4411 4415.output

* GB784818 (A)
Description: GB784818 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Self-leveling, storing and dispensing apparatus
Description of GB784818 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Seff-Leveling, Storing and Dispensing Apparatus
We, AMERICAN MACHINE & FOUNDRY COM
PANY, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State
of New Jersey,
United States of America, located at 261
Madison Avenue, New York 16, State of New
York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to a self-leveling, storing, and dispensing
apparatus.
When a self-leveling apparatus is used as an island display or is
placed next to a counter or at the end of a gondola in a super-market,
it is desirable that the material supporting carrier occupy as little
floor space as is necessary. If an elongated material supporting
carrier rotates relative to the base, additional floor space has to be
allowed for such rotation. This rotation results because a compression
spring twists as it is compressed or elongated.
It is an object of this invention to provide for a self-leveling,
storing and dispensing apparatus which rides up and down on a center
post passing upwardly through the center of the carrier wherein the
material supporting carrier is maintained free from rotation while
also maintaining the carrier free from binding on the center post.
Another object of this invention is to provide a self-leveling,
storing, and dispensing apparatus wherein the carrier is mounted to
move up and down on a center post which maintains the carrier free
from rotating while provision is made for the lower end of the
counterbalancing, compression spring to rotate freely.
Other objects and features of the invention will appear as the

description of the particular physical embodiment selected to
illustrate the invention progresses. In the accompanying drawings,
which form a part ofthis specification, like characters of reference
have been applied to corresponding parts throughout the several views
which make up the drawings.
Fig. 1 is a sectional side elevation of the improved self-leveling
dispenser.
Fig. 2 is a sectional plan view taken on line 2-2ofFig. 1.
The embodiment used to illustrate the invention consists of a base 10
having a lower ball-bearing race plate 12 secured thereto.
Ball-bearings 14 traveling in raceways 16 are supported in the race
plate 12.
A central post 18 is fixedly secured to and extends upwardly from the
base 10 and the race plate 12. An upper race plate 20 is held against
the ball-bearing 14 by means of a conventional retaining ring 22 which
is seated in a suitable groove 24 cut around the circumference of the
post 18. The post 18 is made with axially extending guide ways on
which tracks a corresponding sleeve 26 that fits the configuration of
the guide ways. In the embodiment used to illustrate the invention
this guiding can be readily effected by employing a square post over
which slides a sleeve having a hole of corresponding configuration
(Fig. 2).
It will be appreciated that instead of a square post, other
configurations, such as hexagonal, triangular, or a round rod with a
vertically extending key-way, could be employed in a like manner, so
as to allow a sleeve tracking on the post to travel freely up and down
without any horizontal rotation. If desired, the sleeve could be
equipped with suitable bearings to further minimize friction.
A calibrated compression spring 28 is positioned on the post 18 and is
interposed between the upper race plate 20 and the sleeve 26. This
spring 28 is of such a design that it counter-balances material M
placed on top of the material supporting carrier 30 so as to
automatically maintain the top of the material supported on the
carrier platform 30 at a substantially constant level with respect to
the top of the post 18, regardless of whether material is added to or
removed from the material piled on the carrier 30.
The top of the sleeve 26 may be provided with a flange 32 to
facilitate its being attached to the material carrier platform 30. The
upper end of the post may be provided with a bracket or suitable slot
34 into which an advertising poster may be inserted.
The material M may be placed on the carrier 30 in any suitable manner
so as to fill out the surface of the carrier, so as to allow the
second layer of material to be superimposed on the first layer of
material. While it is not always necessary, it may be desirable in

some instances to alternate the layers of superimposed material in
such a way that each layer binds the lower layers together.
When material is placed on top of the carrier 30 the carrier
automatically descends so that the top of the material is supported at
a substantially constant level, and as the carrier 30 continues its
descent it is prevented from rotating because the sleeve 26 engages
with the guide ways formed on post 18. To allow for the turning action
that takes place in the spring 28 as it undergoes compression or
extension, the spring turns the plate 20 on the ball-bearing 14 so
that there is no tendency for the sleeve 26 to twist against the
center post 18 which would cause it to hang-up.
The invention hereinabove described may be varied in construction
within the scope of the claims, for the particular device selected to
illustrate the invention is but one of many possible embodiments of
the same. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted to the
precise details of the structure shown and described.
What we claim is:
1. A self-leveling, storing and dispensing apparatus comprising a
base, an upright extending upwardly from the center of the base, a
sleeve adapted to ride up and down on the upright, a
material-supporting carrier secured to the sleeve and having an
opening in the center thereof to permit the upright to pass
therethrough as the carrier moves up and down, and a calibrated
compression spring interposed between the sleeve and the base around
the upright for counter-balancing material supported on the carrier to
maintain the uppermost layer of material at a substantially constant
level.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, including means coacting between
the sleeve and the upright for preventing the sleeve from rotating
relative to the upright as the sleeve and carrier move up and down on
the upright.
3. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the said means comprises
a hole in the sleeve corresponding to the cross-sectional
configuration of the upright, the said configuration being
non-circular.
vertical guideways on the upright and the sleeve has guide-following
means coacting with the guideways to prevent the sleeve from rotating
relative to the upright as the carrier moves up and down.
5. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 4, including means
interposed between the bottom of the spring and the base to allow the
lower end of the spring to rotate freely when the spring undergoes
compression and extension to counter balance material supported on the
carrier.

a ballbearing raceway fixedly connected to the base and surrounding
the upright, a ball-bearing retaining plate mounted over the raceway,
ballbearings interposed between the raceway and the retaining plate,
and means for limiting the distance the raceway and plate can move
apart.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the retaining plate
surrounds the upright and is freely rotatable relative thereto, the
spring having its lower end supported on the retaining plate.
8. An apparatus substantially as illustrated by the accompanying
drawings, and as described with reference thereto.
* GB784819 (A)
Description: GB784819 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in combustion chambers for internal combustion engines, and
methods of forming them
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,819 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 23,
1955.
Application made in United States of America on Dec 31, 1954 Complete
Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 7 ( 2), B 2 A( 1 A: 1 OA: 13 A 15); and
83 ( 3), K( 2 A 4 G: 8).
International Classification:-B 23 c F 02 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Combustion Chambers for Internal Combustion Engines,
and Methods of forming them We, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORAT Io N, a
Company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in the
United States of America, of Grand Boulevard in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, in the United States of America (Assignees of
GILBERT BUR Rm LL) do hereby declare the invention for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement:-
This invention relates to combustion chambers for internal combustion
engines and to methods of forming such combustion chambers.
The invention is concerned in particular with wedge shaped combustion
chambers In high speed, high compression ratio engines for automotive
and other uses it has been found that cavities formed by casting and
without finishing the surfaces of the cavities are likely to vary in
size, thereby making the operation of the engine unsatisfactory When a
wedgeshaped combustion chamber is made so that it is possible to
position a spark plug near the volumetric centre of the chamber, it is
difficult not only to cast but to finish the chamber, unless it is
made in a shape that does not quite fit the end of the cylinder with
which the combustion chamber cavity must cooperate to form the
combustion chamber for an engine.
It has been the practice heretofore to make the cavity somewhat wider
than the cylinder at the thin edges of the cavity thereby providing
relatively deep pockets projecting radially beyond the cylinder These
pockets tend to cause preignition and to result in unsatisfactory
operation of the engine.
A wedge shaped combustion chamber cavity according to the invention is
formed so as substantially to fit the end of the cylinder of the
engine, particularly at the thin edges of the cavity where the
preignition pockets have been previously formed.
The scope of the invention is defined by the lPrice 3 s 6 d l appended
claims; and how it can be carried into effect is hereinafter
particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings in
which:Fig 1 is a part sectional end elevation view 50 of an engine
showing its combustion chambers; Fig 2 is a fragmentary plan view of
one of the engine cylinder heads on the line 2-2 of Fig 1; Fig 3 is a
fragmentary cross-sectional view 55 of one of the engine cylinder
heads on the line 3-3 of Fig 2; Fig 4 is a fragmentary plan view of
the cylinder head viewed on the line 4-4 of Fig 3.
The engine 10 according to the invention 60 comprises an engine block
11 in which rows of cylinders 12 are formed and to which cylinder
heads 13 are secured The block 11 has at the ends of the cylinders 12
finished plane surfaces to which similarly finished plane surfaces on
65 the inner walls 14 of the cylinder heads 13 are secured by bolts 16
projecting therethrough.
Pistons 17 are mounted in the cylinders 12 so that at the outer dead
centre positions of the pistons 17 their outer end surfaces are sub 70
stantially flush with the plane end surfaces of the block 11 to which
the cylinder heads 13 are secured Combustion chambers 18 are formed by
cavities 19, the cylinders 12 and the pistons 17, and inlet valves 21
and exhaust valves 22 75 for each cylinder control the communication

of the combustion chambers 18 with inlet passages 23 and exhaust
passages 24 respectively.
The cavities 19 may be cast or otherwise formed in the inner walls 14
of the heads 13, 80 and if cast are preferably finished at the outer
surfaces of the inner walls 14 by removing the metal between the dot
and dash line 26 (Fig 3) and the finish line 27 to provide the desired
plane surfaces The cavities 19 are preferably 35 cast in the inner
walls 14 by employing cores or moulds of frusto-conical formation
which project into the heads in oblique relation to the finished
surface 27 and the axes of the cylinders 12 The dot and dash line 28
(Fig 3) indicates 90 No 36874/55.
the unfinished configuration of one of the cavities 19 formed by the
cores or moulds employed in the casting process.
In order to provide combustion chambers 19 of uniform size, the
cavities 19 are finished by removing the metal between the dot and
dash line 28 and the line 29 by employing a frusto-conical metal
cutting and finishing tool such as that indicated at 31, the larger
end of the tool forming the inner part of the cavity The tool 31 may
be rotated upon the axis of the shaft 32 and may be rotated about an
axis of rotation 33 at the centre of the frusto-conical surface which
is indicated by the line 29 and shows the finished surface of the
cavity 19 When so rotated the axis of rotation of the shaft 32 will
follow the dot and dash line indicated at 34 (Fig 4), this figure
showing the line ofthe tool 31 at positions 36, 37, 38 and 39, which
the tool may occupy during the finishing of the cavities 19 It will be
noted that in position 36 the tool may be rotated upon the axis of the
shaft 32 without engaging any part of the side wall 41 of the cavity
19 However, the large end of the tool 31 will be in a position to
remove metal from the inner end surface of the cavity between the
lines 28 and 29 As the tool 31 is rotated upon the axis of the shaft
32 and about the point 33 the tool will move from position 36 to
positions 37, 38 and 39 and will return to position 36 at the end of
one revolution about the axis through the point 33 As the tool moves
from position 36 to position 37 the side of the tool 31 will commence
to cut the side wall 41 of the cavity 19 and will continue to cut the
side wall of the cavity 19 until the tool again approaches position
36, where the tool 32 can be moved axially inwardly and outwardly of
the cylinder head 13 without destroying the overhanging side wall
surface 41 which is formed by the frusto-conical configuration of the
cavity 19.
In the present instance, the tool 31 is projected into the head 31 in
such manner that the thin edge of the cavity 19 will intersect the
plane surface 27 on a chord 42 (Fig 2) which subtends an angle of less
than 1800 at the centre 33 of the cavity Thus, the side wall 41

extends from the opposite ends of the chord 42 throughout an arc of
more than 1800.
As shown in Fig 2, the cavities 19 of the cylinder heads 13 overlie
the cylinders 12 so that the outer extremities of the side walls 41 of
the cavities will substantially follow the curvature of the outer ends
of the cylinder 12.
Since the tool 31 is smaller than the diameter of the cavity 19, the
cavity will not be widened at the thin end thereof by movement of the
tool inwardly and outwardly along the surface 29 and hence the
formation of pockets at the thin ends of the cavities 19 and outwardly
beyond the peripheral limits of the ends of the cylinders 12 will be
avoided.
The spark plugs 43 (Fig 2) are preferably located in the cavities 19
between ports for the valve 21 and 22 and a considerable distance from
the larger ends of the cavities 19 so that the charges compressed in
the combustion chamber of the engine will commence to burn as near as
possible to the centre of the charge in the 70 cavities 19.
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* GB784820 (A)
Description: GB784820 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Reserve device for gas cylinders
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
FR1148510 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 2, 1956.
Application made in Italy on Jan 22, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 99 ( 1), G 2 (B: G); and 135, VM 3 C.
International Classification:-FO O k, 1.
Reserve Device for Gas Cylinders I, PAOLO ALOISI of Villa Chiurli,
Positano (Naples) Italy, of Italian nationality do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be perform Lied, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to gas cylinders, and specially to those
containing gases liquefied under pressure for household use (butane,
propane and the like), which are provided with a small reserve
cylinder containing the same gas, in order to be enabled to connect
the reserve cylinder to the conduit of utilization as soon as the main
cylinder is exhausted, and to give the user the time needed for
replacing the emptied cylinder with another fall one.
The reserve cylinder may be placed inside or outside the main
cylinder.
For reasons of safety for the user it is absolutely necessary that the
intercepting and delivery valves belonging to the two cylindersthe
main cylinder and the reserve cylindershould be arranged in such a way
as not to allow in any case, intentionally or unintentionally,
communication to be established between the two cylinders, in order to
prevent the danger of the gas of one of the cylinders mixing with air
that might have entered the other cylinder at the time of gas
exhaustion.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a valve group
comprising in one single body two intercepting valves identical with
each other but independent of each other, one placed in the conduit
which puts the inside of the main cylinder in communication with the
general delivery mouth and the other one placed in the conduit which
puts the inside of the reserve cylinder in communication with said

general delivery mouth, said group being equipped with one single
member for actuating said valves and with safety means adapted to
prevent any possibility of opening or closing one of the two valves
before the other valve is and remains completely closed.
Another feature of the invention is that in the closing members there
is interposed an elastic member in order to permit the passage of the
actuating member from one valve to the other one to be possible only
when the valves are not only closed but completely tightened 50 with a
supplemental margin of safety In the accompanying drawings some
possible embodiments of the invention have been illustrated merely by
way of example without limitation and 55 Fig 1 represents
diagrammatically the application of the device to a main cylinder with
an internal reserve cylinder; Fig 2 represents diagrammatically the
application of the same device to a main 60 cylinder with an external
reserve cylinder; Fig 3 represents the vertical section of the valve
group in the case of internal reserve; Fig 4 represents the horizontal
section along line A-A of Fig 3; 65 Fig 5 represents a partial
vertical section of the valve group in the case of external reserve;
and Fig 6 represents the horizontal section along line B-B of Fig 5 70
For the case in which the reserve cylinder is internal to the main
cylinder (Figures 1, 3, 4) the device is constituted essentially by a
single body 3 screwed into the ferrule G of the main cylinder B and
provided with an extension H 75 onto which there is screwed the
reserve cylinder B'.
In the body 3 there are provided two conduits 15, 15 ' which put the
two valve seats 14-14 ', independently of each other, in communication
80 respectively with the interior of the cylinder B and with the
interior of the cylinder B' In correspondence with the two valve seats
14, 14 ' there are provided the respective closing plungers 13, 13 '
with relative gaskets which 85 under the action of springs 16, 16 '
tend to detach from their respective seats and, therefore, to open the
valves Each of said closing members is actuated by means of a small
threaded cylinder 9, 9 ' which in rotating screws 90 7849820 No 15/56.
in in the bush 30 fixed in turn by screwing-in in the body 3 to grip
between the bottom of the bushes and the body, the elastic laminae of
tombac and steel 51, 51 ', having the task of acting as gasproof
sealing means between the chamber of the aforesaid small plungers and
the interior of the bush.
The small cylinder 9 acts upon the closing plunger 13 through an
elastic safety device constituted by two mushroom-shaped members 10,
12, kept spaced from each other by a pressure spring 11 In the head of
the small cylinder 9 there is provided the polygonal recess 18 for the
insertion of the head 21 of the single actuating key 8.
The two small cylinders 9, 9 ' and the respective recesses 18, 18 '

belonging to the two valves, are arranged at equal distance from the
axis XX of the disc-shaped head 4 with which the body 3 is terminated
at top and about which the cap 1 rotates which is applied by means of
a simple open elastic ring 20 introduced into the two semi-circular
channels 17, 17 ', provided respectively in the disc-shaped head 4 and
in the border of the cap 1.
The cap 1 is provided with a support 31 in the bore 31 ' whereof there
slides the stem 8 which at one end is terminated by the actuating
handwheel 2 and which at its other end is terminated by the polygonal
head 21 adapted to enter alternately into the recess 18 or into the
recess 18 ' The handwheel 2 is normally pushed downwards by the
compression spring 7, but it may be pulled upwards until disengaging
its head 21 from the recess 18 or 18 ' and putting so the lower face
of the head 21 flush with the upper head of the disc 4.
The rotation of the cap 1 about the axis X-Xis limited to 180 by means
of the stopping pin 6 (Fig 5) and is facilitated by the presence of
the wing-grip 50 rigid with the cap.
The two cylindrical chambers 52, 52 ', comprised between the seats 14,
14 ' and the elastic laminae 51, 51 ', wherein there move the closing
members, are in communication with the general mouth of delivery 22 by
means of the respective conduits 23, 24 With 35 there is indicated the
protecting cap of the valve group.
The pitch of the threading of the small cylinders 9, 9 ' and the ratio
between the characteristics of the springs 11, 11 ', and those of the
springs 16, 16 ', are chosen in such a way that if the head of one
small cylinder 9 is still threaded about half length of stroke in the
bore 31 ' of the cap 1, the corresponding small plunger 13 has already
closed the seat 14, while the two pieces 10, 12, are still spaced
apart In such conditions the user does not yet succeed in rotating the
cap 1 to take the handwheel to a position corresponding to the other
valve, but he is compelled to go on turning the handwheel until the
member 10 overcomes the action of the spring 11 and comes into contact
wvith the member 12 thus obtaining a safety closure of the valve with
a supplemental tightening stroke.
Only at that time is the head of the small cylinder 9 completely
retracted in the bush and the user will be able, after lifting the
handwheel 2 to extract the head 21 from the recess 18, to rotate the
cap by 180 to take it to a position 70 corresponding to the other
valve diametrally opposed.
In the case in which the reserve cylinder is external to the main
cylinder (Figures 2, 5, 6) the valve group is still equal and its
operation 75 is analogous to the one just described, with the only
difference that the conduit 15 ' is a dead hole and is in
communication by means of another conduit 41 with the screwing

connection 42 for coupling with the outlet valve 43 of 80 the external
reserve cylinder B" The valve 43 is a check valve which tends to close
by effect of gas pressure and of a spring 44 as soon as the cylinder
B" is filled When the cylinder B" is connected to the valve group to
act as a reserve 85 (Fig 2), it suffices to screw the mnt 45 onto the
threaded connection 42, which at its centre is provided with a
projecting fixed pin 46 On tightening the nut 44 completely, the pin
46 comes to contact and to push the stem of the 90 check valve 43 thus
keeping it open The gasket 47 is elastic in order to act as a sealing
means before the small fixed pin 45 in pushing the stem of the valve
43 determines its opening.
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* GB784821 (A)
Description: GB784821 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Pipe coupling
784,821 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 10,
1956.
Application made in United States of America on Jan 10, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 99 ( 1), G( 4 G: 7: 23 E: 24 84).
International Classification:-F O OS.
Pipe Coupling
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* GB784822 (A)
Description: GB784822 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Illuminating device particularly for objects in microscopes
784,822 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 11,
1956.
No 977/56.
Application made in Germany on Jan 14, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 97 ( 1), J( 8 B: 9).
International Classification:-GO 2 d.
Illuminating Device Particularly for Objects in Microscopes We, CARL
ZEISS-STIFTUTNG, a Foundation established under the laws of Germany,
of Heidenheim a d Brenz, Wuerttemberg, Germany, trading as Carl Zeiss,
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
The invention concerns an illuminating device, particularly for
illuminating objects in microscopes, and is characterized in that one
plane polarizer is arranged between a light source and the object,
that a depolarizing surface is arranged behind the object to
depolarize and to reflect light having passed the object back to the
object to form a single light beam with light reflected by the object
which beam is directed upon an analyzer, and that a device may be
arranged between the object on the one hand and the polarizer and
analyzer on the other hand to turn the plane of polarization of the

light to a desired extent in its double passage through this device so
that the light reflected by the object may pass the analyzer or not,
or that the analyzer is turnable to let pass or not the linearly
polarized light reflected by the object.
If it is assumed that the polarizer and analyzer are constituted by a
common polarizing layer which reflects light polarized in one
direction and transmits the light polarized in the perpendicular
direction, and if it is further assumed that a quarterwave plate is
arranged in the reflected beam in such a position that it transmits
the polarized light unhindered i e without influencing its direction
of polarization then the light reflected at the object will have kept
its direction of polarization having passed through the quarter-wave
plate it will therefore not be transmitted through the polarizing
layer but be reflected by it The light which passes at the side of the
object and is reflected by the depolarizing surface is now however
depolarized so that part of this light penetrates the polarizing layer
Allowing this light to 50 enter a microscope an observation of the
object will be made in light which is usually designated transmitted
light.
If the quarter-wave plate is rotated in such a way that the plane of
polarization 55 of the light penetrating the plate is upon double
transmission therethrough turned through 900, then on the one hand all
the light reflected at the object can penetrate the polarizing layer
which, on the other 60 hand also transmits that part of the light
having passed at the side of the object and been depolarized at the
reflecting surface, which upon meeting the polarizing layer again has
the same direction of polarization 65 as the light reflected at the
object The light reflected at the reflecting surface appears however
relatively weaker than that reflected at the object, since the part
originating in the depolarization and not 70 transmitted by the
polarizing layer is missing in the observation, so that with this
arrangement the object is seen in vertical illumination and also in
reduced transmitted light.
The polarizing layer is with advantage 75 applied to a glass plate or
cemented between prisms The prisms or the glass plate may in this be
arranged in such a way that the polarizing layer is inclined at an
angle to the optical axis of the illuminating ray 80 path In this case
the light transmitted after the first incidence upon the polarizing
layer, meets, in case the layer is cemented between prisms, a further
prism surface at which it is partially reflected and enters 85 the
illuminating ray path again In order to avoid the deterioration of the
image caused by this; the prism surface upon which the light coming
from the light source and transmitted by the polarizing layer is 90
incident, is with advantage blackened An even better effect is

obtained if the blackened prism face just mentioned is made with a
roof-edge, since then the light incident upon this prism face is twice
reflected and correspondingly absorbed to a higher degree.
If the polarizing layer is opaque, i e if it reflects only the one
part of the light which oscillates in one particular direction, and
extinguishes the portion which oscillates at right angles to it, then
illumination conditions the reverse of those described above with
reference to the positions of the quarter-wave plate result when the
light coming from the object and from the reflecting surface is
incident anew at the polarizing layer, i e in the first position of
the quarter-wave plate there results observation in vertical
illumination with reduced transmitted light and in the second position
of the quarter-wave plate observation in pure transmitted light.
If the polarizer and analyzer are not formed by a common layer
polarizing the light, but if the analyzer is rotatably arranged in the
light reflected by the object, then the quarter-wave plate may be
omitted, since the mode of action described above may be obtained by
merely rotating the analyzer If for instance, the analyzer is rotated
in such a way that it transmits the light which has come from the
light source, been polarized and then reflected at the object, then
the object is seen in vertical illumination and in reduced transmitted
light If however the analyzer is so rotated that it does not transmit
the light reflected by the object but only a portion of the light
originating in the depolarization at the reflecting surface, then the
object is seen in transmitted light.
The reflecting surface is with advantage formed bv a surface reflector
combined from a number of tetrahedral mirrors, since a reflector of
this kind reflects the light independent of its orientation always in
the direction of the impinging light.
The accompanying drawing shows an example of the invention, Fig 1
shows the illuminating device in section with a rotary quarter-wave
plate, Fig 2 and 3 show the field of view of a microscope at various
azimuths of the quarter-wave plate, Fig 4 shows a modified embodiment
of the illuminating device of Fig 1, Fig 5 shows the illuminating
device of Fig 4 vwith a rotary analyzer.
The light coming from a light source 1 in Fig 1, upon passing through
a condenser 2, meets a polarizing layer 3 cemented between the glass
prisms 4 and 5 The prism 5 shows a roof edge 6 with the adjacent
surfaces blackened The light reflected at the polarizing layer 3
passes through a diaphragm 7, through a microscope objective S and
through a quarter-wave plate 9 rotatable about the optical axis, and
after this it is incident upon an object 14 Below 70 the object 10
there is arranged a surface reflector 11 combined from a number of
tetrahedral mirrors and capable of swivelling out of the way The light

reflected back from the surface reflector 11 or from the 75 object 10
and transmitted by the polarizing layer 3 is then directed upon a
mieroseope eyepiece (not shown) in the direction of the arrow 12.
The action of the device is as follows: 80 Let the polarizing layer 3
transmit the light with a component oscillating parallel to the plane
of the paper as the plane of incidence, and let it reflect the light
with a component oscillating at-right angles to 85 this Let the
quarter-wave plate be rotated in such a way that it transmits this
reflected light without influencing its state of vibration Then the
light coming immediately firom the light source 1 with a component 90
oscillating parallel to the plane of incidence is after transmission
by the layer 3 incident upon the faces adjacent to the roof edge 6,
where it is extinguished The light with a component oscillating at
right angles 95 to the plane of incidence passes through the objective
S and through the quarterwave plate and is incident in part upon the
upper face of the object 10 which has been assumed to be circular and
in part 100 upon the tetrahedral mirror 1 l at which it is depolarized
into natural light The light reflected by the object 10 is again
incident upon the layer 3 and since it is still oscillating
perpendicular to the plane 10 t 5 of incidence as before, it is
reflected towards the light source 1 The same is true of the light
coming from the surface reflector 11 and polarized with a component
perpendicular to the plane of incidence The light 110 conming firom
the surfache reflector 11 with a component oscillating parallel to the
plane of incidence is however now left uninfluenced by the
quarter-wave plate and passes in the direction of the arrow 12 through
the 115 polarizing layer 3 In this ease the upper face of the object
appears dark and the surroundings bright in the field of view of the
microscope eyepiece as shown in Fig 2.
If the quarter-wave plate is rotated 120 about the optical axis in
such a way that it rotates the plane of polarization of the light
after double passage through the quarter-wave plate by 90 , then the
light reflected at the object 10 passes through 125 the polarizing
layer 3 since it is light oscillating parallel to the plane of
incidence, and it emerges from the illuminating device in the
direction of the arrow 12 The light coming from the surfaee reflector
11, since 130 784,822 the object on the one hand and the polarizer and
analyzer on the other hand to rotate the plane of polarization of the
light to a desired extent in its double passage through 55 this device
so that the light reflected by the object may pass the analyzer or
not, or the analyzer is turnable to let pass or not the linearly
polarized light reflected by the object 60 2 An illuminating device
according to claim 1, characterized in that a device for rotating the
plane of polarization of the light is provided and that the polarizer

and the analyzer are formed by one common 65 polarizing layer
reflecting the light of one direction of polarization and transmitting
the light of the perpendicular direction of polarization.
3 An illuminating device according to 70 claim 2, characterized in
that the polarizing layer is applied to a glass plate.
4 An illuminating device according to claim 2, characterized in that
the polarizing layer is cemented between prisms 75 An illuminating
device according to claim 4, characterized in that that prism surface
upon which the light coming from the light source and transmitted by
the polarizing layer is incident is blackened 80 6 An illuminating
device according to claim 5, characterized in that the blackened
surface is made roof shaped.
the reflecting 85 surface is formed as a surface reflector combined
from a plurality of tetrahedral mirrors.
the device 90 for rotating the plane of polarization of the light
consists of a rotatably arranged quarterwave plate.
Carl Zeiss-Stiftung, a Foundation established under the laws of
Germany, of Heidenheim a.d Brenz, Wuerttemberg, Germany, trading it is
depolarized, is only partially transformed by the quarter-wave plate
into light with a component polarized parallel to the plane of
incidence, so that only this part of it is transmitted by the
polarizing layer Therefore as shown in Fig 3 the object 10 is seen
bright, the surroundings however darker.
Fig 4 shows a modified embodiment of the device according to Fig 1 The
polarizing layer 3 of Fig 1 is replaced by an ordinary semi-permeable
mirror layer 3 ' and between the condenser 2 and the prisms 4 there
are instead arranged a polarizer 30 and in the emerging ray path an
analyzer 31 The mode of action of this arrangement is the same as that
described with Fig 1, since the type of illumination still depends on
the position of the quarter-wave plate as before.
In Fig 5 the analyzer 31 of Fig 4 is rotatably arranged and the
quarter-wave plate 9 is omitted With this arrangement the analyzer
takes over the task of the quarterwave plate The type of illumination
is determined by the azimuth of the analyzer 31 relative to the
polarizer 30 If for instance the polarizer 30 and the analyzer 31 are
crossed, then the analyzer 31 transmits only the portion of the light
which originates in the depolarization occurring at the surface
reflector 11 The object is then seen in transmitted light as shown in
Fig 2 If the analyzer 31 is parallel to the polarizer 30, then all the
light reflected by the object 10 is transmitted by it, but of the
light reflected by the surface reflector 11 only a portion is
transmitted because of the depolarizing effect of this reflector, so

that the object 10, as shown in Fig 3 is seen in vertical illumination
with reduced transmitted light.
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