practices
they were divided into hundreds of different independent city
states at this time.
Early Greek CivilizationMinoan Culture (c. 2,000-1,500
BCE)Mycenaean Greece (c. 1,600-1,200 BCE)Dark Ages (c.
1,200-800 BCE)Homer?Archaic Period (750-500 BCE)Classical
Period (500-327 BCE)
II. Reading the Parthenon (or any other building/work of art)1.
Without making inferences describe what you see.2. Investigate
the material context of whatever you are looking at. What is it
made of, who made it, who paid for it?3. Investigate the
intellectual/cultural and political context. What ideas or
conflicts provided the context?

5. The Parthenon was significantly larger than other Greek
Temples of its time. In terms of the number of columns most
temples were 6 x 13 while the Parthen was 8 x17. Moreover it
was made from more expensive marble rather the usual and
cheaper limestone. It also had far more relief sculptures
adorning the frieze, metopes, and pediments.
*
See the podcast from the BBC/British Museum.
*

6. The Parthenon was dedicated to the goddess Athena the patron
goddess of the city of Athens and a statue like this one would
have been in the Temple. While the temple was a destination for
processions during religious festivals it was not a site or center
for regular congregations. Like other temples, it was also used
as a treasury, because stealing from the temple was considered
sacrilege.
*
Relief sculptures along the frieze.
*
Relief sculptures along the frieze. Scholars believe these
figures represent five of the twelve Olympian gods.
*
Relief sculptures at the center and front of the frieze. Scholars
believe that the frieze as a whole represents the Panathenaic
procession (a yearly religious festival dedicated to the goddess)
or the original mythic first procession. In either case, the
Athenians appear to be placing themselves in a space that was

7. ordinarily only for gods and heros. In this fashion it can be
read as illustrating the overconfident spirit of the Athenians
during their high point between the Persian Wars and the
Peloponnesian War with Sparta.
*
3. Political ContextBuilt between 447-432 BCE: After Greco-
Persian Wars before Peloponnesian War on the site where the
Persians had destroyed the previous temple.How did the Greeks
and Persians come into conflict?
Relevant Historical DevelopmentsGreek Colonization
throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas (750-550) along
Anatolian coast of Ionia (cities like Miletus)Ionian Greek cities
become part of Persian Empire during the campaigns of Cyrus c.
540-30s BCEIonian Greek Revolt 499 against PersiansSought
help from Sparta and Athens; Athens participated in sack of
Persian provincial capital of Sardis in Anatolia
Persians crush Ionian RevoltIn revenge for Athenian support of
Ionians Persian Naval Expedition 490 (See brown line on
map)Battle of Marathon a small Athenian force successfully
Greek phalanx to defeat PersiansXerxes’ Invasion 480 BCE; a
massive army of 150,000 and 700 supply ships Out of 700

8. Greek city-states roughly 40 formed alliance to fight the
Persians
Battles of Thermopylae (300 Spartans and 5,200 other Greeks
held the Persians for two days; allowed evacuation of Athens
and preparation for Salamis)Effectively using their triremes the
Greeks are victorious in the naval battle of Salamis and destroy
the Persian fleetWithout support Xerxes must withdraw the bulk
of his army; the surviving forces are defeated in 479 at Platea
Hoplite
Greek infantry soldiers were called hoplites after the large
round shields they used.
*
Phalanx

9. After the defeat of Persian invasion Sparta withdrew from
alliance leaving Athens as its main leaderAthens and other
maritime poleis form the Delian League an anti-Persian
defensive alliance 477 BCEAthens coerced the transfer of the
League treasury from the Panhellenic sactuary at Delos to
Athens in 454; used money from other members to built the
Parthenon
The Political Relations of the Greek Poleis (449-431
BCE)Growing Athenian Dominance (Imperial Ambitions);
neighbors and former allies viewed Athens as domineering and
using League as the basis for its own empireThe Parthenon
symbolic of Athenian Imperial Ambitions
Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta (431-404 BCE)
For the Thucydides ReadingCity-State: Sparta=Lacedaemon
(region Peloponnese)City-State: Athens (region Attica)City-
State: Mytilene (island of
Lesbos)Hellas=GreeceHellenes=Greekstrireme=Greek battle
ship
Athenian Democracy

10. How would you define democracy?Consider the definition
below provided by the Greek Historian Herodotus in the fifth
century BCE.
Herodotus, Histories 3.80
This passage comes from Herodotus’ description of a debate
among the Persians about what type of government they should
have. The debate was most likely a fictional construction by
Herodotus, but it aptly illustrates the Greek definition of
democracy at the time, as it agrees with other descriptions from
the time and later ones from Aristotle’s Politics.
*
Contrast with [monarchy] the rule of the people (democracy):
first, [democracy] has the finest of all names to describe it—
equality under law; and, secondly, the people in power do none
of the things that monarchs do. Under a government of the
people a magistrate is appointed by lottery and is held
responsible for his conduct in office, and all questions are put
up for open debate. For these reasons I propose that we do
away with the monarchy, and raise the people to power; for the
state and the people are synonymous terms.
Aristotle’s PoliticsForms of GovernmentMonarchy (The rule of
one.)Aristocracy (The rule of the elite.)Democracy (The rule of
the people.)Corrupted FormsTyrannyOligarchyDemagoguery or
Anarchy

11. In his study of politics, Aristotle outlined the Greek view of the
different forms of government. For Aristotle one form was not
necessarily better than another, but all could become corrupted,
which led to a revolution and shift to another form of
government. In a monarchy when the ruler governed in the
interests of the community, the form was good, but when the
ruler governed in his own interests, it was corrupted; likewise
for aristocracy. When democracy functioned well it was a good
form of government, but when it came to be manipulated by
demagogues or degenerated to anarchy it was corrupted.
*
deme=people
cratis=powerThesis: Athenian democracy was paradoxical in
that it was both radically hierarchical and radically egalitarian.
Hierarchical: It excluded a large segment of the population:
women, slaves, foreigners, children (Only adult male citizens,
perhaps 10-20% of the population could participate politically.)
Egalitarian: It was not representative democracy, but direct
democracy. All citizens made laws and decisions for the polis,
not special legislators. All citizens held political office during
their lifetimes.
Athenian DemocracyI. Political Changes and Reforms to the end
of the Sixth CenturyII. The Athenian Constitution (Politeia) in
the Fifth Century BCEIII. Athenian Government in Practice

12. I. Political Changes and Reforms in Athens to the end of the
Sixth Century1. By 700 BCE a ruling aristocracy replaced
kings2. Solons Reforms (c. 594 BCE)All citizens could vote,
but not all could hold magisterial offices; ended slavery for
debt3. Period of Populist Tyrants (546-510 BCE)4. Cleisthenes
Reforms (c. 508 BCE)All citizens could hold office
II. Athenian Constitution (Politeia)1 Citizenship (18; if both
parents citizens)2 Citizen Assembly (Ekklesia)Met at least once
a week; all citizens could attend, speak in, and vote on laws and
decisions3 Political and Administrative OfficesChosen by
lottery; term limits of one year, never two years in a row; same
office only twice in one’s life4 Courts no legal professionals
only private citizens
5 The Theoretical Purpose: A fragmentation of power (of
influential families/clans/individuals) The government
structure made it difficult for individuals or groups (powerful
families) to accumulate power.We think of equality in terms of
rights. Ancient Athenians also considered citizens functionally
equal in the sense of being interchangeable (like hoplites in the
phalanx)
III. Athenian Government in Practice1. Compared to Modern
DemocraciesWhy don’t people vote in US elections? Very low

13. participation in modern US democracy.2. Widespread and active
participation in ancient Athens3. A Relationship between
Equality and Hierarchy?PatriarchySlaveryEmpire
Did direct democracy exist because of the many forms of
hierarchy that supported it (participation possible because of
social and political order)?
PatriarchyDisparity in marriage ageWives had limited public
presenceProstitutes and Courtesans (hetairai); typically foreign
women and slavesAspasia (Pericles lover and
companion)Pederasty among the elites (love of
youths/adolescents)
SlaveryA Slave Society: Fifth-century Athens perhaps 250,000
with a slave population of 80,000Prisoners of WarNot a racial
slavery; those who were reduced to slavery through war and
piracy Served in Diverse OccupationsPrivate slaves: artisans,
managers, domestic servants, secretaries, minersPublic slaves:
police, executioners, clerks
Athenian ImperialismAthens as the Head of the Delian
LeagueAppropriated the League TreasuryForced Membership
(“allies could not withdraw)Growing Dominance over Other
Greek poleis