-

1. * GB784823 (A)
Description: GB784823 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Facsimile transmitter
Description of GB784823 (A)
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DE1079101 (B) US2982815 (A) DE1102207 (B)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7 $ 4,823 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Feb 3,
1956.
Application made in United Stares of America on Feb 4, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 3), FI(A: C), FIE(I: 4: 5: 6: 10),
international Classification:-H 04 n.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Facsimile Transmitter.
We, CREED & COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, of Telegraph House,
Croydon, Surrey, England, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:-
This invention relates to facsimile transmitters embodying scanning
apparatus adapted for optical flat-sheet scanning of letters,

2. telegrams or other message sheets bearing the subject matter to be
transmitted, and more particularly to such scanning apparatus in which
message sheets that respectively vary in length or width, or with
respect to which the length or width of the subject matter thereon
varies, may be scanned more expeditiously.
The instant invention represents an improvement over the scanning
apparatus disclosed in British Patent Specification No.
778,985.
One of the objects of the invention is the provision of flat-sheet
scanning apparatus in a facsimile transmitter in which letters,
telegrams or other sheets bearing messages of different lengths may be
scanned optically without the loss of time normally occasioned when
scanning those portions of the sheets preceding and following the
message subject-matter to be transmitted.
Another object is to provide scanning apparatus in which sheets of
different widths may be scanned transversely by an oscillating light
beam that traverses a scanning path of predetermined length, and in
which means are provided for automatically generating " blanking"
signals for preventing the transmission of background facsimile
signals whenever the scanning beam has passed off the surface of a
sheet being scanned whose width is less than the length of the
scanning path traversed by the light beam.
A further object is the provision of fiatsheet scanning apparatus in a
facsimile transmitter in which subject-matter sheets are advanced at a
predetermined rate when the subject matter on the sheets is being 50
scanned, and in which transmission of facsimile pickup signals is
prevented when those portions of the sheets preceding and following
the subject matter are passing the scanning path, thereby to
substantially re-55 duce the signal line time required to transmit a
message.
An additional object is the provision of reject mechanism operable at
any time while a message sheet is in the transmitter, either 60 before
or during the time that the message sheet is progressing through the
transmitter, for preventing transmission or for causing transmission
to cease if it has started, and which also causes continuous fast feed
of 65 the message sheet until it has passed completely through the
transmitter.
Another object is to provide a collector system for the scanning light
reflected from a message sheet, that captures some of the 70 reflected
light that ordinarily would be lost, thereby to provide an increase in
the total quantity of light that falls on the pickup photocell
structure of the system.
The apparatus of this invention embodies 75 scanning apparatus in
which a letter or other message sheet may be placed on the loading

3. platform of the sheet-feeding unit, and the sheet is manually
positioned or advanced until the beginning of the subject 80 matter
thereon is directly beneath the first of a group of feed rollers An
adjustable end-of-message indicator is manually set to correspond to
that place on the sheet where the subject matter ends Prior to
scanning 85 the subject matter on the sheet, and as soon as scanning
of the subject matter is completed, transmission of facsimile signals
over the outgoing line is automatically prevented.
The subject matter sheets are advanced 90 (Price 3/6) No 3465156.
784,823 from the loading platform by means of rollers and guides and
are caused to pass in a vertical plane across an end of the
sheetfeeding unit where the subject-matter is scanned by an
oscillating light beam that passes through a scanning aperture in the
unit that embodies the scanning beam structure The sheets are advanced
at a fast rate through the apparatus until the beginning of the
subject matter on the sheets to be transmitted reaches the scanning
aperture, at which time the rate of feed is reduced to the proper
scanning speed When the subject matter has been scanned, the sheets
are again advanced at a fast rate, and are delivered into a "sent
message" compartment in the sheet-feeding unit.
The scanning unit contains a point source of light whose beam is
interrupted by a chopper disk to generate a carrier frequency and is
reflected by a spherical mirror that is oscillated to cause the light
beam to sweep back and forth through a scanning aperture to scan the
subject matter on a message sheet as it is advanced by the
sheet-feeding unit With the sheet-feeding and scanning units in their
operative juxtaposed position, the source of light and also the
surface of the subject-matter sheet where 30the scanning beam impinges
are each located so as to be substantially at the optical centre of
curvature of the spherical mirror.
The density of the light beam reflected from the subject-matter sheet
varies in accordance with the density of the subject matter being
scanned, and is directed by means of a cylindrical reflector onto two
photocells in such manner that the light thus reflected is focussed
along a line extending over substantially the entire length of the
light-sensitive areas of the photocells The light that ordinarily
would be reflected past the ends of the cylindrical reflector and
hence lost so far as the photocells are concerned, is captured and
reflected by mirrors back onto the cylindrical reflector so that it
falls on the photocells, thus substantially adding to the total
quantity of light received by them.
When, as may frequently occur, the width of a subject-matter sheet is
less than the length of the scanning path, the scanning beam will
sweep past the edge of the sheet, and heretofore this would cause

4. signals to be transmitted which represent a different colour from that
of the background of the sheet, thus resulting in unsightly
corresponding areas; usually black, on the recording-sheet at the
receiving station To obviate this, a cylindrical blanking mirror and a
blanking photocell are provided, so that whenever the scanning beam is
off the sheet, the blanking mirror will reflect the beam onto the
blanking photocell -and produce signals that are used to prevent the
transmission of background signals at such time.
This enables transmission to be effected from any size blank from the
widest that will pass through the apparatus down to narrower widths of
any size, without resulting in unsightly dark or black areas in the 70
background of the recorded copy at a facsimile receiver.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following
detailed description of an illustrative embodiment thereof,75 taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig 1 is a top plan view of the separable sheet-feeding and scanning
units of the machine in their respective front and rear 80 operative
positions for effecting a transmitting operation; Fig 2 is an enlarged
top plan view of the sheet-feeding unit, with its top protective cover
plate removed in order to show cer-85 tain details of the feed roller
structure; Fig 3 is a front view, in elevation, of the unit of Fig 2;
Fig 4 is a sectional view of the sheetfeeding unit taken along the
line 4-4 of Fig 90 1; Fig 5 is a sectional view taken along the line
5-5 of Fig 4; Fig 6 is a sectional view taken along the line 6-6 of
Fig 5; 95 Fig 7 is a rear end view, in elevation, of the sheet-feeding
unit; Fig 2 is a sec'ionai view taken along the line -o of Fig 4 with
the protective cover plate removed; 100 Fig 9 is a fragmentary
detailed view of the sheet-feeding and guide structure seen in Fig 4,
and illustrating the path of a sheet as it is fed through the guide
structure; 103 Fig 10 is a sectional view taken along the line 10-10
of Fig 4; Fig 11 is a front view, in elevation, of the scanning unit,
looking in the direction of the arrows 11-11 of Fig 1, with the front
110 wall of the unit partly broken away to disclose certain details of
the optical scanning structure embodied therein; Fig 12 is a sectional
view taken along the line 12-12 of Fig 11 with a fixed cylindri-115
cal mirror removed in order to show the drive mechanism of the
scanning unit:
Fig 13 is a wiring diagram showing electrical control circuits
principally for the sheet-feeding unit; 129 Fig 14 is a diagrammatic
view of the optical system of the scanning unit; and Fig 15 is a
fragmentary view of the optical system of Fig 14, showing how certain
of the light rays reflected from the subject 125 matter being scanned
are deflected by a cylindrical mirror and also by side mirror
surfaces.

5. Fig 1 of the drawings shows the two units A and B of the apparatus in
juxta-130 784,823 posed operative position, the front unit A embodying
the sheet-feeding apparatus, and the rear unit B embodying the
scanning beam apparatus The units are mounted on guide rails 18 of a
supporting framework which may be mounted on a table or other support,
preferably on a cabinet C in which the facsimile power and control
equipment is contained The unit A may readily be 1 O slid forward
since it is slidably mounted on the guide rails for easy removal, and
the scanning beam apparatus is contained within a removable tray
received within a fixed light-proof housing for the rear unit B,
whereby either or both of these units may be removed for inspection,
adjustment or replacement purposes.
SHEET FEEDING UNIT.
The sheet-feeding unit A has a loading platform 20 on which is placed
a letter, message blank or other sheet bearing subject matter to be
transmitted by facsimile, the sheet being placed with the subject
matter S on the upper side thereof so that it is in view of the person
wishing to send a message With the message sheet on the loading
platform, a pressure feed roller 22, which is positioned below a cowl
19, Figs 2 to 4 and 9 may be manually raised by means of a lever 24,
and the leading end of the sheet is inserted under the roller 22 to a
predetermined desired point, for example, the point where the first
line or portion of the message to be transmitted is immediately
beneath the roller In the event that the first line of the message is
so far from the leading end of the message sheet that it cannot
readily be fed in by hand, the leading end is inserted beneath the
roller 22 and the lever 24 is returned to its downward position, and
the sheet is then advanced manually by turning a knob 26, Figs 1 and
3, until the sheet is properly advanced The pressure feed roller 22 is
rotatably mounted on a shaft 28, Figs 3 and 4, and on both ends of the
shaft are eccentric cams 30 having lobes 31 which engage plates 34
when the shaft 24 is raised, in order to maintain the roller in raised
position The shaft 28 is mounted in L-shaped bearings 36 which in turn
are rotatably mounted on a stationary shaft 38 The shaft 38 is mounted
in supports 40 secured to a frame member 44.
Coiled springs 42, Figs 2 and 4, resiliently urge the bearings 36 in a
clockwise direction, as seen in Fig 4, and bias the roller 22 either
to its upper position or its lower position The roller 22 must be
lowered before the apparatus is operative under control of an
interlock switch 46, Fig 2, mounted on the frame member 44, thereby to
ensure that the message is gripped by feed rollers 22 and 104 The
operative position of the switch is controlled by the right hand
bearing member 36; when the handle 24 is in any position other than
its sheet-feeding position, the switch contacts are open.

6. An end-of-message indicator carriage 47 is slidably mounted in a
T-shaped slot 70 formed by two rail members 50, Figs 1 and 2 The
indicator carriage is manually moved in the slot, by means of a knob
48, until the arrow 52 on the carriage appears just below the last
line of the subject matter 75 on the sheet s This carriage is secured
to an endless chain 54 and movement of the carriage causes the chain
to rotate a gear wheel 56, Fig 4, by means of a sprocket 58 and gear
60 Normally the carriage 4780 is at the end of its forward travel
where it has been stopped by reason of a shoulder 49 thereof abutting
a stop member 68 at the end of a preceding transmission, and at this
time a pin 62 carried by the gear wheel 5685 has engaged the actuating
arm 64 of a switch 66, and has actuated the switch to its operated
open-circuit position When gear wheel 56 is rotated, the pin 62
carried thereby is disengaged from the actuating 90 arm 64 of the
switch 66, thereby restoring -the switch to its unoperated position.
When the end-of-message carriage 47 is manually pulled back and set to
its selected starting position, this de ermines the 95 length of the
transmission Transmission cannot be initiated, and the transmitter is
inoperable, until the switch 66 has been closed by the setting of the
end-of-message carriage If the carriage is pulled back to 100 its
extreme position, a switch 70, Figs 4 and 6, has its actuating arm 72
engaged by a pin 74 on the gear wheel 56 (which was rotated
counterclockwise as seen in Fig 4) and the switch is actuated to its
operate pos 105 ition This provides for continuous, or uninterrupted,
transmission of a message until the trailing end of the subject-matter
sheet has passed an actuating arm 80 of a switch 82, Figs 4 and 9,
releasing the arm and 110 allowing the switch to return to its
unoperated position as seen in Fig 4 The sheet passes around paper
guides 75 and between wire paper guides 76 and 77, and thence through
a chute 78 and into a "-message 113 sent " receptacle 187 This
arrangement enables a message of indeterminate length to be
transmitted or a series of successive individual messages, as on
overlapping sheets, to be continuously transmitted 120 Assuming that a
single message, such as that on the sheet S of Fig 1, is to be
transmitted, a start button 84 seen in Figs 2 and 3 is pushed, and
this causes a relay in the associated control equipment in cabinet C
125 to operate and energise a scanning motor 210, Fig 12, and also a
motor 212 which drives a chopper wheel 214, in the scanning unit B,
hereinafter described, thereby to interrupt the light beam from a lamp
216 and 130 784,823 generate a carrier frequency that is mnodulated in
accordance with the amount of light reflected from a message sheet
during a scanning operation After the lapse of a certain time period,
as determined by a timer in the associated control equipment, a paper
feed AC reversible motor 90, Figs.

7. and 6, is energised and rotates in a direction to effect fast paper
feed of the message sheet S until the top line of the subject matter
to be scanned appears at a scanning aperture 44 ' in the plate member
44, seen in Figs 7 and 9 Power is transmitted from the shaft 92 of the
motor 90, Figs 5 and 6, through a gear train comprising gears 94, 96
and 98, to an overrunning clutch 100, Fig 10, which is mounted on a
stub shaft 101, and rotates a feed roller 102 A second roller 104 is
driven from the paper feed roller 102 by means of three gears 106, I
08, Another paper feed roller 112 is driven from roller 102 by means
of gears 106, 114, 116, 118 and 120 The feed roller 104 is associated
with the pressure feed roller 22; feed roller 102 is associated with a
pressure roller 122, Figs 4 and 9; and feed roller 112 is associated
with a pressure roller 124 The path of a message sheet s through the
various feed and pressure rollers and guide members is indicated in
Fig.
9.
A flip switch 126, Figs 4 and 5, has its actuating lever 128 operated
by a springloaded rotatable lever 130 that is carried by a rotatable
disk 132 mounted on a fixed shaft 134 The disk 132 carries a pin 148
which is engageable by a pin 150 carried by a second disk 152 The
second disk is rotated, in a clockwise direction as viewed in Fig 4,
by means of chain sprockets 136, 138 and 140 The sprocket 140 is
driven by an overrunning clutch 154, Figs 5 and 10, from a
countershaft 156 which in turn is rotated by gears 158 and 160 from
motor shaft 92, Fig 6 Rotation of the second disk 152 causes rotation
of the disk 132, Fig 4, when the pins 148 and 150 are in engagement
with each other As the disk 132 is rotated, its lever 130 engages a
fixed so pin 162 mounted on the frame, and the lever is retracted and
extends a spring 164 until the lever passes the pin 162, at which time
the lever is released and caused to momentarily operate the flip
switch 126 through the loaded actuating arm 128 The momentary
operation of the switch 126, through a relay circuit hereinafter
described, causes the feed motor 90 to reverse at the precise instant
that the first line of 0 the subject matter to be scanned appears at
the scanning line position, which is approximately at the centre of
the scanning aperture 44 ', thereby to effect relatively slow speed of
the message sheet during a scanning operation.
ie manner in which the reversal of rotation of the motor effects a
change from fast paper feed to the slower scanning paper feed is as
follows Associated with the left hand end of feed roller 102 is the
overrun-70 ning clutch 100 (already mentioned) which is mounted on
stub shaft 101 The righ:
hand end of feed roller 102 has associatec with it an overrunning
(scanning feed) clutch 166, Fig 10, mounted on a stub 75 shaft 168

8. which is driven through gears 142, 144 and 146 from the countershaft
156 (already mentioned) The number of gears in each of the respective
gear trains driving overrunning clutches 100 and 166 is such 80 that,
for one direction of revolution of the feed motor 90, a forward motion
is imparted to the driving element of overrunning clutch 100, for
example, while a reverse motion is imparted to the driving ele-85 ment
of overrunning clutch 166 Hence for a given direction of the motor 90
one clutch is operative to drive and the other is inoperative to
drive, and for a reverse direction of rotation of the motor the action
of the 93 clutches is reversed This enables a reversible synchronous
motor to be used for normal paper feed, which is essential to uniform
progression of the message sheet feed during scanning operation, and
also enables 95 the same motor to be used for the fast paper feed
operation.
The gear ratio of the gear train (consisting of gears 94, 96 and 98,
Fig 6) driving overrunning clutch 100 is such that, when 100
overrunning clutch 100 is operative, a speed is imparted to the feed
rollers which is several times that imparted by gears 160 and 158,
countershaft 156, and gears 146, 144 and 142, Fig 4, through
overrunning 195 clutch 166 when this overrunning clutch is operative.
At the instant that the direction of rotation of the paper feed motor
90 is reversed, due to operation of the flip switch 126, toll O effect
the slower scanning paper feed, another AC synchronous timer motor
176, Figs 4 and 5, is energised by relay means in the control circuit
This drives the chair 54 by means of sprocket 58, and also drives 115
gear 56 by means of gear 60 The end-ofmessage indicator carriage 47 is
thereby caused to be advanced towards its initial position (against
the stop member 68) as scanning proceeds In addition, gear 56 is 120
rotated in a clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig 4, and scanning at
the scanning feed rate continues until the pin 62 on gear 56 operates
the switch 66 by means of the actuating arm 64 Thus, the point at
which 125 transmission has terminated is determined by the original
setting of the gear 56 as established by the position of the
end-of-message indicator carriage 47 which was adjusted manually prior
to the start of the 130 784,823 transmission The movement of gear 56
is s synchronous with the movement of the feed i rollers Upon
operation of switch 66, ye t lav means in the control circuit cause
the feed motor 90 to again reverse its direction of rotation, thereby
causing fast feed of the 1 message sheet immediately following com l
pletion of transmission of the subject matter thereon.
As previously set forth, fast feed operation of the feed rollers also
causes rotation of the disk 152 which carries the lever 130 and
operates switch 126 once for each revolution of the disk representing
a feeding movement of the message sheet a distance of approximately

9. one and one-half inches.
Switch 126 initially does not produce any change in the relay means in
the control circuit since the switch is effectively disabled until the
switch 82, operated by arm 80, Fig.
9, and a switch 180, Fig 8, which is operated by an actuating arm 182,
both show the absence of paper The fast feed, or endof-message
condition, following a transmission therefore continues until the
subjectmatter sheet has passed the actuating arm 182 thereby releasing
the arm and permitting the switch 180 to return to its un-operated
condition.
The next subsequent operation of switch 126 by the lever 130 actuates
relay control equipment to de-energise motors 90 and 170.
At the same time the relay equipment applies a direct current of short
duration to the motor 90, causing the same to be decelerated rapidly
to rest by dynamic braking effect, and prevent coasting of the motor
thereby insuring that the length of paper fed in at the start of a
subsequent transmission may be determined accurately by the switch 126
and its actuating means The timing of the foregoing short pulses may
be effected in any known manner, but preferably is obtained by the
discharge time of a condenser in relay control equipment, and has a
duration of a fraction of a second.
The equipment has now returned to its initial condition in readiness
for another transmission.
In the event that the clerk or other attendant sending the message
discovers that the wrong message has been inserted, or that the
message is being sent to the wrong receiving station, or for any other
reason desires to prevent or stop transmission, this may be done at
any time, either before transmission has started or while the message
sheet is progressing through the transmitter, by manually pushing the
"reject" button 400 (Fig 3) When this button is pushed, the
end-of-message condition obtains and fast feed of the message sheet is
effected until the sheet has passed completely through the transmitter
after which the message sheet passes to the " sent message"
compartment of the apparatus During the time that the fast feed is in
progress, the outgoing transmission line is short-circuited and the
transmitter is turned off; the apparatus is returned to its initial
condi 70 dion and in readiness to receive the next message sheet.
When the end-of-message carriage 47 is manually pulled back to the
front end of the unit, successive messages may be fed contin 75 uously
through the apparatus since the scanning paper feed at this time is
continuous.
When the end-of-message carriage is set so that its indicator 52 is at
the end of a message or other subject matter on a sheet, 80 paper
feeding will stop when the message has cleared the scanning aperture

10. If a long message is to be transmitted, the end-ofmessage carriage is
manually pulled back to the full extent of its travel at the start of
a 85 message In either case the pin 74 on gear wheel 56, Fig 4, is
thereby caused to operate switch 70 by means of its actuating arm 72
Operation of the switch energises relai means in the control circuit
so as to effect 90 ively disable the switch 66 and transfer its
function to the switch 82 so that the latter switch, through its arm
80, will be controlling Transmission now will continue until the end
of a long message, or until the end 95 of the last of a succession of
message blanks, has passed the actuating arm 80 of the switch 82 to
release the switch and allow it to return to its unoperated condition,
thereby causing the associated means to initi 100 ate fast feed as
described previously in connection with the operation of switch 66.
When transmitting a long message or a continuous succession of
mesages, the end of message carriage will 105 have returned to its
initial starting position, and is restrained from movement by the stop
member 68, and this will cause the timer motor 170 to stall, the motor
being of the type that is not injured by stall 110 ing The remainder
of the operation for a long message or for a continuous succession of
messages is the same as that hereinbefore described for a short
message As the message sheets leave the feed rollers 112 and 115 124,
they are deposited onto the floor 186, Fig 4, of the " sent message "
compartment 187 where the message sheets may readily be removed from
the front of the unit by an attendant 120 The only element in the
paper feed unit that is directly involved ir the optical scanning
system is a cylindrical " blanking 9 mirror 188, seen in Fig 5 and
which is disposed directly opposite the scanning aper 125 ture The
mirror is secured to a metal frame 190, the frame being supported by a
fixed bar 192 which receives threaded adjusting screws 194, the inner
ends of which are secured to the frame 190 There are three of 130
these adjusting screws arranged in the form of a triangle, with
helical expansion springs 196 around the screws, whereby the
cylindrical reflector 188 is firmly held in any ad'usted position The
arrangement provides or a universal adjustment of the mirror w-ith
respect to the optical system As hereinbefore stated, when the width
of a subject-matver sheet is less than the length of the scanning path
of the scanning light beam, the scanning beam will sweep past the edge
of the sheet However, when this occurs the scanning light beam will be
reflected by the cylindrical blanking mirror back onto a blanking
photocell in the scanning unit and thus generate blanking signrals
that control the transmitting circuit in a manner to suppress
transmission of facsimile pickup signals at such times This may be
effected by controlling a blanking modulator circuit or a blank ng
rectfier circuit, as hereinafter set forth Also, the mirror 188 and

11. the blanking photocell will suppress the transmission of facsimile
pickup signals in the event that the scanning beam should be operative
in the absence of the message sheet at the scanning aperture.
r In either case the presence of unsightly black or dark areas in the
background of any recorded copy at a facsimile receiver is cbviated.
SCANNING UNIT.
Figs 11 and 12 show the physical arrangement of various elements of
the scanning unit B for producing the oscillating i.ht beam that
sweeps across successive Qe S of a message sheet as it is advanced
-?ast t scanning aperture by the paper feed -nit 3,_ Any of various
known types of optical scanning apparatus for flat-sheet scanning may
be employed, although preferably the scanning apparatus is similar to
that disclosed in the aforesaid British Patent Specification -No
778,985, except that the optical system thereof is improved; Figs 14
and 15 are diagrammatic views of the improved optical system.
Fig 11 is a view in elevation of the front end of the scanning unit,
which end is adjacent to the vertical expanse of a message sheet as it
is advanced by the paper feed unit past the scanning aperture 44 ' in
the front end plate 44, portions of this plate being broken away to
disclose various elements of the scanner Fig 12 is a view of the
scanning unit removed from its light-proof casing 204 and looking down
along the line 12-12 of Fig 11 to show the drive mechanism of the
scanner -The casing 204 is secured as by machine -screws, to the guide
rails 18 The scanning unit is embodied in a removable metal tray -Fig
-12, the tray comprising the front plate 44, a bottom plate 200, side
wall plates 201; -and a rear 6 Send plate 202 The plates comprising
the tray may be secured together in any suitable manner, such as by
machine screws 206, seen in Fig 11 The front panel 44 of the unit also
carries jacks 208 which receiveconnecting plugs 85 (Fig 7) in the
paper 70 feed unit when the units A and B are in their operative
juxtaposed positions, thereby to releasably connect the electrical
circuits to the paper feed unit.
As seen in Fig 12, the scanning unit 75 comprises a synchronous motor
210 having a toggle swvitch 209 mounted thereon for connecting and
disconnecting the motor to a source of A C power A synchronous A.C
chopper motor 212, which is also 80 started by switch 209, rotates the
light chopper disk 214 thereby to generate a carrier frequency from
the scanning light beam source 216 The chopper appzrmus and light
source are mounted in a frame 21 i 1 85 and this frame is slidable on
rods '2-5 carried by eni bars 213 so that the position of the light
source 216 may be ad:us el at the desired optical distance vith
respeet to an oscillaiable spherical mirror, as r-ice-90 inafter set
forth A set screw 217 maintains the unit 211 in the desired adjusted
position Preferably the light source 216 is a tungsten arc larap of a

12. type that p:ovide; a small round spot of scanning light The 95 light
beam from the lamp 216 is interrupte:
by the chopper disk to generate a carriei freuuencv that i R modulated
in accor: ance wvith the liht reflect from the scanned message shoe-
Any suitable carrie: fre 100 quency max thus be provided, for example,
of tha order of several ocan cy-les per secon: i The tungsten ccenate
arc lamp has electrodes enclosed in a -as-filled glass envelope As
disclosed in the atore 103 said British Patent Specification No.
778,985, the cathode of the arc lamp comprises a fine tungsten wire
having formed on the end thereof a minute ball, the diameter of the
ball corresponding approximately tollo O the desired diameter of the
light spot which falls on the message sheet In operation the ball
point will operate at a temperature of about 2800 to 3000 Kelvin which
provides a brilliant point source of light ap-115 proximately 8 to 10
mils in diameter.
The scanning motor 210 drives a crossshaft 222 through worm gears 220,
the right hand end of the cross-shaft being mounted in a bearing 224
secured to the front pl)ate 120 44, and the other end of the shaft
beingmounted in bearings in a bracket structure 230 A friction load
band 226 is employed to provide a more uniform load onl the motor 210
The cross-shaft also carries a 125 flywheel 228 which assists in
maintaining the speed of the shaft constant.
Mounted on the cross-shaft and rotated thereby is a circular flutter
cam 241 having or the periphery thereof a cam groove 23754 130 784,823
ration effects are avoided.
in order to provide suitable definition in csimile scanning, 100
scanning lines or or, per linear inch are desirable The ive motor 2 i
O may, for example, have a 70 peed of 1800 rpm, and with reducing
gears 2 J having a ratio of 5 1, this produces 360 sciilations of the
scanning light beam per minute, the advancement of the message hiecet
being at a rate such that this scanning 75 )eed will produce
approximately 100 scaning lines per inch As the light beam is
osillated back and forth, scanning is effected nly in one direction of
movement of the eam, so that the return or retrace time of 80 he beam
after each scanning line largely epresents lost time In order to avoid
this, a quick return at the end of each scanning ine is obtained by
the use of the quick-reurn portion of the flutter cam 241 This 85
eturn time between successive scanning ines, as hereinbefore set
forth, is only that required for the rotation of the flutter cam
through an arc of approximately 18 , in contrast to the time required
for the re-90 mainder of the cam groove which extends through an arc
of approximately 342 ; thus the return or retrace time of the light
beam is effected in 1/20 of a revolution of the flutter cam, the
scanning light beam sweep 95 being effected in the remaining 19/20 of

13. a revolution of the flutter cam This causes the return or retrace
operation to utilise but 5., of the timne required for each line
scanning cycle 100 Referring to Fig 11, a cylindrical reflector 260
may be seen through the scanning aperture 44 ' of the front plate 44,
this plate having portions thereof broken away in the drawing in order
to show various of the ele 105 ments within the unit The light
reflected from the message sheet is directed by the cylindrical
reflector onto two photocells 268 having their bases mounted in a
receptacle 269 which encloses the circuit wiring to the 120 photocells
and which also may contain the amplifiers therefor The photocells
preferably are of the type having elongated cathodes The cylindrical
reflector 260 may be composed of a sheet of metal or other 15 opaque
material with the convex surface thereof polished or coated to provide
a good reflecting surface The reflector has apertures 261 and 262
therein.
Behind the aperture 261 may be seen two 120 plane mirrors 264 and 266
for directing the scanning light beam as hereinafter explained Behind
the aperture 262 is a "blanking" photocell 270, the base of which is
mounted in a receptacle 271, this 125 receptacle containing circuit
wiring and an amplifier for the blanking photocell 270 If desired, the
reflector 260 may be composed of a cylindrical sheet of a methacrylate
resin, or other transparent material such as 130 A spherical mirror
236 is carried by a V er shaped member 238 which is pivotally :ounted
at 240 so as to enable oscillatory fa movement or the spherical mirror
The m S member 238 carries at the upper eni there dr of a cam follower
pin 242 wh'ch t aces in s F the spiral cam groove 234 so that as th_
22 cam 241 rotates, the reflector 236 is rapidly o rocked back and
forth through a limited m angle as determined' by consideration of the
si length of the scanning light track at the s I message sheet The cam
track 234 has a n laterally curved quick-return portion, shown ci
adjacent to the cam follower pin 242 the O quick-return portion
extending through an b arc of approximately 18 of the periphery of tl
the circular cam, the remainder of the r groove 234 extending through
an arc of ap a proximately 342 The shaft 222 also car ries a blanking
cam member 250 which has t a cam lobe that extends through an arc of r
18 which is equal to that of the return por tion of the cam track 234,
and as the cam rotates, normally open contact springs 252 are closed
by the cam lobe to produce a blanking pulse having a time duration
corresponding to that of the return interval.
This blanking pulse is employed to suppress transmission of the
facsimile pickup signals during the return sweep of the scanning beam
This blanking pulse may be used to control the transmitting circuit in
various known v, ays to suppress transmission during this period, for
example, to short-circuit the outgoing transmission line, or to

14. control a blanking modulator circuit as disclosed in British Patent
Specification No 739,594, or to bias a rectifier to render it
non-conductive as disclosed in British Patent Specification No
729,783, both of which cases are assigned to the assignee of the
instant case.
A cam 246 mounted on the shaft 222 has a lobe which controls contacts
248 in a circuit for effecting proper phasing of the transmitting
apparatus with respect to a facsimile recorder in known manner.
Referring to the spherical reflector 236, this may comprise a
conventional concave spectacle lens which is coated on the concave
side with aluminum, silver or other reflecting material vaporized onto
the surface to provide a front surface mirror A thin surface coating
of aluminum oxide or silicon monoxide is vaporized over the refleeting
surface to produce a harder surface and thus minimize or prevent
scratching.
Such a mirror may be produced at a very low cost in contrast to
expensive achromatic lenses heretofore regarded as necessary in
optical scanning systems In a commercial form of the present
apparatus, the diameter of the mirror 236 is 36 millimeters, and its
focal length is of the order of 11 inches.
Since the focal length of the mirror is quite long relative to its
diameter, spherical ab? 784,823 784,823 glass The resin or the glass
is coated with silver or aluminum to provide the cylindrical mirror
surface Before such a sheet is coated masking strips are applied to
the surface thereof to provide areas corresponding the apertures 261
and 262 above referred to, so that the scanning light beam vwill pass
through these transparent areas, although preferably these areas are
cut out 0 in order to prevent reflection losses.
Fig 12 shows the blanking photocell 270 and its receptacle 271, and
also shows a top edge view of one of the plane mirrors 266.
Both of the plane mirrors 264 and 266 are mounted on sets of studs 274
received into the rear wall 202 of the metal tray The studs are
threaded to enable adjustment of the mirrors by means of nuts 276 and
expansion springs 278, and the studs are so located with respect to
each of the mirrors that each mirror is adjustable to the proper
angle, both with respect to the vertical and horizontal, for receiving
and deflecting the scanning light beam at the proper angle A in etic
shield 280 is mounted on power supply apparatus supported by studs 282
from the rear wall 202 of the tray, the member 280 serving to shield
the photocell from the electrostatic and electromagnetic fields
generated by the power supply apparatus i Referring to Fig 14, there
is diagrammatically shown the optical scanning system.
The cylindrical reflector 260 has the characteristics in that the
sound scanning spot of light reflected from the surface of the message

15. sheet S at the point where the light falls on the sheet is collected
by the reflector and is focussed as a line of light on the cathodes of
the two photocells 268 (only one of which appears in the figure due to
the plane in which the view is taken), provided that the photocells
and the illuminated line of the message sheet respectively are located
at the conjugate foci of the reflector 260.
The source of light 216 is so positioned as to be substantially at the
optical centre of curvature of the spherical mirror 236, that is, the
distance from the light source to the plane mirror 264 and back to the
spherical mirror is equal substantially to the radius of curvature of
the spherical mirror Similarly, the message sheet at the point where
the light beam impinges thereon is substantially at the optical centre
of curvature of the spherical mirror 236, that is, the distance from
the mirror to the plane mirror 266 and back to the subject matter
sheet S is equal substantially to the radius of curvature of the
mirror 236 When the message sheet S is narrow and the scanning light
beam travels off the sheet, the beam is reflected by the cylindrical
reflector 188 onto the blanking photocell 270, and the latter
photocell causes blanking signals to be generated for the reasons
hereinbefore stated The mirror 188 appears to be _ plane mirror, but
this is because the curvature thereof is not seen when viewed from the
direction seen in Fig 14.
A certain amount of the light reflected 7 J from the message sheet S
would ordinarily be reflected past the ends of the cylindrical
reflector 260 and hence would be lost so far as the pickup photocells
268 are concerned.
This is obviated, however, by the use of two 75 mirrors, preferably
plane mirrors, respectively positioned at the ends of the cylindrical
reflector 260, one of these mirrows 292 is seen in Fig 14 and both the
end mirrors 292 and 294 are seen in Fig 15 The mir-80 rors are
disposed at the proper angles, preferably at right angles, with
respect to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical mirror, so that
the light reflected from the messace sheet toward the ends of the
cylindrical 85 mirror is captured by the end mirrors and reflected
back onto the cylindrical mirror from which the light is directed onto
the pickup photocells 268 This arrangement substantially adds to the
total quantity of 90 light received by the pickup photocells.
CONTROL CIRCUIT.
Fig 13 shows various of the circuit ele 9 ments involved in the
control equipment i The row of small rectangles at the top of the
drawing identified by reference numerals 320, 386, etc, are detachable
connectors, preferably of the plug and jack type, whereby the circuit
may readily be connected to or disconnected from the facsimile line
equipment All relays and switches are shown in their normal positions

16. prior to a transmitting operation A power switch 300 when manually
closed places the equip 105 ment in operative condition and supplies 1
11 Ov A C power from the connector 304 to the relay control equipment
by means of conductors 302, and also to certain other control
equipment involved in the line 10 equipment, by means of conductor 306
and connector 308 When a message sheet has been placed on the loading
platform of the apparatus for transmission and the pressure roller 22
has been lowered onto the sheet 15 switch 46 is closed, completing a
connection from the push-button start switch 84 to connector 310 A
lamp 301 is lit over a circuit extending from the switch 300 and
conductor 316 to a connector 318 which leads to 120 the other side of
the alternating current power supply circuit.
When the end-of-message indicator carriage 47 is manually moved to the
proper position, for example, to the end of the sub 125 ject matter to
be scanned, switch 66 (shown in the lower portion of Fig 13) is
closed, as hereinbefore described, in order to partially prepare other
circuits for subsequent operations When the start button 84 is pushed
130 atus by connectors 372 and 374, during the fast feed operation
Facsimile signals are thereby permitted to pass from the facsimile
transmitter to the distant recorder.
At the time that relay 346 operates, the 70 timer motor 170 is also
energised over the same circuit that energised relay 346 A holding
circuit for the relay 346 is completed through its contacts 376 to
conductor 324, break contacts 378 of unoperated 75 relay 380,
conductor 382, through the closed switch 66 to conductor 302 Operation
of the flip switch 126 also opened the contacts 338 in a holding
circuit for relay 328, but the latter relay does not release because 8
@ power is supplied through contacts 330 of operated relay 322.
When the contacts of switch 66 are opened by the end-of-message
mechanism previously described, power is thereby re 85 moved from
conductor 382 and hence from conductor 329 This causes relay 322 to
release and which, in turn, causes relay 346 to release and
de-energise the timer moor Power is also removed from the line 90
equipment, and the busy light 84 ' is extinguished Release of relay
346 also transfers the connection to the feed motor 90 from contacts
364 to contacts 344 of the relay, thereby causing the motor to reverse
95 its direction and effect fast paper feed At the same time contacts
366 of relay 346 art reciosed, thus short-circuiting the facsimile
signal transmitting line.
During the period of fast feed, the mech 100 anism heretofore
described causes momentary operations of the flip switch 126, once for
each revolution of the disc 152 (shown on Fig 4) Since paper is in the
machine the switch 180 is operated and thereby es 105 tablishes a
circuit in parallel with contacts 338 of switch 126, preventing the

17. opening of these contacts from affecting the remainder of the circuit
The momentary closures of the contacts 356 of the switch 126 also i 10
have no effect on the circuit since the associated conductor 358
terminates at the now open contacts 360 of relay 322.
When the trailing end of the message blank has passed the actuating
arm of the 11 switch 180, the switch is released and returns to its
open circuit condition The next operation of switch 126 opens contacts
338 and removes power from relay 328, causing the latter relay to
release The re 120 lease of relay 328 removes AC power from the feed
motor 90 and transfers the motor circuit, by the closure of contacts
389 of the relay, to the junction of resistors 352 and 359 The
condenser 348 now dis 125 charges through resistor 359 and the feed
motor 90, causing the motor to decelerate rapidly by dynamic braking
effect All relays are now de-energised and the circuit is in readiness
for a new transmission 130 this completes a power supply circuit from
connecting piug 318 by means of conductor 316, closed contacts of
switch 46 to conn zcor 310 and thence to the aforesaid line equipment
After the lapse of a warm-up period, for example, five to ten seconds,
as determined by the line equipment, relay means in the line equipment
complete a return circuit from connector 320 to the other side of the
power line This causes a relay 322 to be energised from conductor 329,
w.hich conductor previously had power applied thereto by the operation
of switch 66, and a circuit comprising conductor 382 and break
contacts 378 of a relay 380; the circuit continues through the
operating winding of the yelay 322 and the conductor 326 to the
connector 320 and thence to the line equipment.
The operation of relay 322 causes relay 328 to operate from conductor
302 by means of make contacts 330 on operated relay 322, an.i
conductor 332, through the operating winding of relay 328, conductor
316, and connecter 318 to the other side of the power supply The
operation of relay 328 completes a holding circuit for the relay
through its make contacts 334 and a circuit comprising conductor 336,
normally closed contacts 338 of the flip switch 126, to conductor 302
Operated relay 328 also establishes a circuit through its armature 389
and make contacts 390, from conductor 302, through conductor 342,
break contacts 344 of a relay 346, to one side of the winding of the
paper feed motor 90, causing the motor to revolve in a direction that
provides fast paper feed of the message blank At the same time, a
condenser 348 is charged from conductor 342 by means of a rectifier
350 connected to the power supply, through resistors 352 and 359 in
series, the function of the resistors being to limit to a safe value
the surge of charging current.
When a message sheet has been advanced through the feed rollers to the
point where the subject matter is to be scanned the flip switch 126 is

18. operated as hereinbefore described, establishing a circuit from
conduc-50 tor 302, through the contacts 356 of the switch, conductor
358, make contacts 360 of operated relay 322, conductor 362 to the
operating winding of a relay 346 and conductor 316 to the power supply
Relay 346 operates and transfers the connection to motor 90 to make
contacts 364 of the relay, causing the motor to reverse and run in a
direction that provides the slower scanning feed A condenser 90 ' is
connected across one of the windings of the motor to provide an
out-of-phase component to cause the motor to be self-starting Contacts
366 of operated relay 346 open, removing a short circuit which was
across the outgoing facsimile line connected to the control
appar784,823 In the case where a message of length greater than that
of the loading platform is to be transmitted, the control of message
length provided by the end-of-message indicator carriage 47 and its
associated mechanism is no longer effective since the maximum
controlled length is limited by the length of platform 20 along which
the indicator carriage travels In such case the indicator carriage is
drawn out to the end of its travel causing pin 74 on gear 56 to
operate switch 70 by means of actuator 72.
Switch 70 completes a circuit from conductor 302 through operate
winding of relay 380 to the other side of the power supply.
Operation of relay 380 disconnects switch 66 from the circuit by
opening contacts 379, thereby causing switch 82 to have the same
function in the circuit as that previously performed by switch 66 As
shown in Fig.
9, switch 82 is operated by actuator 80, deflected from its normal
position by the message sheet Switch 82 is closed when in the operated
condition The operations of starting, fast feed-in, and normal
scanning speed take place as described above Movement of the
end-of-message indicator carriage 47 through its associated mechanism
causes switch 70 to open, but relay 380 remains operated by a holding
circuit from conductor 329 through the new made contacts 381 of relay
380 to the operate winding of the same.
When the end of the message sheet passes the scanning line, actuator
80 is released and returns to its normal position causing switch g 2
to open Opening of switch 82 initiates the fast feed-out function as
previously describel in connection with the operin of s-witch 66 Relay
380 is also thereby returned to its unoperated condition.
In the event that it is necessary to terminate a transmission prior to
the operation of the end-of-message devices discussed above, reject
button 400 is depressed Contacts 403 open the circuit from conductor
302 through various other contacts as previously described to
connector 386 and the line equipment Release of relay means in the
line equipment opens the return circuit from the operating winding of

19. relay 322 through conductor 326 and connector 320 Relay 322 thereby
releases and causes relay 346 to release, reversing motor 90 and
causing fast paper feed as previously described In the event that the
reject button is operated at or near the start of a transmission, as
will frequently be the-ease, flip switch 126 may operate before the
message sheet has -60 reached the actuator 182 of switch 180, causing
relay 328 to be released and stopping the feed In this case the reject
button 400 may again be operated, and contacts 405 apply power through
conductor 332 to the operating winding of relay 328 Operation of relay
328 closes make contacts 390 applying power to the motor 90 as before.
This operation may be repeated as many times as necessary until switch
80 is closed by the leading portion of the sheet, upon 70 which the
operation of the feed motor 90 will continue automatically until the
message sheet has been ejected from the machine.
Various modifications of the apparatus 75 illustrated, and various
equivalents or substitutes for the devices depicted, may occur to
those versed in the art without departing from the scope of the
instant invention.
The disclosure, therefore, is for the purpose 80 of illustrating the
principles of the invention which is not to be regarded as limited
except as indicated by the scope of the appended claims.
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* GB784824 (A)
Description: GB784824 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Apparatus for assembling hogsheads
Description of GB784824 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION

20. Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Feb 7, 1956.
784,824 No 3860/56, Application made in United States of America on
July 18, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 21, A 9 B. International Classification:-B
27 H.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Apparatus for Assembling Hogsheads We, GAY-BELL CORPORATION, a
corporation organised under the laws of the State of Ilentucky, United
States of America, of 1306 South Main Street, Paris, Kentucky, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention resides in the provision of simplified apparatus for
assembling hogsheads and specifically is directed to a method and
means for fastening the hoops and hoops and liners to the panels
making up the hogshead.
We have found it advantageous to manufacture hogsheads by taking a
plurality of panels made of plywood or the like, assembling them in
side-by-side relationship, temporarily fastening hoops and liners
along the ends of the panels and hoops along the central portions
thereof, permanently stapling the hoops and liners and hoops to the
panels and then sawing the panels transversely of the hoops and hoops
and liners whereby to form staves which are held by the hoops and
hoops and liners The panels thus joined and sawed may then be wrapped
into barrel shape and circular tops and bottoms supplied thus
completing the hogshead.
It is an important object of the invention to provide apparatus such
that a single operator may conveniently apply the permanent fastenings
for the hoops and hoops and liners.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a method and
apparatus whereby in one pass half of the stapling job is completed
while on the return pass the other half of such stapling job is
accomplished.
These and other objects of this invention will become apparent to
those skilled in the art during the course of the following
description and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
drawings like numerals are employed to designate like parts and in
which:
Figure 1 is a top plan view, with parts broken lPrice 3 s 6 d l away,
of the apparatus of this invention, Figure 2 is a side elevations with
parts broken away, of the apparatus of Figure 1, Figure 3 is an
enlarged section taken on the line 3-3 of Figure 2, 50 Figure 4 is a

21. section taken on the line 4-4 of Figure 2, Figure 5 is an enlarged
fragmentary sectional view showing certain of the parts, and Figure 6
is a plan view showing a plurality 55 of panels joined by hoops and
hoops and liners by the apparatus of this invention, such figure.
also showing the lines along which the panels thus joined will be
sawed to form the staves making up the side walls of the hogshead 60
Referring now especially to Figures 1 and 2 it will be observed that
the apparatus of theinvention comprises a pair of elongated frame:
members 10 which are supported from legs 11.
and braced by members 12, the frame members 65 being joined by cross
members 13 Theframe members 10 form tracks to receive the rollers 14
of a carriage which is formed of angle:
bars 15 joined together so as to form arectangle.
As seen in Figure 3 the rollers 14 have -flanges 70 16 which engage
the sides of the frame members 10 and serve to maintain the carriage
15 on the assembly These rollers 14 may be.
mounted on short axles 17 which are welded or otherwise secured to the
frame members 75 forming the carriage.
Centrally of the frame members 10 there is provided a pair of stapling
devices located at either side of the apparatus Each of these devices
comprises a head 18 and anvil 19; We 80 have shown these stapling
devices as beingelectrically actuated and to this end there are
provided leads 20 and a foot-operated switch.
21 whereby both stapling devices are actuated simultaneously 85 Fixed
beneath the frame structure 10 is a member 22 which has a dovetail
member 23 fixed thereto Each of the stapling devices has a base member
24 with a dovetail slot to receive the member 23 A block 25 limits 90
inward movement of the bases 24 of the stapling devices while members
26 limit the outward movement of such bases.
The stapling head 18 may have a pivoted connection as indicated at 27
with a member 28 extending from the main post 29 which is supported
from the base 24 The anvil 19 may be secured to a lower member 30 also
extending from the post 29 It will be understood that the details of
the arrangement of the stapling devices do not constitute a limitation
of the instant invention These stapling devices may be purchased
commercially and suffice it to say that upon actuation of the switch
21 the mechanism will drive a staple from the head 18, through the
work and the legs of such staple will be clinched against the anvil.
Figure 5 illustrates the positions taken by the head 18 and anvil 19
of the stapling devices during operation It will be observed that a
staple 31 is being driven through a hoop and liner member 32 which is
a U-shaped member fastened to the hogshead panels along the ends
thereof In driving the staple 31 through both legs of the U-shaped
member 32 it may be desirable for the head 18 and anvil 19 to move

22. towards the work and this is illustrated by the dotted line position
of these members in Figure This Figure 5 also shows the manner in
which the hogshead panel 33 is carried by the carriage frame members
15.
As best seen in Figure 6 it is preferred to make up a hogshead by
taking three panels 33, placing them in side-by-side relationship,
placing a pair of the U-shaped hoop and liners 32 across both ends
thereof, placing a pair of hoops 34 across the central portions of the
panels, temporarily securing the members 32 and 34 and then fastening
such members 32 and 34 to the panel members 33 in permanent fashion by
use of the stapling devices and associated mechanism of this invention
The dot-dash lines 35 indicate the lines of cut which will eventually
be given to the various panels 33 in order to form staves which are
held together by the hoops 34 and hoops and liners 32.
We shall now describe the operation of the invention It is assumed
that a plurality of panels 33 have been placed together and the hoops
and liners 32 and hoops 34 have been put in position and perhaps there
maintained by a tack or two The rectangular carriage made up of the
members 15 is of a size just sufficient to receive the assembly of
panels 33 Three such panels are illustrated but it will be further
understood that various numbers may be used so long as the carriage is
adapted to receive such assembled panels as just described.
The operator will place the assembly of panels 33 in the carriage
members 15 and at this point the various mechanisms will be in the
position illustrated in full lines in Figure 1.
The operator will push the carriage member 15 to the dotted line
position shown in Figure 1.
The staple heads will be positioned above the hoop and liner members
32 as illustrated in Figures 1 and 5 By actuating the foot pedal 21 in
rapid succession as the carriage 15 is moved beneath the heads 18 a
series of staples 31 is 70 driven through the hoop and liners 32 and
the panels 33 Proper position of the heads 18 with respect to the hoop
and liners 32 is insured by the relationship between the abutment
plates 26 and the staple bases 24 75 Upon completing one pass of the
carriage mechanism 15 whereby to move the mechanism from the full line
position of Figure 1 to the dotted line position thereof, it will be
apparent that the hoop and liners 32 will be permanently 80 fastened
to the panel members 33 by a row of the staples 31 The operator will
then move the stapling devices so as to bring the bases 24 into
engagement with the block 25 This will move the heads 18 so as to
bring them above the 85 hoops 34 The operator will then return the
carriage to its original position and while he does this he operates
the foot pedal so as to drive a succession of staples through the
hoops 34 into the panels 33 whereupon they will be 90 clinched against

23. the anvil 19 When the assembly of panels has thus been returned to its
original position the hoops and the hoops and liners will all be
stapled to the panels permanently The panels thus joined will be 95
removed and another set placed within the carriage members 15
whereupon the operation just described may be repeated.
The reciprocable carriage mechanism 15 in combination with the
shiftable stapling devices 100 thus provides a basic mechanism by
which hoops and hoops and liners 34 and 32 respectively may be
securely fastened to a plurality of panels 33 to form the basic
preferred hogshead structure 105
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* GB784825 (A)
Description: GB784825 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to wireless direction finders
Description of GB784825 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Wireless Direction Finders
We, PHILIPS ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES
LIMITED, d Spencer House, South Place,
Finsburry, London, E.C.2, a British Company, do hereby declare the
invention (communicated by N. V. PHILIPS CLOElLAMPENFAS-
RIEKEN, a Limited Liability Company, organized and established under
the Laws of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, of Emmansingel 29, Eindhoven, Holland),
for which we pray that a patent may he granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -

24. The invention relates to wireless direction finders for determining,
according to the amplitude comparison method, the direction of
reception of signals with respect to a guide plane which is
predetermined at the receiver (i.e. the direction finder) end, which
direction finders are provided with two directive antennas having
partly overlapping directional patterns and also with two separate
amplifier channels through which received signals are supplied to an
indicator for indicating the deviation of the direction of reception
from the guide plane.
A direction finder of the ldnd concerned may be used, for instance,
for " guiding" aircraft or ships.
It may be located on the aircraft or ship for finding the direction of
a beacon transmitter or on land for finding the direction of aircraft
or ships. The arrangement in question indicates the deviation of the
actual direction with respect to 2 cm guide plane" or "equisignal
plane" i.e. the plane of intersection of the directional patterns of
the two receiving aerials, the desired direction corresposnding with
the direction of the guide plane.
In known direction finders of the kind described the signals which are
derived from the directive antennas, for example e1 and e2, are
amplified in separate amplifier channels, whilst the amplification
factors and the phase shifts must be exactly the same in both
amplifier channels in order to prevent serious errors in indication5
in practice this requirement can only be fulfllled with difficulty.
In order to obviate this disadvantage it is well known to use a single
amplifier which by means of synchronous switching members included in
its input and output circuits respectively is alternately used for the
amplification of signals from each antenna. In short wave, for example
centimetre wave, direction finders or in cases of exacting sensitivity
requirements, for example, direction finding at input voltages of
approximately 10 . Volts or less, this solution is not useful in
practice.
According to the invention, a wireless direction finder for
determining, according to the amplitude comparison method, the
direction of reception of signals with respect to a guide plane or
equisignal plane of the directional patterns, which is predetermined
at the receiver (i.e. direction finder) end, the direction finder
being provided with two directive antennas having partly overlapping
directional patterns and also with two separate amplifier channels
through which received signals are supplied to an indicator for
indicating the deviation of the direction of reception from the guide
plane, is characterized in that an addition and subtraction device is
connected between the antennas and the separate ampliiier channels,
the addition and subtraction device having two inputs each connected

25. to a respective antenna, the sum voltage output and the difference
voltage output each being connected to a separate amplifier channel,
whilst the sum and difference voltages, after amplification in the
separate amplifier channets, are supplied to a device which
alternately combines therm in phase and in phase opposition in order
to produce two indicator volt
fes which are each proportional to the signals received by a
respective antenna
Thus, a variation of the amplification factor and/or phase shift in
one of the two amplifier channels cannot give rise to errors in
indication since, when the amplitudes of the antenna signals e1 and e2
are equal, the difference voltage (e1-e2) is zero and a variation of
the amplification factor and/or phase shift in the separate amplifier
channels cannot affect this value.
The adition and subtraction device can be designed in a variety of
manners known per se.
For example, the received signals e1 and e2 can each be supplied to a
transformer having two output windings, the four windings being
series-connected in pairs so that the resulting output voltages are
proportional to (e1+e2) and (e@-e@) respectively.
For metre waves, a high frequency bridge circuit can be used having
arms which consist of parallel conductors of length one quareer
wavelength, the conductors of one of the arms being crossed over. When
the voltages e1 and e2 are supplied to diagonally opposite corners of
the bridge circuit, the sum voltage (e1+e2) and the difference voltage
(e1-e2) are set up at the remaining diagonally opposite corners.
In direction finders for centimetre waves the addition and subtraction
device preferably consists of four wave guides which together
constitute a " magic T ", as is known per se, for direction finders
operating according to the comparison method, in which the indicator
for indicating the deviation or the direction of reception from the
guide plane is controlled by indicator voltages which are proportional
to the sum voltage (e1+e2) and the difference voltage (e1-e2)
respectively.
In order that the invention may be readily carried into effect, one
embodiment thereon will now be described in detail with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a direction finder in
accordance with the invention for centimetre waves which inter alia
can be used for determining the direction of reception of pulses,
whilst
Figure 2 shows in detail a favourable circuit arrangement of a
switching device for use in the direction finder shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 shows a direction finder for, for example, centimetre pulse

26. waves. In this direction finder, use is made of a cheese antenna 1
having a parabolic rear wall. On each side of the focal plane of this
antenna provision is made of wave guides 2 and 3 respectively which
are open at the side nearer the parabolic rear wall. As is well known,
such an antenna provides oveilapping directiona! patterns. The
wave-guides 2 and 3 are connected through connecting guides 4, 5 to
opposite inputs of a cm magic T" comprising four wave-guide lengths.
The outputs 6 and 7 of this " magic T " are connected to two crystal
detectors shown diagrammatically at 8 and 9. These crystal detectors
act as mixer stages and are connected to a local oscillator 10. The
intermediate frequency pulse derived from said mixer stages are
supplied through intermediate frequency amplifiers 11, 12 to a
switching device 14 which is connected to a switching-voltage
generator 13 and through which the pulses are alternately combined in
phase and in phase opposition and supplied to a further intermediate
frequency amplifier 15 and a detector 16. The use of the switching
device 14 at this point of the circuit arrangement does not give rise
to dificulty in practice due to the comparatively low frequency and
the high level of the input signals, whilst it eliminates the need for
duplication of the subsequent signal channel.
On reception of oscillations from the direction of the guide plane,
the amplitudes and phases of the voltages e1 and e2 taken from
antennas 2 and 3 are equal. The difference voltage (e1-e2) produced by
these voltages, which is supplied to the intermediate frequency
amplifier 12, in this case has zero value. When the received voltages
e1 and e2 are identical, the sum voltage (e1+e2) derived from the
addition and subtraction device 6 is equal to 2 (e1). This voltage is
supplied to an intermediate frequency amplifier 11.
Differences in the amplification factors and phase shifts in the
intermediate frequency amplifiers cannot give rise to errors in
indication from the direction 0 the guide plane, since, it has been
mentioned hereinbefore, the difference voltage has zero value.
On the reception of oscillations from a direction such with respect to
the guide plane that the output voltage of antenna 2 exceeds the
output voltage of antenna 3, the difference voltage (e1-e2) will have
a value which differs from zero value and the phase of which
corresponds to the phase of the sum voltage (a, +e,). Thus disparity
of the intermediate frequency amplifier can give rise to errors in
indication, but only with respect to the value d the deviation from
the direction of tile guide plane and not with respect to the
indication of the guide plane itself.
In the directional finder shown in Figure 1, the indicator is a
cathode-ray tube 17 provided with vertical deflecting plates 18, 19
and horizontal delfecting plates 26, 21. The delfecting

27. plates 19 and 21 ar e connected to earth. The vertical deflecting
plate 18 is connected to the output of the deflector 16 whilst the
horizontal delfecting plate 20 is connected to a time base
generator 22.
The voltages which are amplified in the intermediate frequency
amplifiers 11 and 12,
consequently are proportional to said sum
and difference voltages. By means of the
switching device 145 an embodiment of which
will be described in detail with reference to
Figure 2, the intermediate frequency input
voltages are combined alternately in phase and
in phase opposition. As a result, the output voltage of the switching
device 14 is alternately proportional to the pulse voltages e1
and e2 which through the intermediate fre
quency amplifier 15 and the detector 16 con
trol ther vertical deflection of the cathode-ray tube 17. With
suitable synchronism of the
switching voltage generator 13 and the time
base generator 22, on reception of a signal, pulses having an
amplitude proportional to the pulse voltage e1 and pulses having an
amplitude proportional to the pulse voltage e will be reproduced
alternately on the cathoderay tube screen. 't1hen the switching
voltage generator is synchronized with the received pulses by means of
a connection indicated 'oy the brolren line 23, a mutual shifting of
the time axes for the pulse voltages el and e2 enables the production,
on the screen of- the cathodoZray tube 17 of images of the received
pulses as shown by 24 and 25.
On the reception of pulses from the direction of the guide plane, the
pulses reproduced on the screen will have equal amplitudes. If the
direction of reception deviates from the direction of the guide plane
to the left or to the right, the pulse reproduced on the screen at the
left hand or the right hand side respectively will show the greater
amplitude. As has been described hereinbefore, relative variations of
the amplifications factors and phase shifts in the separate amplifier
channels 11 and 12 and the preceding mixer stages 8 and 9 will not
give rise to errors in indication vie receiving signals from the
direction of the guide plane. Such variations only cause a
deterioration of the indicating sensitivity. A relative phase shift of
the separate amplifier channels can be corrected in a simple manner by
inserting in one of the leads connecting the local oscillator 10 to
the mixer stages 7, o an adjustable phase corrector 26 which, for
example, may be a wave guide of adjustable length.
Figure 2 shows in detail one embodiment of the switching device 14 of

28. Figure 1 which has proved satisfactory in practice. This switching
device includes two pentodes 27 and 28 the control grids of which are
connected in push-pull to the secondary of an intermediate frequency
input transformer 29. The primary of this intermediate frequency
transformer is connected through terminals 30 to the output of the
difference voltage amplifier 12 of
Figure 1.
The control grid of a third pentode 31 is connected through an
intermediate frequency transformer 32 to the output terminals 33 of
the sum voltage amplifier 11 of Figure 1.
The said three pentodes 27, 28 and 31 have a common output impedance
comprising the primary of an intermediate frequency transformer 34,
the secondary of which is connected at terniinals 35 to the
intermediate frequency amplifier 15 of Figure 1.
In order to combine the sum and difference voltages which are supplied
through input - minals 33 and 30 alternately in phase and phase
opposition, the push-pull conrec-- f pentodes 27 and 28 are
alternately cut off by the switching voltage generator 13. This
generator supplies a square wave alternating voltage which is supplied
in push-pull to the suppressor grids of the pentodes 27 and and thus
alternately cuts off the pentode 27 and the pentode 28. According to
whether the pentode 28 or the pentode 27 is cut off, at the output
terminals 35 an output voltage is set up which is proportional to the
pulse voltage a1 or to the pulse voltage a2.
Here it should be mentioned that the electronic switching device shown
in Figure 2 is to b preferred to mechanical switching devices which in
principle may obviously also be used; when dealing with very high
frequency pulse signals for instance, it has been found desirable to
use a switching frequency of some thousands of cycles per second in
order to prevent comparatively low frequency fading from affecting the
obtained indication.
Accidentical equality of switching frequency and fading frequency
gives rise to errors in indication, which errors have been found to be
e substantially reduced by the use of the said high switching
frequency.
What we claim is : -
1. A wireless direction finder for determining, according to the
amplitude comparison method, the direction of reception of signals
with respect to a guide plane or eglusignal plane of the directional
patterns, which is predetermined at the receiver (i.e. direction
finder) end, the direction finder being provided with two directive
antennas having partly overlapping directional patterns and also with
two separate amplifier channels through which received signals are
supplied to an indicator for indicating the deviation of the direction

29. of reception from the guide plane, characterized in that an addition
and subtraction device is connected between the antennas and the
separate amplifier channels, the addition and subtraction device
having two inputs each connected to a respective antenna, the sum
voltage output and the difference voltage output each being connected
to a separate amplifier channel, whilst the sum and difference
voltages, after amplification in the separate amplifier channels, are
supplied to a device which alternately combines them in phase and in
phase opposition in order to product two indicator voltages which are
each proportional to the signals received by a respective antenna.
2. A wireless direction finder as claimed in
Claim 1, characterized in that the addition and subtraction device
consists yes four waveguides which together constitute a magic T.
3. A wireless direction finder as claimed in
Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sum and difference voltage
outputs of the addition and subtraction device are coupled, via mixer
stages which are connected to a common local oscillator, to the inputs
of the separate ampli fier channels which are designed as intermediate
frequency amplifiers, at least one of the connections between the
local oscillator and a mixer stage including an adjustable phase
corrector.
* GB784826 (A)
Description: GB784826 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Organopolysiloxane resin foams
Description of GB784826 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

30. COMPLETE SPECIFIVTION
Organopolysiloxane Resin Foams
We, MIDLAND SILICONES LIMITED, a
British Company, of 19, Upper Brook Street,
London, W.1, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to a method of preparing organopoly siloxane
resin foams at room temperature and to the foams so prepared.
Various methods of preparing organosilicon foams are known in the art.
These foams have been prepared by heating an organosilicon resin with
or without a blowing agent. Heretofore employed blowing agents were in
general organic compounds which decomposed upon heating to give off a
gas. These materials make excellent foams but require temperatures in
excess of 100" C. in order to give proper expansion of the resign.
There is a substantial need for foams which can be expanded at room
temperature. These foams are especially useful for insulating large
equipment of irregular or complicated shapes.
Such equipment cannot be conveniently heated in an oven; thus, the
foams cannot be expanded in place by heating. Also since the shapes
are irregular and complicated it is not convenient and is often times
impossible to insulate the equipment with previously expanded foams.
The only solution to the problem lies in expanding the foam in place
at room temperature. Whereas such foams have been prepared from
certain organic resins, there was heretofore no known method for
producing them from organopolysiloxane resins.
It is the object of this invention to prepare siloxane foams at room
temperature. Another object is to provide a method of insulating
equipment with heat stable foams.
In accordance with this invention a foam is prepared by mixing (1) an
organopolysiloxane having on the average from 1 to 1.8 organic
radicals which are selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals,
halogenated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals and halophenoxymethyl
radicals, per silicon atom, at least 1 per cent by weight of the
siloxane units in. said polysiloxanes having at least 1 hydrogen atom
attached to the silicon atom thereof, (2) from 0.001 to 30 per cent by
weight calculated on the weight of said polysiloxane of a catalyst
which is a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, a quaternary ammonium
alkoxide, a quaternary ammonium salt of an aliphatic carboxylic acid,
said acid containing at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule or an
alkali metal aikoxide and (3) water or a non-acidic hydroxylated
organic compound other than a quaternary ammonium hydroxide and
thereafter allowing the mixture to expand into a foam.

31. When the above ingredients are mixed the composition will
automatically expand to a foam upon standing and in general there is
an initiation period of from 2 to 15 minutes depending upon the
concentration of the catalyst and the amount of hydrogen-containing
siloxane in the polysiloxane. The expansion is due to rapid evolution
of hydrogen. The expansion takes place at room temperature or below
and the resulting foam has a permanent structure which does not
collapse atter evolution of the gas has stopped. If desired, the foams
may thereafter be heated in order to further cure the resin although
such heating is not necessary.
The organopolysiloxanes which are operative in this invention range
from those which contain at least 1 per cent by weight of siloxane
units having at least 1 hydrogen atom attached thereto to those in
which every silicon atom has hydrogen attached thereto. In addition,
the siloxane contains an average of at least 1 organic radical of the
aforesaid types per silicon atom. For the purposes of this invention
the polysiloxanes may be either homo-polymers, co-polymers, or
mixtures of homo-polymeric or co-polymeric siloxanes.
From the above it can be seen that the homo-polymeric and co-polymeric
siloxanes may be of the general formula (RHSiO)x. In addition, the
siloxanes of this invention may be co-polymers in which some of the
silicon atoms have hydrogen bonded thereto and some do not. For
example, these co-polymeric siloxanes may be combinations of units of
the general formul HSiO3/2 HeSiCt RHSiO, obiOl/2 R2HSiOl/2, kSiO,/2,
RSiO, Px3SiOl/2 and SiO. In those cases where the siloxane is a
mixture of two or more molecular species it is not necessary that each
molecular species contain silcon-bonded hydrogen.
Specific examples of organic radicals (e.g. R groups) which can be
substituted on the silicon atom are monovalent hydrocarbon radicals
such as alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl and octadecyl; alkenyl
radicals such as vinyl, allyl and hexenyl; cycloaliphatic radicals
such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cyciohexenyl; aryl flydrocarbon
radicals such as phenyl, xenyl, tolyl and naphthyl; and alkyl
hydrocarbon radicals such as benzyl. The organic radicals can also be
halogenated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals such as chloromethyl,
triAuoro- vinyl, chlorotrifluorocyclobutyl, > ., x '-trifluoro- tolyl,
chlorophenyl, bromoxenyl, pentafluoro- ethyl and pentaftuoropropenyl.
The organic radicals can also be halophenoxy methyl radicals such as
pentachlorophenoxyme^.hyl, dibromophenoxymethyl and
trichlorophenoxymethyl.
The ailoxanes employed in this invention may or may not contain
silicon-bonded hydroxyl radicals. Preferably, however, there should be
at least 0.5 per cent by weight of silicon bonded hydroxyl groups in
the siloxane.

32. This is especially true when the amount of silicon-bonded hydrogen in
the siloxane is low.
It should be understood, however, that it is not essential that the
siloxane contain any siliconbonded hydroxyl groups.
Catalysts which are operative in this invention have the common
feature of causing rapid evolution of hydrogen at room temperature.
Preferably the catalysts are employed in amount from i to iG per cent
by weight eased on the weight of the siloxane. In general, the optimum
amount of catalyst will depend upon the concentratson of SiH in the
composition. For any given system less catalyst is required for higher
concentrations of SiH than for lower concentrations.
It has been found that of the many catalysts which are known to cure
siloxanes, only the ones herein defined are operative. These op era-
tive catalysts include quaternary ammonium hydroxides of the general
formula Rl.lNOH; quaternary ammonium alkoxides of the general formula
Rl4NORll and carboxylic acid salts of
quaternary arurnonium hydroxides of the general formula Rl4NOOGRlll in
which Rlll is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical con
taining at least 4 carbon atoms and alkali metal
alkoxides.
For the purpose of this invention R1 in the
quaternary ammonium compounds can be an
aliphatic hydrocarbon radical such as methyl,
ethyl, butyl and octadecyl; an alkenyl radical
such as vinyl, allyl and hexenyl; a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical
such as cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexenyl; an aromatic
hydrocarbon radical such as phenyl, xenyl and tolyl; an alkaryl
hydrocarbon radical such as benzyl and betaphenylethyl, or a
hydroxylated hydrocarbon radical such as hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyi,
hydrocyclohexyl, hydrophenyl and nyaroxyhexenyl.
For the purpose of this invention Ril can be an alkyl radical such as
methyl, ethyl, butyl or cci auccyl and R1 can be an alkyl radical
containing at least 4 carbon atoms such as butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl
and decyl.
Also this invention includes within its scope the use of an alkali
metal alkoxide such as sodium methoxide, potassium butoxide, lithium
butoxide, caesium isopropoxide, sodium tertiary butoxide and KOC19H21.
The third ingredient in the method of this invention is water or a
hydroxylated organic compound other than a qauternary ammonium
hydroxide. For the purpose of this invention the hydroxylated compound
may be an organosilicon compound containing siliconbonded hydroxy
groups. Thus ingredients (1) and (3) may be identical in the process
of his invention. For example, if a hydroxylated siloxane resin
containing si.iccnL-osilacd iiydrog- n atGThs is employed it is not

33. necessary to add any additional hydroxy lated compound in order to
produce a foam.
In general, however, it is preferable to add additional hydroxylated
compound and this may be in the form of water or any non-acidic
organic material having an hydroxy group thereon. The amount ot such
additional compound is not critical; however, it is preferred that any
additional hydroxylated compound be employed in amount less than 50
per cent by weight based on (1). Thus for the purpose of this
invention the hydroxylated compound may be a low molecular weight
silanol, water, or an organic alcohol such as ethanol, butanol,
ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol and polyalkylene
glycols in general, glycerol, pentaerrythritol, alkanol amines such as
ethanol amine or triethanol amine, hydroxy esters and hydroxylated
polyesters, hydroxy ethers such hydroxyethyl methyl ether, and
alcohols containing halogen, nitro, nitrile and other non-acidic
functional groups.
A fourth and optional ingredient which may be employed in producing
the foams of this invention is an alkyl polysilicate. When employed,
the ploysilicate gives improved cell structure and faster hardening
time at room tempearture. The silicate should be employed in a minor
amount calculated on the weight of the siloxane and preferably should
be used in amounts up to 8 per cent by weight since there is no
advantage in employing more although larger amounts can be used if
desired.
The term "alkyl polysilicate" includes any liquid polysilicate having
alkoxy groups substituted on the silicon. For example, the alkoxy
groups can be methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, 2-ethylhexoxy or
stearyloxy. Preferably the alkoxy group should contain less than 10
carbon atoms.
The ingredients may be mixed in any desired manner. Preferably an
efficient mechanical mixer should be employed since the more thorough
the mixing the less dense will be the foam produced.
If desired, various other ingredients such as fillers,
flame-retardants, stabilising agents and additional catalysts may be
incorporated in the foams of this invention. Suitable fillers include
powdered metals such as aluminium, tin and zinc; powdered silicon,
silica, mica, clay and metal oxides. Suitable flame-retardants are
antimony oxide, calcium carbonate, polychlorinated hydrocarbons such
as polychlorinated diphenyls and polychlorinated paraffin oils and
organic sulphamates. Additional catalysts may also be included if
desired to aid in the curing of the resin. These catalysts may be any
of the conventional catalysts normally employed in siloxane resins
such as metal salts of carboxylic acids, amines and alkali metal
hydroxides.

34. The foams of this invention are useful as thermal insulation for
pumps, motors, pipe, fire walls and other equipment and for light
weight reinforcing material in structural members.
For the purpose of this invention it is often desirable to include a
solvent in the organosiloxane. This is particularly true where the
siloxane is ordinarily a solid. Suitable solvents include hydrocarbons
such as benzene, toluene, xylene and petroleum naphtha and chlorinated
solvents such as methylene chloride and ethylene chloride.
The foams prepared by the method of this invention are characterised
by substantially uniform pore structure and substantially uniform
density. The pore size and density can be varied by varying the amount
of hydrogencontaining siloxane relative to the amount of catalyst. In
general, the denser foams are obtained with smaller amounts of
siliconbounded hydrogen present and the lighter foams are obtained
with larger amounts of the siliconbonded hydrogen. Also the density of
the foam tends to decrease with more rapid evolution of hydrogen. This
may be accomplished by increasing the amount of catalyst and/or the
the amount of hydroxylated compound in the system. In general, the
foams prepared by the method of this invention range in density from 3
to 30 Ibs. per cu. ft., although more dense or less dense materials
may be prepared if desired.
The following examples illustrate the invention. All the runs in the
examples were carried out at room temperature.
EXAMPLE 1
The siloxane employed in the resins of this example was in each case a
mixture of 86.5 g.
of a co-polymer of 31.3 mol per cent of phenyl- methylsiloxane, 31.3
mol per cent of monophenylsiloxane, 31.3 mol per cent of
monomethylsiloxane and 6.1 mol per cent of diphenylsiloxane, said
co-polymer containing about 4 per cent by weight silicon-bonded
hydroxyl groups, 13.t g. or toluene and the amount shown in the table
below of a liquid co-polymer of methylhydrogensiloxane - and
trimethylsiloxane having a viscosity of 25 cs.
at 25 C. To these siloxanes was added in each case a 20 per cent
solution in butanol of beta - hydroxyethylbenzyldimethylammonium
butoxide (as catalyst) in the amounts shown in the table. In each case
the mixture was allowed to stand and a foam was formed as shown.
TABLE
Amount Time in min. Density of
Amount of of catalyst required for foam in lbs.
MeHSiO in g. solution in cc. expansion to begin per cu. ft.
12.5 3.75 15 20.9
15 4.5 15 21.9
25 6 3 23.1

35. EXAMPLE 2
This example shows that the density of the foams is lowered by
increasing the amount of hydroxylated compound in the composition. In
each of the runs shown below the foam was prepared by mixing 86.5 g.
of the phenylmethyl siloxane co-polymer of Example 1, 12.5 g. of a
liquid composed of co-polymerised methyihydrogensiloxane and
trimethylsiloxane having a viscosity of 25 cs at 25 C. and 3.75 cc. of
a 20 per cent butanol solutio; of beta -
hydroxyethylbenzyldimethylammonium- butoxide, together with the amount
of the various compounds shown in the table below.
In each case a foam was formed as indicated.
TABLE
Time in min.
Additional Amount required for Density in libs.
Hydroxylated compound in g. expansion to begin per cu. ft.
Ethylene glycol - - 1 7 17.2
Ethylene glycol - - 2 5 14.1
Ethylene glycol - - 3 13.9
Glycerol - - - 2 7 15.1
Water- - - - 5 21 16.8 29% aqueous ammonia 2 5 16
EXAMPLE 3
86.7 g. of the phenylmethyl co-polymer of
Example 1, 13.j g. of toluene, 5 g. or (MeltSiO), and 3 g. of
propylene glycol were mixed and to the mixture was addea I cc. of a 24
per cent solution of sodium butoxide in butanol and 3.75 cc. or a 20
per cent solution of betahydroxyethylbenzyldimethylammonium- butoxide
in butanol as catalysts. Aster the catalyst had been added and
thoroughly mixed the liquid product was poured into a pan and allowed
to stand at room temperature.
Expansion of the resin began in 5 minutes and was complete after 45
minutes. The resulting foam had a fine uniform cell structure and a
density of 11 libs. per cu. ft.
EXAMPLE 4
To a mixture of 300 g. of a co-polymer of 40 mol per cent of
phenylmethylsiloxane, 10 mol per cent of phenylhydrogensiloxane, 20
mol per cent of methylhydrogensiloxane and 30 mol per cent of
monopflenylsiloxane and 6 g.
of ethylene glycol, there was added with stirring 9 cc. of the
catalyst solution in Example 1.
Alter 3 minutes expansion of the resin Degan and the expansion was
compiete after 30 minutes. rlhe resulting foam had a fine uniform pore
size and a density of 8.2 lbs. per cu. ft.
EXAMPLE 5
100 g. of a co-polymer of 4G mol per cent of phenylmethylsiloxane, 25

36. mol per cent of monophenylsiloxane and 35 mol per cent of
methylhydrogensiloxane, said co-polymer containing silicon-bonded
hydroxyl groups, was mixed with 4 cc. of the catalyst solution of
Example 1. The mixture began to foam in 3 minutes and the foaming was
complete after 15 minutes. The resulting foam had a fine uniform cell
structure and a density of 22 lbs.
per cu. ft.
EXAMPLE 6
100 g. of a co-polymer of 18 mol per cent of monophenylsiloxane, 15
mol per cent of phenylhydrogensiloxane, 15 mol per cent of
monomethylsiloxane, 17t mol per cent of methylhydrogensiloxane, 27 mol
per cent of phenylmethylsiloxane and 7.5 mol per cent of
diphenylsiloxane and 2 g. of water were mixed with 4 cc. of the
catalyst solution of
Example 1. Foaming began with 3 minutes and was complete within 60
minutes. The ;esulr-ing foam had a coarse cell structure and a density
of 7.8 lbs. per cu. ft.
This example was repeated except that 2 g.
of glycerol was employed in the place of the water. Foaming started
within 2 minutes and was complete within 5Q minutes. The resulting
foam had a coarse cell structure and a density of 6.5 lbs. per cu. ft.
EXAMPLE 7
100 g. of a co-polymer of 30 mol per cent of phenylmethylsiloxane, 25
mol per cent of methylhydrogensiloxane, 5 mol per cent of
dimethylhydrogensiloxane and 40 mol per cent of monophenylsiloxane
were mixed with 4 cc.
of the catalyst solution of Example 1. Foaming began with 2 minutes
and was complete within 30 minutes. The resulting foam had a density
of 25 lbs. per cu. ft.
EXAMPLE 8
100 g. of a co-polymer of 40 mol per cent of phenylmethylsiloxane, 20
mol per cent of methylhydrogensiloxane, 30 mol per cent of
monophenylsiloxane and 10 mol per cent of HSiO,/2 were mixed with 2 g.
of butanol and 2 cc. of the catalyst solution of Example 1.
Expansion began at once and was complete within 10 minutes. The
resulting foam had a density of 22 lbs. cu. ft.
EXAMPLE 9
Equivalent results were obtained when benzyltrimethylammoniumbutoxide
and ethyl tris(beta - hydroxyethyl) - ammoniumbutoxide were employed
as the catalyst in the procedure of Example 3.
EXAMPLE 10
Methanol solutions of the catalysts shown below were added to the
compound (MeHSiO) in such an amount that in each case there was 10 per
cent by weight of the catalyst. Suitable foams were obtained in each

37. case. The catalysts employed were benzyltrimethylammoniumhydroxide,
beta-hydroxyethyltrimethylammoniumhydroxide and
betahydroxyetlyltrimethylammonium - 2 - ethylhexoate.
EXAMPLE 11
10 g. of a co-polymer containing silicon bonded hydroxyl groups and
having the composition 33 mol per cent of monophenylsiloxane, 32.5 mol
per cent of methylhydrogensiloxane, 27 mol per cent of
phenylmethylsiloxane and 7.5 mol per cent of diphenylsiloxane were
mixed with 0.15 cc. of a 20 per cent butanol solution of
beta-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium-2-ethylhexoate and 0.05 cc.
of a 20 per cent butanol solution of beta -
hydroxyethylbenzyldimethylammoniumbutoxide. Foaming began in 0.5
minutes to give a uniform foam having a density of 18 libs. per cu.
ft.
EXAMPLE 12
Equivalent results were obtained when 5 g.
of (EtHSiO), was substituted in the procedure of Example 3.
EXAMPLE 13
Satisfactory foams were obtained when 100 g. of a co-polymer of 10 mol
per cent of monovinylsiloxane, 10 mol per cent of
monooctadecylsiloxane, 10 mol per cent of pentachlorophenoxymethyl
methylsiloxane, 15 mol per cent of FSCCGH4SiO3/2, 50 mol per cent of
dimethylsiloxane and 5 mol per cent of HSiO3/2 were mixed with 10 g.
of a co-polymer of methylhydrogensiloxane and trimethylsiloxane, 3 g.
of propylene glycol and 4 cc.
of the catalyst solution of Example 1 and the mixture was thereafter
allowed to stand at room temperature.
EXAMPLE 14
To a mixture of 100 g. of a methylphenylpolysiloxane resin containing
silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups and having an average of 1.36 total
methyl and phenyl groups per silicon atom, 11 g. of methylene
chloride, 10 g. of propylene glycol, 4 g. of ethyl polysilicate and 6
g. of mixed cyclic methylhydrogensiloxanes was added 4 cc. of a 35 per
cent by weight solution of benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide in
butanol. Foaming began at once to give a foam having a fine pore size
and a density of 4 lbs. per cu. ft. The foamed resin hardened in 6
hours at room temperature.
EXAMPLE 15
Example 14 was repeated except that 20 g. of propylene glycol was
used, the foamed resin had a density of 3.5 lbs. per cu. ft and
hardened in 6 hours at room temperature.
EXAMPLE 16
Equivalent results were obtained when isopropylpolysilicate, n-butyip
olysilicate, ethyl-2ethylhexylpolysilicate and mixtures thereof were

38. employed in the procedure of Example 14.
What we claim is: -
1. A method for preparing a foam which comprises mixing (1) an
organopolysiloxane having on the average from 1 to 1.8 organic
radicals which are selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals,
halogenated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals and halophenoxymethyl
radicals, per silicon atom, at least 1 per cent by weight of the
siloxane units in said polysiloxane having at least 1 hydrogen atom
attached to the silicon atom thereof, (2) from 0.001 to 30 per cent
calculated on the weight of the siloxane of a catalyst which is a
quaternary ammonium hydroxide, a quaternary ammonium alkoxide, a
quaternary ammonium salt of an aliphatic carboxylic acid, said acid
containing at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule of an alkali metal
alkoxide and (3) water or a nonacidic hydroxylated organic compound
other than a quaternary ammonium hydroxide and thereafter allowing the
mixture to expand into a foam.
2. A method for preparing a foam which comprises mixing (1) an
organopolysiloxane having on the average from 1 to 1.8 organic
radicals which are selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals,
halogenated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals and halophenoxymethyl
radicals, per silicon atom, at least 1 per cent by weight of the
siloxane units in said polysiloxane having at least 1 hydrogen atom
attached to the silicon atom thereof, and said siloxane containing
silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups and (2) from 0.001 to 30 per cent by
weight calculated on the weight of the siloxane of a catalyst which is
a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, a quaternary ammonium alkoxide,
a quaternary ammonium salt of an aliphatic carboxylic add, said acid
containing at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule, or an alkali metal
allroxide and thereafter allowing the mixture to expand into a foam.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the siloxane contains a
silicon-bonded hydroxyl group.
4. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the
organopolysiloxane has an average of from 1 to 1.8 methyl and phenyl
groups per silicon atom.
5. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the
mixture also contains a minor amount of an alkyl polysilicate
calculated on the amount of (1).
6. A method for preparing a foam substantially as described with
reference to any one of the examples.
7. Foams when prepared by the method claimed in any one of the
preceding claims.