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1. * GB784793 (A)
Description: GB784793 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to lubricants resistant to atomic radiation
Description of GB784793 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 14, 1954.
If k No 36132/54.
Application made in United States of America on Jan 29, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance -Class 91, F( 1: 2: 3).
International Classification:-Cl Om.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Lubricants Resistant to Atomic
Radiation We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, formerly known as
Standard Oil Development Company, a Corporation duly organised and
existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of
America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -

2. The present invention relates to improved lubricants which are
resistant to the destructive effects of atomic radiation More
particularly, the invention is concerned with improved lubricating
oils and greases which are more stable and which retain their
lubricating effect for a longer period of time than conventional
lubricants under the influence of neutron and gamma radiation In brief
compass, the invention pertains to lubricants containing substantial
proportions of materials having high gamma ray absorption coefficients
and large capture cross-sections for thermal, i e slow, neutrons.
Present developments in the use of atomic energy indicate that nuclear
reactors are being designed at a rapidly increasing rate for use as
power plants for ships, aircraft and other carriers as well as for the
generation of steam and electric power Such atomic power plants have
many moving parts which require lubrication, the lubricant being
exposed to neutron and/or gamma radiation.
For example, the nuclear reactor itself is equipped with a large
number of lubricated hydraulic lifters and control valves which are
directly exposed to neutron as well as gamma radiation The heat
transfer fluid, usually a liquid metal, used to control the reactor
temperature becomes radioactive in the atomic pile The gamma radiation
emitted by this fluid penetrates its piping and various other plant
equipment and reaches lubricants used in various parts of the plant,
particularly in relatively compact units as they are required in
submarines or aircraft A successful application of the nuclear reactor
to this type of power generation and transmission requires, therefore,
lubricants which retain their lubricating effect under the influence
of neutron and gamma radiation.
Conventional lubricants rapidly fail under these conditions It is well
known in the art that organic matter undergoes severe decomposition by
destructive dehydrogenation, charring, and carbonization, when
subjected to neutron irradiation Gamma radiation strongly promotes
such reactions as cracking, polymerization, desulfurization,
decarboxylation, alkylation, and dehydrogenation, which may take place
in conventional mineral oils and most synthetic lubricating oils
resulting in a rapid reduction or even complete destruction of the
lubricating effect of the lubricant used.
The present invention greatly alleviates this difficulty and allows
lubrication of frictional surfaces in the proximity of a source of
atomic radiation which would ordinarily be capable of decomposing
conventional lubricants.
The term frictional surfaces, as used herein, refers to two surfaces
that are substantially in contact and moving in relation to each
other, that may be lubricated to decrease the frictional forces
between the frictional surfaces.

3. For example frictional surfaces may be the moving surfaces of moving
parts of machinery such as bearings, gear wheels, driving chains,
levers, sliders and guides.
Materials which may be used in accordance with the invention as
moderators to reduce the damaging effect of gamma radiation must be
capable of decreasing the energy content of the gamma rays by
providing a high frequency of collisions between gamma rays and
electrons Such collisions result in a finite proportion of the gamma
ray energy being absorbed by the electron and in a corresponding
reduction of the effect of gamma radiation on the environment of the
moderator This energy absorption is a function of the so-called "
gamma ray absorption coefficient " of the 0.,793 moderator, which in
turn is determined by the molecular weight and density of the
material.
The gamma ray absorption coefficient of a moderator is the greater the
higher its molecular weight and/or the greater its density.
Also, certain morphological aspects affect the gamma ray absorption
coefficient and with it the utility of a material as moderator For
example, materials having a hexagonal closepacked or laminar
structure, such as lead or graphite, are particularly suitable for use
in the present invention.
The term gamma ray absorption coefficient, as used herein, is defined
by the term pb/p where p is the density and tx is defined by the -,gd
equation a = aoe where a is the intensity after the gamma rays have
passed through the absorbent material, a, is the initial intensity of
the gamma rays, d is the thickness of the material measured in
centimetres and where the initial energy of the gamma rays is 4 m.e v.
The lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a
lubricating oil having incorporated therein a sufficient proportion of
an element or compound having a gamma ray absorption coefficient of at
least 3 and a sufficient proportion of an element or compound having a
capture cross section for thermal neutrons of at least 2,500 barns to
stabilize the said oil against atomic radiation.
The elements and compounds incorporated in the lubricant are referred
to herein as moderators The most outstanding examples of Element
Gadolinium 156 9 Atomic Wt.
Thermal Neutron Capture CrossSection of Element (Barns) 36,000
Samarium 8,000 43 Atomic Wt.
Cadmium 2,900 112 41 Atomic Wt.
moderators having a gamma ray absorption 35 coefficient of at least 3
are heavy metals, such as titanium, molybdenum, mercury, lead,
bismuth, thorium, and platinum These moderators may be added to
conventional lubricants in powdered form i e finely divided, as
metals, 40 metal oxides or metal sulfides or in the form of compounds

4. soluble in the base oil of the lubricant, for example as naphthenates,
stearates, sulfonates, chelates, organic thiophosphorus acid salts, or
phosphides Other suit 45 able moderators having a gamma ray absorption
coefficient of at least 3 include powdered graphite and various other
powdered minerals which exhibit laminar structure, such as mica,
asbestos, and talc The moderators may be 50 present in the lubricants
in proportions of 2wt %, and preferably 5-20 wt %.
It is preferred that the moderator having a capture cross-section for
thermal neutrons of at least 2,500 barns should, after neutron 55
bombardment, revert to form stable non-radioactive isotopes of at
least the same minimum capture cross-section by releasing the absorbed
energy in the form of harmless electromagnetic radiation Data on
neutron cross-sections of 60 most elements and the stability of their
isotopes are now available in the literature permitting the selection
of materials suitable for the purposes of the present invention
Typical representatives of this class of materials are 65 the elements
cadmium, samarium and gadolinium The pertinent characteristics of
these elements are summarized in the table below.
Thermal Neutron Principal Capture CrossIsotopes Section for or Neutron
Principal Isotope Absorption (Barns) d,55 d 157 sm 149 Cd 113 50,000
180,000 46,000 24,000 Moderators of this class may be added to
lubricants in the form of the finely divided metals, their oxides,
sulfides, phosphides, and phosphorus acid salts, or as compounds
soluble in the base oil of the lubricant, such as the naphthenates,
petroleum sulfonates, fatty acid soaps, e g stearates and oleates
(complexes of the type which may be employed in greases) of such soaps
with the metal salts of low molecular weight carboxylic acids;
chelates and porphyrin derivatives of such metals.
The degree of protection afforded by such a moderator is, of course, a
function of its concentration in the lubricant as well as its specific
capture cross-section This is illustrated by the following tabulation
of the neutron absorption by the preferred moderators of the invention
at varying concentrations in a lubricant film of 0 05 cm thickness.
784,793 784,793 Capture Cross-Section (Barns) Concentration Weight
Percent 100 0 99 6 1 425 99.8 70.8 11.6 95.4 45.9 As indicated by the
above table, effective concentrations of the moderator having a
capture cross-section for thermal neutrons of at least 2,500 may vary
between about 1 and 50 wt % of the lubricant, depending somewhat on
the specific moderator used Concentrations of about 10-40 wt % of such
moderator are usually preferred.
When oil-insoluble moderators are used, these materials should be
employed in finely divided form Particle sizes of less than 100
microns are suitable, sizes of about 50-75 microns being preferred.
The lubricating oil base of the lubricants of the invention may be of

5. either mineral or synthetic origin These oils should have a viscosity
of about 2 centistokes at 210 'F to about 60 centistokes at 210 'F
While all types of mineral oils of lubricating grade have utility for
the purposes of the invention, those obtained from predominantly
naphthenic stocks are more desirable, acid treated naphthenic type
mineral lubricating oils being preferred.
Of the synthetic oils, non-ester types are preferred Suitable
synthetic oils include FischerTropsch synthesis products, hydrocarbon
polymers, formals, acetals, glycols, ethers, glycol and polyglycol
ethers, carbonates, silicanes, silicones, silicates, fluoro and
perfluorocarbons, of lubricating grade, all of which are well known in
the art.
Greases in accordance with the invention may be prepared from the
above-mentioned lubricating oils by adding a moderator of each type
according to the invention and incorporating a conventional grease
thickener in greasemaking proportions of, say about 3-50 wt.
%, preferably 10-30 wt %, based on total lubricant The oil base may
form 20-95 wt.
% of the composition or finished grease Quite generally, non-soap type
grease thickeners are preferred because of their greater stability
toward gamma radiation Essentially inorganic thickeners, such as
carbon black, finely divided silica, silica gel, various metal
silicates, including calcium silicate, bentonites, Bentones,
Attapulgus clays, and various gel-forming amphoteric metal oxides
including A 1 10,, Fe O,, Bi 2 O,, and Sn O,, are most desirable Some
examples of Bentones are given in J Phys.
Chem 45, 65-81 ( 1941).
Examples of suitable organic salt-type thickeners include the
hydrocarbon sulfonates of alkali metals, particularly sodium,
potassium 65 and lithium, the calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium,
aluminum and certain heavy metals, such as lead; having about 8-34
carbon atoms, particularly in combination with metal salts of low
molecular weight carboxylic 70 acids having 1-5 carbon atoms per
molecule.
The preferred carboxylic acid soaps of the metals listed above, are
those of essentially saturated fatty acids having 12-30 carbon atoms,
e g stearic, palmitic, hydroxystearic, 75 and hydrogenated fish oil
acids, preferably in the form of complexes with the metal salts of low
molecular weight saturated carboxylic acids having 1-5 carbon atoms
Other suitable organic thickeners include various amino 80 phenol
derivatives, such as N-stearoyl-p-amino phenol, and urea adducts of
benzene and biphenyl.
A moderator may be a component of a grease thickening agent, for
example when a 85 metal soap and/or salt type of thickener is used, at

6. least a portion of the metal constituent of the metal soap or salt may
be a moderator of the invention For example, cadmium stearate, or
calcium stearate-cadmium acetate 90 complexes may be used for this
purpose.
Conventional methods of grease-making may be employed in preparing the
greases of the invention When using inorganic thickeners, the finely
divided thickener may be dispersed 95 in the oil base by means of
homogenizers, colloid mills or similar high efficiency mixing
equipment This can be done prior to the incorporation of the
moderators or in their presence The latter method is preferred 100
Soap-thickened greases may be made by saponifying suitable fats or
oils containing the acids prevously described, or by neutralizing the
acids as such in at least a portion of the base oil with the metal
bases mentioned above 105 When the metal base of the thickener is
different from that of the moderators the saponification is preferably
carried out prior to the incorporation of the moderators When Additive
Gadolinium 36,000 Percent Neutron Absorption Samarium 8,000 Cadmium
2,900 784,793 the metal base of the thickener is the same as that of a
moderator, the metal base of the moderator may be used as the
saponifying or neutralizing agent Grease-making conditions are those
conventionally used including saponification temperatures of about 150
250 F, dehydration temperatures of about 210 -300 F and complexing or
finishing temperatures of about 400 -600 F In the case where the
moderators are different from the metal base of the grease thickener,
the moderators are preferably added under agitation during the cooling
cycle of the greasemaking process at temperatures below about 350 F
The usual finishing steps, such as homogenization and milling, may be
employed.
The lubricants of the invention may contain minor proportions of
conventional modifying agents, e g calcium sulfonate, and
anti-oxidants, e g phenyl,-naphthylamine; corrosion inhibitors, e g
sorbitan mono-oleate; extreme pressure agents, e g tricresyl
phosphate, sulfurized and P 55-treated materials, chlorinated
hydrocarbons and esters; viscosity index improvers, e g polybutenes
and polymethacrylates; pour point depressors, e g naphthalene
alkylated with chlorinated paraffin wax, lauryl fumarate-vinyl acetate
copolymers; tackiness and stringiness agents, e g polyisobutylenes.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following specific
examples.
EXAMPLE I
A grease useful for the purposes of the invention may be prepared from
the following components:
Component Wt % Cadmium Stearate 20 Cadmium Acetate 20 Molybdenum
Disulfide Powder 10 Phenyl Alpha-Naphthylamine 0 5 Formal of CQ 3-Oxo

7. Alcohol 49 5 having a Viscosity of 3 4 Centistokes at 210 o F.
The grease is prepared as follows: About 45, of the formal is mixed
with the stearic acid and heated to about 150 F Cadmium hydroxide is
added sufficient to neutralize the stearic acid Thereafter glacial
acetic acid is added and neutralized with additional cadmium hydroxide
The mixture is heated to about 220 F until dehydration is complete.
Heating is continued at a rapid rate until a temperature of about 450
F is reached The grease is then allowed to cool and the remaining
portion of the formal is added at a temperature of about 300 F After
further cooling, the molybdenum disulfide powder and the oxidation
inhibitor are added and the grease is passed through a homogenizer at
a temperature of about 180 -200 F.
EXAMPLE II
A lubricating oil in accordance with the invention may be prepared by
intimately mixing the components given below, at substantially room
temperature or slightly elevated temperatures promoting the solution
of the additives in the oil base, Component Gadolinium Naphthenate
Bismuth Stearate Condensation Product of Salicyl Aldehyde and
Propylene Diamine Phenyl Alpha-Naphthylamine Coastal Distillate of
30-40 SSU at 210 F.
Wt % 6 1 0.5 67.5 EXAMPLE III
Another lubricating oil of good radiation stability is obtained by
mixing the following components substantially as described in Example
II.
Component by Gadolinium Oleate Mercury Naphthenate Phenyl
Alpha-Naphthylamine Condensation Product of Salicyl Aldehyde and
Propylene Diamine Polyethylene Glycol of about molecular weight Parts
7 weight 0.5 64.5 90 The present invention is not limited to the
specific examples set forth above The relative proportions of the
lubricant constituents may be varied within the limitm inidicated to
obtain lubricants of different characteristics 95
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* GB784794 (A)

8. Description: GB784794 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to birdcages
Description of GB784794 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Birdcages.
I, WILLIAW BAIRNSFATHER-SCOTT a British
Subject, of 237 Brighton Road, South Croydon, Surrey, do hereby
declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted
to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to birdcages of the kind having a wire front
and a seed and husk collecting trough situated immediately in front of
the wire, into which seed and husks can fall when thrown out of the
cage by the lb'rds, the wire front being usually remov- able, and
particularly to breeding cages, the side walls and rear wall of the
cage, and also the top being solid and being usually constructed from
wood or like material.
The chief object of the invention is to evolve a birdcage of the above
kind of a generally improved construction.
A birdcage of the kind set forth, is characterised in accordance with
the present invention, in that the trough is constructed integrally
with a false bottom or tray which is removable from the cage by
forward sliding movement.
Referring to the drawings :-
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a birdcage in accordance with the
invention ; and
Figure 2 is a transverse section on the line 2-2 in Figure 1.
The birdcage illustrated is of the kind commonly used for breeding
purposes, the cage being constructed of wood and comprising a
comparatively wide bottom 1, a top 2 of narrower width from front to
back, a plywood or other back 3 and side walls 4, the side walls as is
clearly shown tapering from a point 5 to the top 2.
The side walls 4 are connected by means of a shallow wooden bar 6
which serves to support the wire front 7, the wire front in known
manner including upstanding and depending projections 8 and 9 which
enter suitably positioned holes in the top 2 and member 6.
The cage is fitted with perches 10 which are screwed to the back 3,
the forward ends of the perches in known manner being slotted to

9. engage the vertical wires of the wire front 7.
The cage is fitted with a removable false bottom or tray 11 having a
peripheral rim 12 and with a crossbar 13 which, when the tray is in
position, lies directly beneath the member 6. The rim 12 in front of
the member 13 is increased in height as at 14 and the tray is provided
at the front with a comparatively deep front piece 15, the depth of
the front piece 15 being such that seeds or husks thrown out of the
cage by the birds through the wire front will be deflected back into
the trough formed by the parts 13,14 and 15 and consequently will not
fall on to the floor of the room in which the cage is situated. As
will be seen clearly from
Figure 1, the trough extends the full length of the cage, that is to
say, it is equal to the length of the wire front.
The trough and removable tray are also shown by chain dotted lines in
Figure 2 in a partially withdrawn position, the trough and tray being
capable of being fully withdrawn from the cage for cleaning purposes.
It will be appreciated that by extending the side walls 4 of the cage
forwardly in front of the wire front any tendency for seed or husks to
be thrown out through the wire front in a lateral direction will be
prevented as any seed or husks hitting the forwardly projecting parts
of the side walls will be deflected back into the seed and husk
collecting trough.
What I claim is :-
1. A birdcage having a wire front and having a seed and husk
collecting trough situated immediately in front of the wire, into
which seed and husks can fall when thrown out of the cage by the
birds, charac- terised in that the trough is constructed integrally
with a false bottom or tray which is removable from the cage by
forward sliding movement.
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* GB784795 (A)
Description: GB784795 (A) ? 1957-10-16

10. Improvements in or relating to sewing machines
Description of GB784795 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of filing Coomplete Specification: Jan 25, 1956.
0) Application Date: Jan 26, 1955 No 2279 I 55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 112, G 2 (G 6 A: P 8 A: PSB).
International Classification:-DO 5 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Sewing Machines.
We, THE BRITISH UNITED SHOE MACRINERY COMPANY LIMITED, a British
Company registered under the Companies Acts, 1862-1898, and GEORGE
CLIFFORD BARTON, British Subect, both of Union Works, Belgrave Road,
in the City of Leicester, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:-
This invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to sewing
machines.
There is hereinafter described one conv-niient construction of machine
which is provided by the invention and is illustrative thereof, the
illustrative machine being a curved hooked needle lockstitch sewing
machine suitable for sewing an outsole to a welt of a welt shoe in the
manufacture or repair of shoes and having a workpnetrating and
work-feeding awl The term shoe where used herein is intended to

11. include outer footwear generally.
A machine suitable for sewing together an outsole and a welt during
the manufacture of a welt shoe is disclosed in the Specification of
British Patent Specification
No 7793 of 1892 Machines constructed in the manner disclosed in said
Specification have been used satisfactorily, over a comparatively long
period, for sewing outsoles to welts in the course of the manufacture
of welt shoes and have also been used to sew half soles to welts
during the repair of welt shoes.
Shoes which require to be repaired by resoling usually have a heel
attached to them and when sewing a half sole to a welt during the
repair of shoes by a machine constructed in the manner disclosed in
said Specification difficulty has sometimes been experienced in sewing
the heel end portion of the half sole lPrice 3 s 6 d l to the welt in
the waist of the shoe owing to parts of the machine, particularly the
shuttle and parts associated therewith, being engaged by the heel as
the shoe is presented to the machine and preventing the shoe from
being properly positioned in the machine for the commencement of
sewing.
One of the various objects of the invention is to enable curved hooked
needle lockstitch sewing machines which are normally used to sew
outsoles to welts in the manufacture of shoes to be conveniently used
for the repair of shoes having heels attached thereto.
In the illustrative machine hereinafter described, which, except as
will hereinafter appear, is similar to the machine disclosed in said
Specification, a shuttle mechanism (comprising a loop taker which is
arranged to carry a loop of needle thread, drawn through a workpiece
by a curved hooked needle of the machine, around a supply of locking
thread in the loop taker) is so arranged relatively to the stitch
forming devices of the machine that it does not interfere with the
proper presentation of a shoe, having a heel thereon, to the machine,
the shuttle mechanism extending rearwardly and somewhat to the left at
an acute angle to the plane of the curved hooked needle instead of
purely laterally of the machine as in the machine disclosed in said
Specification.
In the illustrative machine hereinafter described rotary movement is
imparted to the loop taker by a train of gears, two of which engage a
row of gear teeth around the periphery of the loop taker The loop
taker has a beak, which takes a loop of needle thread from the needle,
and has a gap, associated with the beak, in which the loop of thread
lies as it is passed around the supply of locking thread in the loop
taker The row of gear teeth is interrupted 784,795 ( 7.5 7 78, by the
gap and the arrangement is such that when the gap passes each of the
gears in turn the other gear continues to drive the loop taker The

12. train of gears is driven by a a cam lever of the machine The
arrangement of the loop taker driving mechanism is compact and extends
more or less rearwardly from the beak of the loop taker, thus
providing ample space at the left of the needle for presentation of
the work to the machine.
Owing to the rearranged position of the shuttle mechanism a thread
lifter of the illustrative machine, which spreads each loop of thread
drawn through the work by the needle to allow the beak of the loop
taker to enter the loop, is preferably given a movement first
substantially parallel to the plane of the needle and then in a
direction laterally of the plane of the needle across the front of the
loop taker instead of merely upwardly and slightly forwardly as in the
machine disclosed in said Specification, and this movement is obtained
by means of a cam and cam lever similar to those disclosed in said
Specification The cam and cam lever move the thread lifter upwardly
and somewhat forwardly and movement of the thread lifter across the
front of the loop taker is obtained as a consequence of continued
movement of the cam lever.
There will now be given a description, with reference to the
accompanying drawings, of the illustrative machine aforementioned and
of an alternative part of the machine, from which description the
above and other objects of the invention will become clear.
It is however to be clearly understood that the illustrative machine
is selected for description by way of exemplification of the invention
and not of limitation thereof.
The features of the invention will be found respectively set out as
appended
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* GB784796 (A)
Description: GB784796 (A) ? 1957-10-16

13. Improvements in and relating to powder spray devices
Description of GB784796 (A)
We, AEROSTYLE Li MITED, a British Com-
pany, of Sunbeam Road, Acton, London, N.W 10, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in
and by the following statement:-
This invention has reference to improvements in and relating to
devices for spraying powder from two or more spray nozzles over
surfaces, a typical application of the devices being the spraying of
powder over the surfaces of printed sheets to prevent set-off.
Owing to various causes, such as obstructions formed by irregularities
in the ducts conducting air and powder to the nozzles, there has been
difficulty in obtaining an even distribution of the powder to the
nozzles with the result that the powder was not uniformly distributed
over the surface above which the device was located The principal
object of the present invention, therefore, is the provision of spray
devices wherein the above difficulty is substantially resolved.
In accordance with the invention there is provided a spray device
comprising a passage for the flow of a stream of air under pressure
and powder entrained by the air, the passage having openings in its
sides through which openings the air and powder pass from the passage
into ducts for conveying the stream of air and powder to spray
nozzles, and a rotatably mounted element in said passage, said element
having a part adapted momentarily substantially to cover the openings
as the element rotates and being provided with a surface inclined to
the general direction of the stream of air and powder in the passage
so that the rotation of the element is effected by the stream
inpinging on the said surface, and the axis of lPrice 3 s %l,, q S 6,.
784,796 rotation of the element being substantially parallel with the
said direction.
It is found in a powder spray device according to the invention that
the said element by acting as a distributor in the vicinity of the
said openings or by imparting a swirling motion to the air and powder
in the said vicinity or by a combination of these actions causes the
powder to be directed into the openings in proportions substantially
equal for all openings.
The invention is applicable to continuously acting spray devices and
to intermittently acting spray devices.
The rotary element may comprise a strip of metal twisted about its

14. axis so as to provide a steep pitch archimedian screw, a helical
spring, or a disc having laterally projecting inclined vanes In the
preferred embodiment this element is located in a vertical tube
providing the above mentioned passage of the spray device The tube is
adapted to receive air and powder at its upper end and to discharge
the air and powder through lateral openings near its bottom end, the
said bottom end being blind a short distance beneath the lateral
openings.
The rotary element when consisting of either a strip of twisted metal
or of a helical spring has a maximum cross dimension slightly less
than the bore diameter of the tube and is provided at one end with a
pivot point This point lies in a bearing recess in the blind end of
the tube so that the element stands in the tube with its axis
substantially parallel with the general direction of the stream of air
and powder in the passage; and the length of the pivot is such that
part of the element, preferably the lower end thereof lies opposite
the openings near the bottom of the tube When the rotary element
comprises a vaned disc a b,, PATENT SPECFICATION Inventor:-JAMES
ERNEST WARHURST.
Date of filing Complete Specification: March 21, 1956.
Application Date: Feb 3, 1955 No 3216155.
Complete Specification Publi-shed: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 100 ( 2), 015 G.
International Classification:-B 41 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Powder Spray Devices.
60.
784,796 supporting pivot therefor upstands from the blind end of the
tube and the vanes lie opposite the said openings When air and powder
are introduced into the tube the a element is set into rotation and,
as above stated, causes the powder to be substantially evenly
distributed to the openings.
The openings lead to ducts and the ducts lead to spray nozzles through
which the air and powder are discharged.
If desired the tube above mentioned may have its blind end at the
top-and its inflow end at the bottom-in which case the strip of
twisted metal or the spring has the pivot point at the top and this
point engages the blind end owing to the up-thrust of the
through-flowing stream of air and powder.
When a vaned disc is used it is of course suspended from the blind
end.
The tube containing the rotary element may be transparent or may have
a transparent part for the purpose of enabling an operator easily to
see whether powder is passing through the device and, therefore,

15. discharged at the spray nozzles.
One way of carrying out the present invention utilising a helical
spring as the rotatable element and an alternative form of rotatable
element will now be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings wherein:
Fig 1 is a vertical sectional elevation of a spray device according to
the invention; Fig 2 is an elevation of the alternative :35 form of
rotatable element.
The device shown in Fig 1 comprises a central tube 1 having two rings
of radial holes 2 near its upper end for the inflow of air under
pressure and powder entrained by the air into the bore 4 of the tube,
the bore 4 providing the passage herein referred to, and two rings of
radial holes 5 near its lower end for the outflow of air and powder
from the passage Air and powder reach the holes 4.5 2 by the way of a
connector 6 to which the air and powder are supplied by a spray gun.
The air and powder discharging through the holes 5 enter the hollow
interior 7 of a block 8 screwed on to the tube 1 and pass by way of
hollow nipples 9 into radial, telescopic tubes 10 terminating in spray
nozzles 11, said hollow 7, nipples and tubes providing the herein
mentioned ducts which convey the air and powder from the passage in
the tube 1 to the nozzles 11.
The connector 6 and a mounting arm 12 are clamped between the block 8
and a cap nut 13, washers 14 being interposed between these elements
and the top of the bore 4 containing a screw plug 15 to prevent
leakage of air and powder.
The nipples 9 enter holes in a closure ring 16 at the bottom of the
block 8, the ring being held in position by being thrust, by the screw
action of the block 8 on the tube 1, against a sealing washer 17 on a
flange 18.
The flange is on the tube 1 lower than the holes 5.
The nipples extend from the top of a circular manifold 19 carrying the
tubes 10, 70 the manifold being held in position with the nipples in
the holes in the ring 16 by a plate 20 which is thrust towards the
manifold by a nut 21 on a stud 22 projecting from the bottom of the
tube Washers 23 are inter 75 posed between the parts 20 and 19 and 19
and 16.
The bore 4 of the tube 1 terminates a short distance below the lowest
holes 5 in the said tube Within the bore and extend 80 ing lower than
the lowest holes 5 and higher than the highest holes 2 is a helical
spring 24 The outside diameter of the spring is slightly less than the
diameter of the bore and the lower end of the spring has a bearing 85
point 25 resting in the bottom or blind end of the bore The spring is
thus able freely to rotate in the bore or passage.
When air under pressure and powder flow down the passage or bore 4

16. they strike the 90 upper surfaces of the helices of the spring and so
rotate the spring on its axis Because the outside diameter of the
spring is only slightly less than the diameter of the passage those
helices opposite the holes 5 substan 95 tially cover the inner ends of
the holes momentarily as the spring rotates with the result that the
spring acts as a, distributor.
In practice it is found that the effect of the rotating spring is to
cause a substantially 100 even distribution of the air and powder to
the holes It will be appreciated that the holes in either ring of
holes 5 are momentarily covered in succession as the spring rotates
and the rotating spring imparts a swirling 10)5 action to the air and
powder which, it would seem, assists the distributor action of the
spring.
Any other freely rotatable element which acts as a distributor and /or
swirler may be 110 used in place of the spring 24 A suitable
alternative element is shown in Fig 2 It comprises a strip of metal 26
twisted to the helically fluted form shown provided with a bearing
point 27 The element is so 115 located in the tube 1 that the top of
the tapered bottom of the strip lies at least slightly lower than the
lower ring of holes 5.
The diameter of the said element is slightly less than the diameter of
the passage 4 120 The tube 1 may have a transparent portion, the tube
being so mounted that the transparent portion can be seen, in order to
enable the operator to see whether powder is passing through the
device 12,
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* GB784797 (A)
Description: GB784797 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in cloches

17. Description of GB784797 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Cloches.
I, THOMAS INCE ETRIDGE, a British Subject, of 20 Croft Road, Edwalton,
Notting- ham, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement :-
This invention relates to improvements in cloches and is concerne with
cloches principally used for horticultural purposes.
A cloche of the kind to which this invention relates comprises at
least two panel members which converge upwardly and are located in
relative position. The panel members may conveniently be of glass and
are placed over newly sown horticultural seedlings to protect them
from wind and to keep them at a higher temperature than the air
temperature particularly during late winter and early spring so that
the young seedlings may reap the benefit of warmth from the sun and
not suffer the damage from cool air at night.
Cloches are also known which comprise at least four panel members, for
example sheets of glass in which two panels are normal to the ground
to form side walls and two more panels converge upwardly from the
upper margins of the side walls to form a gabled roof to the cloche.
End panel members may be provided for the cloches or alternatively a
plurality of cloches may be placed in line over a row of young
seedlings. The open ends of the cloches at the end of the rows may be
closed by a sheet of glass or other suitable material. It is known to
provide means for connecting the panel members of cloches of the kind
referred to in desired relative position, which means comprise
suitably shaped lengths of wire. It is known to provide an arrangement
in which two upwardly converging panels are separated from each other
at the apex of the angle by approximately the diameter of the wire
employed. There is thus a small gap between the panels along the ridge
of the cloche.
One disadvantage of cloches of the aforementioned kind is that during
warm weather the soil beneath the cloches may have substantially all
the water evaporated therefrom and the young seedlings and plants,
therefore, deprived of water which is essen- tial to their growth. In
order to replenish the water in the soil it is necessary to remove
each individual cloche and to supply water from a convenient source,
for example a watering can.
It will be appreciated that in a plurality of rows of young seedlings
each row being covered by cloches the operation of removing each

18. cloche, watering the soil beneath it and replacing the cloche may take
a com- paratively long time.
It is one object of the present invention to minimise or overcome this
difficulty.
It will also be appreciated that if two sheets of glass are inclined
upwardly the height to which the young seedling may grow is governed
by the perpendicular from the line joining the upper margin of sheets
to the ground which is a function of the height of the members
employed and the distance between their ground engaging margins. It is
for this reason that the cloche having two panel members normal to the
ground and two more panel members upwardly converging from the upper
edges of the first two mentioned panels are provided to enable a young
seedling to grow to a greater height before either removing the cloche
and subjecting the young seedling to the dangers of cool night air or
increasing the vertical height of the apex of the converging members
of the cloche.
It is another object of the present invention to provide improvements
in cloches of the aforementioned kind.
In assembling cloches in which the panel members are held in position
by lengths of bent wire difficulty is often experienced in placing the
wire in the correct position around the different panels and in the
correct manner.
Furthermore if the wire becomes damaged or bent out of shape there is
a considerable likelihood of breaking the members if they are sheets
of glass by an attempt to assemble the cloche.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a member for
assembling cloches which at least in part overcome this dimculty. It
is also desirable for young seedlings not to be in soil which is
supplied with water and/or fertiliser but for the atmosphere
surrounding the seedlings immediately above the soil to be moist. It
is another object of this invention to increase the humidity of the
atmosphere within an horticultural cloche.
With the'above and other objects in view the present invention
provides. a ridging member for a horticultural cloche having means for
releasabIy securing at least two cloche panel members spaced apart and
inclined at an angle to each other and a plurality of apertures for
permitting the passage of liquid to the interior of the cloche when
assembled. Conveniently the member comprises a length of substantially
rigid material having suitable means for releasably securing the
cloche panel members thereto at an angle to each other so that when
the margins of the said members not connected to the member are placed
on the ground the cloche is either of general triangular trapezoidal
shape. The said ridging member is provided with a plurality of
apertures along its length and throughout the width separating the

19. upper margins of the panels ta permit the passage of liauid, such as
for example rain water. Said apertures may conveniently be in the form
of holes provided at convenient positions along the length and width
of the said member. A slide may be provided co-operating with said
apertures to close either in part or in whole some or all of the
apertures.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood reference
will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which :-
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a cloche assembled with a ridging
member according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is a cross-section through a ridging member having cloche
panel members secured thereto.
Figure 3 is an alternative construction of a ridging member according
to the present invention.
Figure 4 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member
according to the present invention.
Figure 5 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member
according to the present invention.
Figure 6 is a perspective view of an alternative way of assembling a
cloche with a ridging member according to the present invention.
Figure 7 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member
according to the present invention.
Figure 8 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member
according to the present invention.
Figure 9 is a cross-section on the line AA of Figure 8.
In Figure 1 cloche panel members 1 which may conveniently be of glass
are secured to a ridging member 2 at an angle to each other so as to
form with the ground a cloche which may be placed over young horticul-
tural seeds to protect them from cool air and to form an enclosure in
which they will be able to reap the benefit of heat such as for
example from the sun.
As illustrated in Figure 2 the ridging member 2 is of integral
construction and is of general trough shape having side edges 5 turned
inwardly to form sockets 6 and with the free edges flared outwardly to
prou vide gripping edges 7. In an alternative construction a carrying
handle 11 is provided. A flange 4 is provided at either end of the
ridging member to enclose the trough and thus enable a sufficient head
of liquid to be retained in the trough to overcome surface tension in
the apertures 3 and to provide a store of liquid. In Figure 2 the
bottom of the trough is provided with a ridge extending parallel to
the side edges and located substantially equi-distant therefrom so as
to bias any liquid from the centre of the trough to the side edges
thereof.
Adjacent the side edges are a plurality of spaced apertures 3 which

20. permit the passage of liquid from the trough to the interior of the
cloche when assembled. In the alternative construction illustrated in
Figure 3 the bottom of the trough is dished in the centre to bias
liquid from the side edges to the centre and a single row of spaced
apertures 3 is provided along the centre of the trough.
In the construction illustrated in Figure 4 the bottom of the trough
is of corrugated construction having ridges 8 and with spaced
apertures 3 in the troughs between adjacent ridges 8, thus providing a
nlurality of locations through which liquid may pass from the ridging
member into the interior of the cloche when assembled. In the
construction illustrated in Figure 5 an additional mem ber 9 is
inserted into the trough of the ridging member 8. The insert member 9
is provided with a plurality of spaced apertures 10 arrand in two
parallel rows adJacent the side edges thereof. The ridging member is
of substantially the same form as that illustrated in Figure 3. An
enclosed cavity is thus formed between the insert member 9 and the
bottom of the trough.
Liquid may pass through the apertures 10 into the enclose cavity and
through the apertures 3 to the interior of the cloche when assembled.
Preferably the ridging member is of predetermined length and the
cloche panel members are of width equal to half their length so that
the cloche may be assembled either as illustrated in Figure 1 in which
the long side of the cloche panel members is inserted into the sockets
6 of the ridging member or two cloche panel members have their edges
inserted into the sockets 6 of the ridging member thus enabling
cloches of different height to be assembled. When assembling the
cloche as illustrated in
Figure 6 a clip 12 is preferably provided to secure the join between
the two panel cloche members 1 at their lower or ground engaging edge.
A resilient pad such as for example a pad of rubber 15 may be inserted
into the sockets 6 to provide a resilient cushion between the edge of
the cloche panel members and the ridging member. If desired the
resilient pad 15 may be permanently secured within the sockets 6 or
alternatively may be provided for placing over the edge of the panel
cloche member before inserting into the socket 6. The resilient Dad 15
need not be continuous for the whole length of the engagement between
the panel cloche member and the socket. Alternatively the inner
surface of the socket 6 may be roughened such as for example by
scoring to increase relative friction between the ridging member and
the panel cloche member.
It will be appreciated that by the provision of a plurality of
apertures in the trough, liquid is enabled to pass from the exterior
of the cloche to the interior thereof without the necessity of
removing the cloche from the ground or over horticultural seedlings or

21. the like.
It will also be appreciated that the amount of liquid which passes
through is dependent in some degree upon the volume of the trough and
the rate at which this liquid passes to the interior of the cloche is
dependent upon the number and size of the apertures 3. For example if
the apertures 3 of the construction illustrated in Figure 2 are of the
same cross-sectional size as the apertures of the construction
illustrated in
Figure 3 and their spacing is the same, then twice as much liquid will
pass to the interior of the cloche with the Figure 2 construction as
with the Figure 3 construction in the same interval of time.
It is sometimes desired to regulate the rate of flow of liquid from
the exterior to the interior of the cloche. For example for very small
and young horticultural seedlirigs Iess liquid is required to nurture
their growth than with plants that have become established.
A slide 13 is provided in the construction illustrated in Figure 8
having a plurality of apertures 14 formed therein. These apertures 14
may be brought into and out or register with apertures 3 formed in the
bottom of the trough. Hy movement of the slide 13 in a direction
parallel to the side edges of the trough theaperturesmay be brought
into register to permit maximum rate of flow of the liquid from the
exterior to the interior or to be brought out of register to permit no
or substantially no ffow of liquid from the exterior to the interior.
It will be appreciated that the present invention provides a ridging
member for a horticultural cloche which may be placed over young
seedlings or the like and which will serve the purpose of cloche,
namely to protect the young seedlings from cool air and to provide an
enclosure in which they may benefit from the warmth of winter and
early spring sunshine and which furthermore enables liquid either in
the form of liquid fertiliser or water to be more easily applied to
the soil surrounding the young seeds.
The seedlings will be irrigated from any rain water which will collect
in the trough and will pass through the apertures to the interior of
the cloche or inthe alternative applied liquid fertiliser or water may
be inserted into the trough which will then pass through to the
interior of the cloche thus obviating the necessity of removing the
cloche from the ground to apply, water or fertiliser and then
replacing the cloche over the young seedlings.
What I claim is :-
1. A ridging member for a horticultural cloche having means for
releasably securing at least two cloche panel members spaced apart and
inclined at an. angle to each other and a plurality of apertures for
permitting the passage of liquid to the interior of the cloche when
assembled.

22. * Sitemap
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p