Retainers and Metals for Fixed Prosthetics

SEMINARSEMINAR
RETAINERS FOR F.P.DRETAINERS FOR F.P.D
ANDAND
METALS USED FOR F. P.DMETALS USED FOR F. P.D
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

CONTENTSCONTENTS
 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINERSCLASSIFICATION OF RETAINERS
 REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
 FULL VENEER CROWN 1.full metal 2.metal ceramic 3.full ceramicFULL VENEER CROWN 1.full metal 2.metal ceramic 3.full ceramic
Indication /contraindicationIndication /contraindication
Advantages /DisadvantagesAdvantages /Disadvantages
 PARTIAL VENEER CROWN RETAINERS; TypesPARTIAL VENEER CROWN RETAINERS; Types
indication /contraindicationindication /contraindication
advantages/disadvantagesadvantages/disadvantages
 RESIN BONDED RETAINERS ;CLASSIFICATIONRESIN BONDED RETAINERS ;CLASSIFICATION
Indication/contraindication/AdvantagesIndication/contraindication/Advantages
 RADICULAR RETAINERSRADICULAR RETAINERS
 METAL USED FPDMETAL USED FPD
Classifications/Criteria for selection/ composition/propertiesClassifications/Criteria for selection/ composition/properties
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

CLASSIFICATIONSCLASSIFICATIONS
1.EXTRACORONAL1.EXTRACORONAL
A.FULLVENEER CROWNA.FULLVENEER CROWN
a. Complete metala. Complete metal
b.Full ceramicb.Full ceramic
c.Metal ceramicc.Metal ceramic
B.PARTIAL VENEER CROWNB.PARTIAL VENEER CROWN
a.ant.3/4 crowna.ant.3/4 crown
b.post.3/4 crownb.post.3/4 crown
c.Seven eight crownc.Seven eight crown
C.RESIN BONDED RETAINERSC.RESIN BONDED RETAINERS
 2.INTRACORONAL2.INTRACORONAL
 a.inlyasa.inlyas
 b.onlyasb.onlyas
 3.RADICULAR3.RADICULAR
RETAINERSRETAINERS

REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
1.1. Withstand masticatory forcesWithstand masticatory forces
2.2. Restore anatomy of toothRestore anatomy of tooth
3.3. Pulp considerationPulp consideration
4.4. EstheticsEsthetics
5.5. HygienicHygienic

FULLMETAL CROWNFULLMETAL CROWN
All axial surfaces of tooth includedAll axial surfaces of tooth included
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
1.Highly retentive1.Highly retentive
2.High resistance2.High resistance
3.Superior strength3.Superior strength
4 axial contour modification4 axial contour modification
5.Occlusal modification5.Occlusal modification
..

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
 1.more extensive preparation1.more extensive preparation
 2.not feasible for elec vitality test2.not feasible for elec vitality test
 3.esthetic3.esthetic

INDICATIONSINDICATIONS
 Extensive coronal destructionExtensive coronal destruction
 Short clinical crownShort clinical crown
 Max retentive and resistance neededMax retentive and resistance needed
 Axial correction neededAxial correction needed
 Endodontically treated toothEndodontically treated tooth

CONTRAINDICATIONCONTRAINDICATION
 If treatment objective can be met withIf treatment objective can be met with
more conservative preparationmore conservative preparation
 High esthetic demandHigh esthetic demand
 When less than max retentive andWhen less than max retentive and
resistance neededresistance needed

Salient feature of preparationSalient feature of preparation

ALL CERAMIC CROWNALL CERAMIC CROWN
RETAINERRETAINER
 Most esthetic restorationMost esthetic restoration
 No metal to block light transmission, brittleNo metal to block light transmission, brittle
 Not effective as retainer for FPDNot effective as retainer for FPD
 Requires connector of large dia, crossRequires connector of large dia, cross
sectional dimension and its effect onsectional dimension and its effect on
periodontiaperiodontia

1.High esthetic demand1.High esthetic demand
2.Teeth with proximal /facial caries2.Teeth with proximal /facial caries
3.Sufficient coronal structure to support3.Sufficient coronal structure to support
4.Favourable Occlusal load distribution4.Favourable Occlusal load distribution
5.Centric contact :on an area where5.Centric contact :on an area where
porcelain is supported by tooth str.porcelain is supported by tooth str.
6.Incisal edge reasonably intact6.Incisal edge reasonably intact

CONTRAINDICATIONCONTRAINDICATION
1.High caries index1.High caries index
2.Conservative restoration can be used2.Conservative restoration can be used
3.Insufficient tooth structure to support3.Insufficient tooth structure to support
4.Thin teeth facio-lingually4.Thin teeth facio-lingually
5.Unfavourable occlusal load distribution5.Unfavourable occlusal load distribution
6.Bruxism6.Bruxism
7.Edge –edge occlusal7.Edge –edge occlusal
8.Short clinical crown8.Short clinical crown
9.Opposing tooth occluding in cervical fifth9.Opposing tooth occluding in cervical fifth
of lingual surfaceof lingual surface

1.Improved esthetics1.Improved esthetics
2.Good tissue response2.Good tissue response
3.Slightly more conservative than metal3.Slightly more conservative than metal
ceramic restorationceramic restoration

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
1.Less strength of restorative material1.Less strength of restorative material
2.More destructive preparation2.More destructive preparation
3.Proper preparation is extremely critical3.Proper preparation is extremely critical
4.Restricted only for anteriors4.Restricted only for anteriors

Salient features of preparationSalient features of preparation

METAL CERAMIC CROWNMETAL CERAMIC CROWN
RETAINERRETAINER
Thin ceramic layer bonded to cast metalThin ceramic layer bonded to cast metal
copingcoping
Strength(metal) + esthetic(porcelein)Strength(metal) + esthetic(porcelein)
Deep reductionDeep reduction
IMP;IMP;
1,overconturing1,overconturing
2.shade/translucency2.shade/translucency

a.High esthetic demanda.High esthetic demand
b.Act as retainer for FPDb.Act as retainer for FPD
c.All other full metal crown retainerc.All other full metal crown retainer

CONTRA-INDICATIONSCONTRA-INDICATIONS
a.Active cariesa.Active caries
b.Periodotally untreated teethb.Periodotally untreated teeth
c.Young patientsc.Young patients
d.Where conservative treatment feasibled.Where conservative treatment feasible

A.Strenth +estheticsA.Strenth +esthetics
B.Excellent retentive qualitiesB.Excellent retentive qualities
C.Axial form correctionC.Axial form correction
D.Occlusal correctionD.Occlusal correction

DIS-ADVANTAGESDIS-ADVANTAGES
1.High tooth reduction1.High tooth reduction
2.Perio consideration2.Perio consideration
3.Inferior esthetic-to all porcelain3.Inferior esthetic-to all porcelain
4.Expensive4.Expensive
5.Subjectable to stress fracture5.Subjectable to stress fracture

PARTIAL VENEER CROWNPARTIAL VENEER CROWN
RETAINERRETAINER
 Extra coronal restoration covers only partExtra coronal restoration covers only part
of clinical crownof clinical crown
 More demanding preparation,not routinelyMore demanding preparation,not routinely
 Based on premise;tooth structure shouldBased on premise;tooth structure should
not be covered unless needednot be covered unless needed
 No technician can match tooth for itsNo technician can match tooth for its
texture,appearencetexture,appearence
 Gingival healthGingival health

TYPESTYPES
1.Antetior three quarter1.Antetior three quarter
crowncrown
2.Posterior three2.Posterior three
quarter crownquarter crown
3.Posterior 7/8 crown3.Posterior 7/8 crown

 Sturdy clinical crown;ave lengthSturdy clinical crown;ave length
 Intact buccal surface;no need of contourIntact buccal surface;no need of contour
 No conflict b/w axial relationship andNo conflict b/w axial relationship and
proposed path of withdrawal of FPDproposed path of withdrawal of FPD

Contra-indicationContra-indication
 Short clinical crownShort clinical crown
 As retainer for long span FPDAs retainer for long span FPD
 Anterior endodontic toothAnterior endodontic tooth
 Shape and alignment of teethShape and alignment of teeth
 High caries indexHigh caries index
 Thin teethThin teeth

AdvantagesAdvantages
 Conservative tooth preparationConservative tooth preparation
 AccessibilityAccessibility
 Less gingival involvementLess gingival involvement
 Good/complete seating of prosthesisGood/complete seating of prosthesis
 Feasible;elec vitality testFeasible;elec vitality test

Dis-advantagesDis-advantages
 Less retentive/resistant than full crownLess retentive/resistant than full crown
 Limited path of withdrawal adjustmentLimited path of withdrawal adjustment
 Requires dextrisity from operatorRequires dextrisity from operator
 Cannot be used on nonvital toothCannot be used on nonvital tooth

RESIN-BONDED RETAINERSRESIN-BONDED RETAINERS
To overcome the tooth reduction requiredTo overcome the tooth reduction required
for placement of retainerfor placement of retainer
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
1.ROCHETTE BRIDGE1.ROCHETTE BRIDGE
2.MARYLAND BRIDGE2.MARYLAND BRIDGE
3.CAST METAL FPD3.CAST METAL FPD
4.VIRGENIA BRIDGE4.VIRGENIA BRIDGE

AdvantagesAdvantages
 Low cost, little/less tooth preparationLow cost, little/less tooth preparation
 No need:anaesthesiaNo need:anaesthesia
 Supragingival marginsSupragingival margins
 Rebonding possibleRebonding possible

Dis-advantagesDis-advantages
 IrreversibleIrreversible
 Uncertain longetivityUncertain longetivity
 No space for correctionNo space for correction
 No alignment correctionNo alignment correction
 Difficult temporizationDifficult temporization

IndicationsIndications
 Caries free abutmentCaries free abutment
 Mandibular incisor replacementMandibular incisor replacement
 Maxillary incisor replacementMaxillary incisor replacement
 Period-splintPeriod-splint
 Single posterior tooth replacementSingle posterior tooth replacement

Contra-indicationContra-indication
 Extensive cariesExtensive caries
 Deep vertical overbiteDeep vertical overbite
 Nickel sensitivityNickel sensitivity

Inlays/onlaysInlays/onlays
IndicationIndication ContraContra
indicationindication
AdvantageAdvantage
ss
DisDis
advantagesadvantages
Small cariesSmall caries
lsion-in soundlsion-in sound
toothtooth
AdequateAdequate
dentinal supportdentinal support
Low caries rateLow caries rate
Retainer forRetainer for
single toothsingle tooth
replacementreplacement
where expectedwhere expected
masticatory loadmasticatory load

High cariesHigh caries
indexindex
Poor plaquePoor plaque
controlcontrol
Small teethSmall teeth
AdolescentsAdolescents
Poor dentinalPoor dentinal
supportsupport
LongevityLongevity
NoNo
discolourationdiscolouration
Least complexLeast complex
preparationpreparation
may displaymay display
the metalthe metal
WedgeWedge
retentionretention

RADICULAR RETAINERSRADICULAR RETAINERS
Consists of post/core that obtains itsConsists of post/core that obtains its
retention and resistance to displacementretention and resistance to displacement
from prepared root portion of anfrom prepared root portion of an
endontically treated toothendontically treated tooth
Root preparation retain core while coreRoot preparation retain core while core
establish resistance/retention for aestablish resistance/retention for a
complete veneer crown that restorescomplete veneer crown that restores
pulpless tooth to normal form/functionpulpless tooth to normal form/function
These can be custom made/prefabricatedThese can be custom made/prefabricated
Dep:post length/shape/dia/surface confiDep:post length/shape/dia/surface confi

CRITERIA FOR SELECTIONCRITERIA FOR SELECTION
 Alignment of abutment tooth &retentionAlignment of abutment tooth &retention
 AppearanceAppearance
 Condition of abutment toothCondition of abutment tooth
 CostCost
 Preservation of tooth structurePreservation of tooth structure

METALS USED FOR FPDMETALS USED FOR FPD
HISTORYHISTORY
 1905-lost wax tech1905-lost wax tech
 1932classification of gold based alloys1932classification of gold based alloys
 1933cobalt-chromium partial dent alloys1933cobalt-chromium partial dent alloys
 1959porcelain fused metal alloys1959porcelain fused metal alloys
 1971gold std1971gold std
 1976med/dent device act1976med/dent device act
 1998clean air act1998clean air act

Desirable propertiesDesirable properties
 BiocompatibilityBiocompatibility
 Corrosion resistanceCorrosion resistance
 Tarnish resistanceTarnish resistance
 Allergic componentsAllergic components
 EstheticsEsthetics
 Thermal propertiesThermal properties
 Melting rangeMelting range
 Compensation for solidification shrinkageCompensation for solidification shrinkage
 Strength requirementsStrength requirements

Desirable properties (contd)Desirable properties (contd)
 FabricationFabrication
 CastabilityCastability
 FinishabilityFinishability
 Porcelain bondingPorcelain bonding
 Economic considerationEconomic consideration
 Laboratory costLaboratory cost

CRITERIA FOR SELECTONCRITERIA FOR SELECTON
 AgeAge
 Amount of occlusal loadAmount of occlusal load
 Amount of remaining tooth strAmount of remaining tooth str
 Existing state of oral hygieneExisting state of oral hygiene
 Viscosity of salivaViscosity of saliva
 Types of opposing teethTypes of opposing teeth

CLASSIFICATION CRITERIACLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
 UseUse:1.all metal 2.inlays 3.onlays 4 metal:1.all metal 2.inlays 3.onlays 4 metal
ceramicceramic
 MAJOR ELEMENTSMAJOR ELEMENTS 1.Gold based1.Gold based
2.silver based 3.nickel based 4.cobalt bsd2.silver based 3.nickel based 4.cobalt bsd
5.titanium bsd5.titanium bsd
 NOBILITY ;NOBILITY ;1.H N 2. N 3. PBN1.H N 2. N 3. PBN
 PRINCEPAPRINCEPALL 33 ELEMENTELEMENT :Au-Pd-Ag, Pd-:Au-Pd-Ag, Pd-
Ag-Sn, Ni-Cr-Be, Co-Cr-Mo ,Ti-Al-V, Fe-Ag-Sn, Ni-Cr-Be, Co-Cr-Mo ,Ti-Al-V, Fe-
Ni-CrNi-Cr
 DOMINENTDOMINENT PHASEPHASE SYSTEMSYSTEM ;single;single
phase eutectic, peritectic, inter metallicphase eutectic, peritectic, inter metallicwww.indiandentalacademy.com

MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTMECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENT
ALLOY YIELD STR MIN ELONG TYPEALLOY YIELD STR MIN ELONG TYPE
1 140 MPa 18% soft1 140 MPa 18% soft
11 140-200 18% medium11 140-200 18% medium
111 200-340 12% hard111 200-340 12% hard
1V >340 10% extra hard1V >340 10% extra hard

classificationclassification
Alloy classification by A D A(1984)Alloy classification by A D A(1984)
AlloyAlloy typetype tottot noble metal contentnoble metal content
High noble (H N) >40% AU >%noble metHigh noble (H N) >40% AU >%noble met
Noble (N) >25% Wt% noble metNoble (N) >25% Wt% noble met
Pred base metal(PB) <25% wt%noble metPred base metal(PB) <25% wt%noble met
strength of resilient liner.

Clasn of alloys for All metal/met cer/R P DClasn of alloys for All metal/met cer/R P D
ALLOYALLOY ALL METALALL METAL METAL CERAMIC RPD FRAMEMETAL CERAMIC RPD FRAME
H N Au-Ag-Cu-Pd Au-Pt-Pd Au-Ag-Cu-PdH N Au-Ag-Cu-Pd Au-Pt-Pd Au-Ag-Cu-Pd
Met-ceramic alloys Au-Pd-Ag(5-12%)Met-ceramic alloys Au-Pd-Ag(5-12%)
Au-Pd-Ag(>12%)Au-Pd-Ag(>12%)
Au-Pd-Ag(no Ag)Au-Pd-Ag(no Ag)
NOBLE Ag-Pd-Au-Cu Pd-Au(NO Ag) Ag-Pd-Au-CuNOBLE Ag-Pd-Au-Cu Pd-Au(NO Ag) Ag-Pd-Au-Cu
Ag-Pd Pd-Au-Ag Ag-PdAg-Pd Pd-Au-Ag Ag-Pd
Met-cer Pd-Ag/PD-Cu/Pd-CoMet-cer Pd-Ag/PD-Cu/Pd-Co
P B M cp Ti cp Ti cp TiP B M cp Ti cp Ti cp Ti
Ti-Al-V Ti-Al-V Ti-Al-VTi-Al-V Ti-Al-V Ti-Al-V
Ni-Cr-Mo-Be Ni-Cr-Mo-Be Ni-Cr-Mo-BeNi-Cr-Mo-Be Ni-Cr-Mo-Be Ni-Cr-Mo-Be
Ni-Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-MoNi-Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-MO Co-Cr-Mo Co-Cr-MoCo-Cr-MO Co-Cr-Mo Co-Cr-Mowww.indiandentalacademy.com

TypicalTypical
productsproducts
PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL ELEMENTSELEMENTS
AuAu PtPt PdPd AgAg CuCu CoCo GaGa SnSn
/Zn/Zn
Au-Pt-Pd (SMG)Au-Pt-Pd (SMG)
/Au-Pd-/Au-Pd-
Pt(Jelenco)Pt(Jelenco)
8181
8787
6/4.5_6/4.5_ 11/611/6 -- -- ---- -- BalBal
Au-Pt-Au-Pt-
Ag,DegunormAg,Degunorm
/Au-Pd-Ag/Au-Pd-Ag
Argadent 62Argadent 62
8686
7474
1010 -- 99 -- -- -- balbal
Au-Pd-Ag(5%-Au-Pd-Ag(5%-
11.9%Ag)11.9%Ag)
7575 -- 1212 1010 -- -- ---- balbal
Au-Pd-AgAu-Pd-Ag
(12%Ag)(12%Ag)
Aspire/cameoAspire/cameo
5252 -- 2626 1717 -- -- -- balbal
Au-Pd (no Ag)Au-Pd (no Ag)
Olympia/lodestarOlympia/lodestar
51.551.5 -- 3838 -- -- ---- 1.51.5 balbal
Pd-Au (no Ag )Pd-Au (no Ag ) 3535 -- 5757 -- -- -- 55 balbal
Pd-Au-Ag-swcgPd-Au-Ag-swcg
/Pd-AG-Au/Pd-AG-Au
3232 33 4242 1414 -- -- -- balbal
Pd-Ag-jelstarPd-Ag-jelstar -- -- 6060 2828 -- -- -- balbal
Pd-Cu-Ga-Pd-Cu-Ga- -- -- 7575 -- 1010 -- 99 balbalwww.indiandentalacademy.com

BASE METAL ALLOYS (M C)BASE METAL ALLOYS (M C)
ALLOYALLOY NiNi CoCo CrCr MoMo BeBe WW RuRu AlAl GG
aa
REXILLIUMREXILLIUM 7676 -- 1414 66 22 -- -- 22 --
NEPTUNENEPTUNE 6363 -- 2222 99 -- -- -- -- --
LITE CASTLITE CAST 6868 -- 1515 1414 -- -- -- 11 --
PISCESPISCES
PLUSPLUS
6161 -- 2222 -- -- 1111 -- 22 --
GENESISGENESIS -- 5353 2727 -- ---- 1010 33 -- 33
NOVAREXNOVAREX -- 5252 2525 -- -- 1414 -- 11 88www.indiandentalacademy.com

GoldGold
(Au)(Au)
PlatinuPlatinu
m (Pt)m (Pt)
PalladiuPalladiu
m (Pd)m (Pd)
CopperCopper
(Cu)(Cu)
SilverSilver
(Ag)(Ag)
Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn) IndiumIndium
(In)(In)
SSpecificpecific
gravity Meltinggravity Melting
point (point (ºF)ºF)
19.3219.32
19451945
21.4521.45
32243224
12.012.0
28292829
8.968.96
19811981
10.4910.49
17611761
7.317.31
787787
(1663(1663
boilingboiling
point)point)
7.317.31
313313
26422642
boilingboiling
point)point)
AtomicAtomic
diameterdiameter
space latticespace lattice
2.882.88
Face-Face-
centeredcentered
cubiccubic
2.772.77
Face-Face-
CentereCentere
d Cubicd Cubic
2.742.74
Face-Face-
centeredcentered
cubiccubic
2.552.55
Face-Face-
centeredcentered
cubiccubic
2.882.88
Face-Face-
CenterCenter
eded
cubiccubic
2.662.66
Close-Close-
packedpacked
hexagonalhexagonal
3.243.24
Face-Face-
centeredcentered
tetragonaltetragonal
ChemicalChemical
actionaction
InertInert InertInert MildMild VeryVery
activeactive
ActiveActive VeryVery
activeactive
ActiveActive
ColorColor YellowYellow WhiteWhite WhiteWhite RedRed WhiteWhite WhiteWhite WhiteWhite
ApproximateApproximate 50% to50% to 0% to0% to 0% to0% to 0% to0% to 0% to0% to 0% to 2%0% to 2% 0% to 0.5%0% to 0.5%
Role of alloying elements in dental gold alloys

Gold (Au)Gold (Au) PlatinumPlatinum
(Pt)(Pt)
PalladiuPalladiu
m (Pd)m (Pd)
CopperCopper
(Cu)(Cu)
SilverSilver
(Ag)(Ag)
ZincZinc
(Zn)(Zn)
IndiumIndium
(In)(In)
TarnishTarnish
resistanresistan
cece
Essential toEssential to
goodgood
tarnishtarnish
resistanceresistance
ContributeContribute
ss
importantlimportantl
y toy to
tarnishtarnish
resistanceresistance
IncreasesIncreases
tarnishtarnish
resistancresistanc
e, bute, but
less thanless than
gold andgold and
platinum.platinum.
ContributContribut
es toes to
tarnish intarnish in
flame, orflame, or
withwith
sulfuroussulfurous
food.food.
TarnishesTarnishes
inin
presencepresence
of sulfur.of sulfur.
WillWill
tarnish,tarnish,
but in lowbut in low
percentapercenta
ges hasges has
littlelittle
effect.effect.
Tarnishes,Tarnishes,
but lessbut less
than zinc.than zinc.
HeatHeat
hardenihardeni
ngng
ContributesContributes
importantlyimportantly
with copperwith copper
IncreaseIncrease
withwith
coppercopper
SomeSome
increaseincrease
withwith
coppercopper
EssentialEssential
if alloyif alloy
heatheat
hardenshardens
IncreaseIncrease
withwith
coppercopper
SlightSlight
withwith
coppercopper
LittleLittle
effect.effect.
GasGas
absorptabsorpt
ionion
RatherRather
high forhigh for
hydrogenhydrogen
RatherRather
high forhigh for
oxygenoxygen
GoodGood
deoxidizedeoxidize
rr
GoodGood
deoxidizerdeoxidizer
(Effect are not(Effect are not
critical)critical)
CastabiCastabi DecreaseDecrease
s surfaces surface
SameSame
effect aseffect as
Role of alloying elements in dental gold alloys

COMPARITIVE PROPERTIES OF HN/BM FOR METCOMPARITIVE PROPERTIES OF HN/BM FOR MET
CERAMICCERAMIC
propertiesproperties HNHN
ALLOYALLOY
Co-CrCo-Cr Ni-Cr-BeNi-Cr-Be Cp TiCp Ti
Bio-comBio-com
DensityDensity
ElasElas
modulmodul
Sag resisSag resis
Tech sensTech sens
Bond –porBond –por
Metal costMetal cost
ExcellentExcellent
14g/cm314g/cm3
90Gpa90Gpa
Poor/excePoor/exce
MinlMinl
ExcellentExcellent
highhigh
ExcellentExcellent
7.5g/cm37.5g/cm3
220GPA220GPA
ExcellentExcellent
Mod highMod high
FairFair
lowlow
FairFair
8.7g/cm38.7g/cm3
207GPa207GPa
ExcellentExcellent
Mod highMod high
Good-Good-
exceexce
lowlow
ExcellentExcellent
4.5g/cm34.5g/cm3
103GPa103GPa
GoodGood
Ext highExt high
FairFair
lowlow

SUMMARYSUMMARY
ANDAND
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

REFERENCESREFERENCES
 H.T.Shillingburg:fundamentals of fixed prosthodonticsH.T.Shillingburg:fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics
33rdrd
edn QB 2002edn QB 2002
 Annusavice :phillips science of dental materials 11Annusavice :phillips science of dental materials 11thth
edition elselvier 2003edition elselvier 2003
 Rosenstiel:cotemporary fixed prosthodontics 3Rosenstiel:cotemporary fixed prosthodontics 3rdrd
ednedn
Mosby 2002Mosby 2002
 D C N A: ceramics oct 1977 21;4D C N A: ceramics oct 1977 21;4
 M.A.Marzouk;Operative Dentistry .Modern theory andM.A.Marzouk;Operative Dentistry .Modern theory and
practice 1997practice 1997
 Shillingberg; fundamentals of tooth preparation for castShillingberg; fundamentals of tooth preparation for cast
metal and porcelain restoration QB 1987metal and porcelain restoration QB 1987

Retainers and Metals for Fixed Prosthetics

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