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International Journal of Trend in
International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Design of a Controller
Variable Parameters
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana
ABSTRACT
The contribution of this paper is in suggesting an
analysis and design of a control system with variable
parameters. By applying the recommended by the
author method of the Advanced D-partitioning the
system’s stability can be analyzed in details. The
method defines regions of stability in the space of the
system’s parameters. The designed controller is
enforcing desired system performance. The suggested
technique for analysis and design is essential and
beneficial for the further development of control
theory in this area.
Keyword: System with variable parameters, Stability
regions, System performance
I. INTRODUCTION
Control systems performance must be insensitive to
parameter variations. In the process of design such a
control system, it is important to determine the
regions stability, related to the variation of the system
parameters. The suggested by the author met
dealing with the effects of parameters variations on
the system’s stability, is classified as Advanced D
partitioning [1], [2], [3]. It is an efficient tool for
system stability analysis in case of variation of any of
the system’s parameters. It is further upgraded in this
paper and can be used for simultaneously varying
parameters. This research is also suggesting a method
for design of a controller, by applying forward
compensation. It can suppress the influence of any
parameters variations of the control system.
Innovation is demonstrated in the unique property of
the designed controller that can operate effectively for
variations of any one of the system’s parameters
within prescribed limits. The design of the controller
is based on the ITAE criterion [4], [5]. For higher
order systems, a pair of dominant poles represents the
system dynamics. The relative damping ratio
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
Design of a Controller for Systems with Simultaneously
Variable Parameters
Prof. Kamen Yanev
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana
The contribution of this paper is in suggesting an
analysis and design of a control system with variable
recommended by the
partitioning the
system’s stability can be analyzed in details. The
method defines regions of stability in the space of the
system’s parameters. The designed controller is
nce. The suggested
technique for analysis and design is essential and
beneficial for the further development of control
System with variable parameters, Stability
Control systems performance must be insensitive to
parameter variations. In the process of design such a
control system, it is important to determine the
regions stability, related to the variation of the system
parameters. The suggested by the author method,
dealing with the effects of parameters variations on
the system’s stability, is classified as Advanced D-
partitioning [1], [2], [3]. It is an efficient tool for
system stability analysis in case of variation of any of
rther upgraded in this
paper and can be used for simultaneously varying
This research is also suggesting a method
for design of a controller, by applying forward-series
compensation. It can suppress the influence of any
the control system.
Innovation is demonstrated in the unique property of
the designed controller that can operate effectively for
variations of any one of the system’s parameters
within prescribed limits. The design of the controller
criterion [4], [5]. For higher
order systems, a pair of dominant poles represents the
system dynamics. The relative damping ratio ζ of the
system is taken as a performance objective for the
optimization design.
II. System with Simultaneously Variable
Parameters
The Advanced D-Partitioning analysis in case of two
simultaneously variable parameters [2], [4], [6] can be
demonstrated for a control system of the
controlled dc motor and a type
The gain and one of the time
and variable. The open-loop transfer function of the
system can be presented as:
01)(5.01)(1(
)(
sTs
K
sGPO
+++
=
The characteristic equation of the unity feedback
system is derived as:
8.01)(5.01)(1( ++++ sTsK
By substituting s = jω equation (2) is modified to:
²)4.03.1(1 jTK +++−= ωω
Since the gain may have only real values, the
imaginary term of equation (3) is set to zero. Then:
T
T
4.0
3.1
²
+
=ω
The result of (4) is substituted into the real part of
equation (3), from where:
T
T
TT
K 25.3
4.0
52.069.1²3.1
=
++
=
The D-Partitioning curve K =
aid of the following code:
>> T = 0:0.1:5;
>> K = 3.25.*T+4.225+1.3./T
K =
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
www.ijtsrd.com
6 | Sep – Oct 2018
Oct 2018 Page: 269
for Systems with Simultaneously
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana
system is taken as a performance objective for the
System with Simultaneously Variable
Partitioning analysis in case of two
simultaneously variable parameters [2], [4], [6] can be
control system of the armature-
controlled dc motor and a type-driving mechanism.
The gain and one of the time-constants are uncertain
loop transfer function of the
)8.0 s
(1)
characteristic equation of the unity feedback
0)8 =s (2)
equation (2) is modified to:
)3.1²4.0( TT −−ωω (3)
Since the gain may have only real values, the
imaginary term of equation (3) is set to zero. Then:
(4)
The result of (4) is substituted into the real part of
T
T
3.1
225.4 ++ (5)
= f (T) is plotted with the
>> K = 3.25.*T+4.225+1.3./T
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Columns 1 through 10
Inf 17.5500 11.3750 9.5333 8.7750 8.4500
8.3417 8.3571 8.4500 8.5944
Columns 11 through 20
8.7750 8.9818 9.2083 9.4500 9.7036 9.9667
10.2375 10.5147 10.7972 11.0842
Columns 21 through 30
11.3750 11.6690 11.9659 12.2652 12.5667
12.8700 13.1750 13.4815 13.7893 14.0983
Columns 31 through 40
14.4083 14.7194 15.0313 15.3439 15.6574
15.9714 16.2861 16.6014 16.9171 17.2333
Columns 41 through 50
17.5500 17.8671 18.1845 18.5023 18.8205
19.1389 19.4576 19.7766 20.0958 20.4153
Column 51
20.7350
>> Plot (T, K)
Fig.1. Advanced D-Partitioning in terms of two
variable parameters
The D-Partitioning curve K = f (T)
border between the region of stability
instability D(1) for case of simultaneous variation of
the two system parameters. Each point of the D
Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of
the two simultaneously variable paramete
unique advancement and an innovation in the theory
of control systems stability analysis. The
demonstration of the system performance in case of
variation of the time-constant T is done at gain set to
K = 10. When 0 < T < 0.25 sec and T
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
Inf 17.5500 11.3750 9.5333 8.7750 8.4500
8.9818 9.2083 9.4500 9.7036 9.9667
11.3750 11.6690 11.9659 12.2652 12.5667
12.8700 13.1750 13.4815 13.7893 14.0983
.0313 15.3439 15.6574
15.9714 16.2861 16.6014 16.9171 17.2333
17.5500 17.8671 18.1845 18.5023 18.8205
19.1389 19.4576 19.7766 20.0958 20.4153
Partitioning in terms of two
(T) defines the
border between the region of stability D (0) and
instability D(1) for case of simultaneous variation of
the two system parameters. Each point of the D-
Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of
the two simultaneously variable parameters. This is a
unique advancement and an innovation in the theory
of control systems stability analysis. The
demonstration of the system performance in case of
done at gain set to
T > 1.5 sec the
system is stable. But it becomes unstable in the range
0.25 sec < T < 1.5 sec. It is also obvious that the
system performance and stability depends on the
interaction between the two simultaneously varying
parameters. If K < 8.3417, the system
any value of the T. Higher values of
14), enlarge the range of T at which the system will
fall into instability.
III. Design of a Controller for Systems with
Simultaneously Variable Parameters
The open-loop transfer function of the plant
modified and now presented in equation (6)
considering the two variable parameters that are the
system’s gain K and time-constant
suggested that the gain is set to
variable [5], [7], [8].
)4.03.1(4.0
8.01)(5.01)(1(
)(
23
++
=
+++
=
sTTs
K
sTs
K
sGPO
The robust controller consists of a series stage
and a forward stage GF0(s). An integrating stage
is also included in the controller as seen from
2.
Fig.2. Robust controller incorporated
system
Initially, the plant transfer function
standalone block, is involved in a unity feedback
system having a closed-loop transfer function
presented as:
TTs
K
sTs
K
sGCL
++
=
+++
=
)4.03.1(4.0
.01)(5.01)(1(
)(
3
Equation (7) is used as a base in the design strategy
for constructing the series stage of the robust
controller. It has the task to place its two zeros near
the desired dominant closed-
the condition ζ = 0.707 [9], [10]
become the dominant poles of the unity negative
feedback system, involving the cascade connection of
the series controller stage GS0
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 270
system is stable. But it becomes unstable in the range
< 1.5 sec. It is also obvious that the
system performance and stability depends on the
interaction between the two simultaneously varying
< 8.3417, the system is stable for
Higher values of K (K = 12, K =
at which the system will
Design of a Controller for Systems with
Simultaneously Variable Parameters
function of the plant GP0(s) is
modified and now presented in equation (6)
the two variable parameters that are the
constant T. Initially, it is
suggested that the gain is set to K = 10, while T is
1)3.1(
)8
+++
=
sT
s (6)
The robust controller consists of a series stage GS0(s)
(s). An integrating stage GI0(s)
is also included in the controller as seen from Figure
Robust controller incorporated into the control
system
Initially, the plant transfer function GP0 (s), as a
standalone block, is involved in a unity feedback
loop transfer function
KsTs
K
Ks
++++
=
+
1)3.1()
)8.
2
(7)
Equation (7) is used as a base in the design strategy
for constructing the series stage of the robust
controller. It has the task to place its two zeros near
-loop poles, that satisfy
= 0.707 [9], [10]. These zeros will
become the dominant poles of the unity negative
feedback system, involving the cascade connection of
S0(s), the integrator GI0(s)
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
and the plant GP0(s). If initially the gain is set to
10, the optimal value of the time
corresponding to the relative damping ratio
of the closed-loop system, is determined by the code:
>> T= [20:0.01:35];
>> For n=1: length (T)
G_array(:,:,n)=tf([10],[0.4*T(n)(1.3*T(n)+0.4)
(1.3+T(n)) 11]);end
>> [y, z] = damp (G_array);
>> [y, z] = damp (G_array);
>> Plot (T,z(1,:))
Figure3. Time-constant corresponding to
As seen from Figure 3, the relative damping ratio is
ζ = 0.707 when the time-constant is T = 27.06 sec.
By substituting the values T = 27.06 sec and
equation (7), the transfer function of the closed
system becomes:
36.28578.35824.10
10
)( 23
+++
=
sss
sGCL
The assessment of the system proves that the
damping ratio becomes ζ = 0.707, when
constant is T = 27.06 sec, resulting in system’s desired
closed-loop poles −0.466 ± j0.466. These outcomes
are determined from the code:
>> GCL0=tf([10],[10.824 35.578 28.36 11])
>> damp (GCL0)
Eigenvalue Damping Freq.
-4.64e-001 + 4.64e-001i 7.07e-001 6.56e
-4.64e-001 - 4.64e-001i 7.07e-001 6.56e
-2.36e+000 1.00e+000 2.36e+000
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
If initially the gain is set to K =
ue of the time-constant T,
corresponding to the relative damping ratio ζ = 0,707
loop system, is determined by the code:
(1.3*T(n)+0.4)
constant corresponding to ζ = 0,707
relative damping ratio is
= 27.06 sec.
= 27.06 sec and K = 10 in
equation (7), the transfer function of the closed-loop
11+
(8)
The assessment of the system proves that the relative
when the time-
= 27.06 sec, resulting in system’s desired
j0.466. These outcomes
>> GCL0=tf([10],[10.824 35.578 28.36 11])
Eigenvalue Damping Freq. (rad/s)
001 6.56e-001
001 6.56e-001
2.36e+000 1.00e+000 2.36e+000
The series robust controller zeros can be placed at the
approximated values −0.5 ±
transfer function of the series robust controller
is:
5.0
5.0
5.0
.0)(5.05.0(
)(
2
0
++
=
+++
=
ss
sjs
sGS
An integrating stage GI0(s) is added to eliminate the
steady-state error of the system. It is connected in
cascade with the series controller. Then, the transfer
function of the compensated open
will be as follows:
1)(5.01)(1(5.0
)5.0(
)(
2
000 )()()(
sTss
ssK
sG sGsGsG PSIOL
++
++
=
=
=
When GOL(s) is involved in a unity feedback, its
closed-loop transfer function is determined as:



+++
++
++
=
)5.0(
5.01)(1(5.0
(
)(
2
2
ssK
sTss
ssK
sGCL
It is seen from the equation (11) that the closed
zeros will attempt to cancel the closed loop poles of
the system, being in their area.
avoided if a forward controller
closed-loop system, as shown in
of GF0(s) are designed to cancel the zeros of the
closed-loop transfer function
equation (12):
5.0
5.0
)( 20
++
=
ss
sGF
Finally, the transfer function of the total compensated
system is derived considering the diagram in




++++
+++
=
==
(5.0)5.065.0(
)2.065.0(2.0
22
34
000 )()(
sKssT
sTTs
K
sGGsG SCLFT
IV. Performance of the Compensated System
The system is tested for insensitivity to variations of
its gain K and its time-constant
performance is done before and after applying the
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 271
The series robust controller zeros can be placed at the
± j0.5. Therefore, the
transfer function of the series robust controller GS0(s)
)5.05.
=
− j
(9)
(s) is added to eliminate the
state error of the system. It is connected in
cascade with the series controller. Then, the transfer
function of the compensated open-loop control system
)8.01
)
s+
=
(10)
(s) is involved in a unity feedback, its
loop transfer function is determined as:


++ )8.01)(
)5.0
ss (11)
It is seen from the equation (11) that the closed-loop
zeros will attempt to cancel the closed loop poles of
the system, being in their area. This problem can be
avoided if a forward controller GF0(s) is added to the
loop system, as shown in Figure 2. The poles
(s) are designed to cancel the zeros of the
loop transfer function GCL(s), as shown in
(12)
Finally, the transfer function of the total compensated
system is derived considering the diagram in Figure 2.




++ )5.0s
(13)
Compensated System
The system is tested for insensitivity to variations of
constant T. Comparison of its
performance is done before and after applying the
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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robust compensation. Initially at system gain is set to
K = 10 and three different values of the time
are set successively to T = 0.1 sec, T = 0.8 sec and
2 sec and are substituted in equation (6).
The case of T = 0.8 sec, corresponds to the region
D(2) and definitely to an unstable control system. The
cases of T = 0.1 sec and T = 2 sec, reflect regions
D1(0) and D2(0) accordingly and are related to a
stable control system.
The transient responses of the system before applying
the robust compensation are illustrated in Figure 4 and
Figure 5 and are achieved by the following codes:
>> Gp001= tf ([0 10],[0.04 0.53 1.4 1])
>> Gp02= tf ([0 10],[0.8 3 3.3 1])
>> Gp0fb001= feedback (Gp001, 1)
>> Gp0fb02= feedback (Gp02, 1)
>> Step (Gp0fb001, Gp0fb02)
Fig.4. Step responses of the original control system
(T = 0.1sec, T = 2sec at K = 10)
>> Gp008=tf([0 10],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1])
>> Gp0fb008= feedback (Gp001,1)
>> step (Gp0fb008)
Fig.5. Step responses of the original control system
(T = 0.8sec, at K = 10)
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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robust compensation. Initially at system gain is set to
erent values of the time-constants
= 0.8 sec and T =
(6).
= 0.8 sec, corresponds to the region
D(2) and definitely to an unstable control system. The
= 2 sec, reflect regions
D1(0) and D2(0) accordingly and are related to a
The transient responses of the system before applying
the robust compensation are illustrated in Figure 4 and
he following codes:
Step responses of the original control system
2sec at K = 10)
Step responses of the original control system
The compensated system
robustness in the time-domain. Considering the same
values of the time-constant, as those used for the
assessment of the original system,
sec and T = 2 sec at system gain
substituting them in equation
transfer functions are obtained:
53.004.0 341.0
)(0
+
=
=
ss
T
sGT
44.132.0 348.0
)(0
+
=
=
ssT
sGT
2338.0
10
342
)(0
++
=
=
ssT
sGT
The step responses, representing the
variation of the robust system, shown in Figure 6, are
determined by the code:
>> GT01=tf([10], [0.04 0.53 21.4 21 10])
>> GT08=tf([10], [0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10])
>> GT20=tf([10], [0.8 3 23.3 21 10])
>> step (GT01, GT08, GT20)
Fig.6. Step responses of the
controller (T = 0. 1 sec, T = 0. 8 sec, T = 2 sec at K =
10)
As seen from Figure 6, due to
controller, the control system becomes quite
insensitive to variation of the time
step responses for T = 0. 1 sec,
2 sec coincide.
Since the system is with two variable parameters, now
the gain will be changed, applying:
20, while keeping the system’s time
0.8 sec. For comparison of the system’s insensitivity
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 272
is also examined for
domain. Considering the same
constant, as those used for the
assessment of the original system, T = 0.1 sec, T = 0.8
= 2 sec at system gain K = 10 and
substituting them in equation (13), the following
transfer functions are obtained:
10214.21
10
2
+++ ss
(14)
10211.22
10
23
+++ ss
(15)
10213.23
10
2
++ ss
(16)
The step responses, representing the time-constant
variation of the robust system, shown in Figure 6, are
>> GT01=tf([10], [0.04 0.53 21.4 21 10])
>> GT08=tf([10], [0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10])
>> GT20=tf([10], [0.8 3 23.3 21 10])
GT20)
Step responses of the system with a robust
(T = 0. 1 sec, T = 0. 8 sec, T = 2 sec at K =
, due to the applied robust
controller, the control system becomes quite
insensitive to variation of the time-constant T. The
= 0. 1 sec, T = 0. 8 sec and T =
Since the system is with two variable parameters, now
the gain will be changed, applying: K = 5, K = 10, K =
20, while keeping the system’s time-constant at T =
omparison of the system’s insensitivity
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
to the gain variation before and after applying the
robust compensation, initially the suggested values as
shown above are substituted in equation
transient responses of the original system are
illustrated in Figure 7 and 8 and are achieved by the
following codes:
>> Gp05=tf([0 5],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1])
>> Gp010=tf([0 10],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1])
>> Gp0fb5=feedback (Gp05, 1)
>> Gp0fb10=feedback (Gp010, 1)
>> Step (Gp0fb5, Gp0fb10)
>> Step (Gp0fb5, Gp0fb10)
Fig.7. Step responses of the original control system
(K = 5, K = 10 at T = 0.8sec)
>> Gp020=tf([0 20],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1])
>> Gp0fb5=feedback (Gp05, 1)
>> Gp0fb10=feedback (Gp010, 1)
>> Gp0fb20=feedback (Gp020, 1)
>> step (Gp0fb20)
Fig.8. Step response of the original cont
(K = 20 at T = 0.8sec)
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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to the gain variation before and after applying the
robust compensation, initially the suggested values as
shown above are substituted in equation (6). The
transient responses of the original system are
n Figure 7 and 8 and are achieved by the
responses of the original control system
(K = 5, K = 10 at T = 0.8sec)
Step response of the original control system
It is obvious that the cases of
correspond to an unstable original control system.
Next, the variable gain K = 5,
applying to the robust compensated system, keeping
the system’s time-constant at
values are substituted in equation
following outcomes are delivered:
44.132.0 345
)(0
+
=
=
ss
K
sGT
44.132.0
10
3410
)(0
++
=
=
ss
K
sGT
44.132.0
20
3420
)(0
++
=
=
ss
K
sGT
To compare the system robustness before and after the
robust compensation, the step responses for the three
different cases, representing the gain variation of the
robust system, are plotted in Figure
the code as shown below:
>> GTK5=tf([2.5],[0.16 0.72 6.05 5.5 2.5])
>> GTK10=tf([5],[0.16 0.72 11.05 10.5 5])
>> GTK20=tf([10],[0.16 0.72 21.05 20.5 10])
>> step (GTK5, GTK10, GTK20
Figure9. System’s step respo
controller (K = 5, K = 10, K = 20 at T = 0.8
Again, the system became robust. An additional zero
included into the series robust controller stage can
further improve the rise time of the system’s step
response.
An average case is chosen with
sec for the assessment of the sys
after the application of the robust controller. This case
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 273
It is obvious that the cases of K = 10 and K = 20,
correspond to an unstable original control system.
= 5, K = 10, K = 20 will be
applying to the robust compensated system, keeping
constant at T = 0.8 sec. These
values are substituted in equation (13). As a result, the
following outcomes are delivered:
5111.12
5
23
+++ ss
(17)
10211.22
10
2
+++ ss
(18)
20411.42
20
2
++ ss
(19)
To compare the system robustness before and after the
robust compensation, the step responses for the three
different cases, representing the gain variation of the
plotted in Figure 9 with the aid of
tf([2.5],[0.16 0.72 6.05 5.5 2.5])
>> GTK10=tf([5],[0.16 0.72 11.05 10.5 5])
>> GTK20=tf([10],[0.16 0.72 21.05 20.5 10])
GTK20)
step responses with the robust
(K = 5, K = 10, K = 20 at T = 0.8 sec)
Again, the system became robust. An additional zero
included into the series robust controller stage can
further improve the rise time of the system’s step
An average case is chosen with K = 10 and T = 0.8
sec for the assessment of the system’s performance
after the application of the robust controller. This case
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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will differ insignificantly from the other cases of the
discussed variable K and T. The performance
evaluation is achieved by following code:
>> GT10=tf ([10], [0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10])
>> damp (GT10)
Eigen value Damping Freq. (rad/s)
-4.91e-001 + 4.89e-001i 7.09e-001 6.93e
-4.91e-001 - 4.89e-001i 7.09e-001 6.93e
-1.76e+000 + 7.88e+000i 2.18e-001 8.07e+000
-1.76e+000 - 7.88e+000i 2.18e-001 8.07e+000
It is seen that the relative damping ratio enforced by
the system’s dominant poles is ζ = 0.709, being very
close to the objective value of ζ = 0.707.
insignificant difference is due to the rounding of the
desired system’s poles to −0.5 ± j0.5, during the
design of the series robust controller stage.
V. Conclusions
The D-Partitioning analysis is further advanced for
systems with multivariable parameters [8], [9], [10].
The Advanced D-partitioning in case two variable
parameters is demonstrating the strong interaction
between the variable parameters. Each point of the
Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of
the two simultaneously variable parameters, being a
unique advancement and an innovation in the theory
of control systems stability analysis.
The design strategy of a robust controller for linear
control systems proves that by implementing desired
dominant system poles, the controller enforces the
required relative damping ratio and system
performance. For systems Type 0, an additional
integrating stage ensures a steady-state error equal to
zero.
The designed robust controller brings the system to a
state of insensitivity to the variation of
within specific limits of the parameter variations. The
experiments with variation of different parameters
show only insignificant difference in performance for
the different system conditions [10], [11], [12].
For the discussed case, the system becomes quite
insensitive to variation of the time constant within the
limits 0.1T < T < 10T. The system is quite insensitive
to variations of the gain K within the limits 0.5
< 5K. Insignificant step response difference is
observed also if the experiment is repeated with
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
will differ insignificantly from the other cases of the
. The performance
evaluation is achieved by following code:
0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10])
Damping Freq. (rad/s)
001 6.93e-001
001 6.93e-001
001 8.07e+000
001 8.07e+000
It is seen that the relative damping ratio enforced by
= 0.709, being very
= 0.707. This
insignificant difference is due to the rounding of the
j0.5, during the
design of the series robust controller stage.
Partitioning analysis is further advanced for
systems with multivariable parameters [8], [9], [10].
partitioning in case two variable
parameters is demonstrating the strong interaction
between the variable parameters. Each point of the D-
Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of
the two simultaneously variable parameters, being a
unique advancement and an innovation in the theory
The design strategy of a robust controller for linear
ntrol systems proves that by implementing desired
dominant system poles, the controller enforces the
required relative damping ratio and system
performance. For systems Type 0, an additional
state error equal to
The designed robust controller brings the system to a
its parameters
within specific limits of the parameter variations. The
experiments with variation of different parameters
performance for
the different system conditions [10], [11], [12].
For the discussed case, the system becomes quite
insensitive to variation of the time constant within the
. The system is quite insensitive
within the limits 0.5K < K
. Insignificant step response difference is
observed also if the experiment is repeated with
different variation of the gain and different variation
time-constants values.
Since the design of the robust controller is base
the desired system performance in terms of relative
damping, its contribution and its unique property is
that it can operate effectively for any of the system’s
parameter variations or simultaneous variation of a
number of parameters. This property is
by the comparison of the system’s performance before
and after the application of the robust controller.
demonstrate that the system performance in terms of
damping, stability and time response
and insensitive in case of any simultaneous variations
of the gain and the time-constant within specific
limits. The suggested analysis and design
for further advancement of control theory in this
References
1. Yanev K., Advanced D
Analysis of Digital Control Systems with
Multivariable Parameters
Automatic Control and System Engineering,
Delaware, USA, Volume 17(2), pp.
December 2017.
2. Yanev K., D-Partitioning Analysis of Digital
Control Systems by Applying the
Approximation, International Review of
Automatic Control (IREACO)
pp. 517-523, November 2014.
3. Yanev K, Advanced D-Partitioning Analysis and
Comparison with the Kharitonov’s Theorem
Assessment, Journal of Multidisciplinary
Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
Germany, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 338
4. Shinners S., Modern Control System Theory
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, pp.369
472, 2004.
5. Driels M., Linear control System Engineering
McGraw-Hill International
2006.
6. Golten J., Verwer A., Control System Design and
Simulation, McGraw-Hill
278-335, 2001.
7. Bhanot S., Process Control Principles and
Applications, Oxford University Press, pp. 170
187, 2010.
8. Yanev K., Anderson G.
Multivariable system's parameters interaction and
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 274
different variation of the gain and different variation
Since the design of the robust controller is based on
the desired system performance in terms of relative
damping, its contribution and its unique property is
that it can operate effectively for any of the system’s
parameter variations or simultaneous variation of a
number of parameters. This property is demonstrated
by the comparison of the system’s performance before
and after the application of the robust controller. Tests
demonstrate that the system performance in terms of
stability and time response remains robust
any simultaneous variations
constant within specific
The suggested analysis and design is beneficial
for further advancement of control theory in this field.
Yanev K., Advanced D-Partitioning Stability
Analysis of Digital Control Systems with
Multivariable Parameters, ICGST, Journal of
Automatic Control and System Engineering,
Volume 17(2), pp. 9-19,
Partitioning Analysis of Digital
Control Systems by Applying the Bilinear Tustin
International Review of
(IREACO), Italy, Vol. 7, (6),
2014.
Partitioning Analysis and
n with the Kharitonov’s Theorem
Journal of Multidisciplinary
Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST),
Vol. 2 (1), pp. 338-344, January 2015.
Modern Control System Theory,
Wesley Publishing Company, pp.369-
Linear control System Engineering,
International Inc., pp.145-222,
Control System Design and
Hill International Inc., pp.
Process Control Principles and
, Oxford University Press, pp. 170-
Yanev K., Anderson G. O, Masupe S.,
Multivariable system's parameters interaction and
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
robust control design, Journal of International
Review of Automatic Control, Vol. 4(2), pp.180
190, March 2011.
9. Behera L., Kar I., Intelligent Systems and Control
Principles and Applications, Oxford University
Press, pp. 20-83, 2009.
10. Yanev K. M., Design and Analysis of a Robust
Accurate Speed Control System by Applying a
Digital Compensator, ICGST Journal of
Automatic Control and System Engineering,
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
Journal of International
Vol. 4(2), pp.180-
Intelligent Systems and Control
, Oxford University
Design and Analysis of a Robust
Accurate Speed Control System by Applying a
ICGST Journal of
Automatic Control and System Engineering,
Delaware, USA, Vol. 16(1), pp.
2016.
11. Megretski A., Multivariable Control systems,
Proceedings of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Vol.7 (4), 2010, pp.182
12. Yanev K. M., Digital Optimal
Process Control Systems
Automatic Control and System Engineering
Delaware, USA, Vol. 17(1), pp.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 275
Vol. 16(1), pp. 27-36, April
Megretski A., Multivariable Control systems,
Proceedings of Massachusetts Institute of
(4), 2010, pp.182-189, 2010.
M., Digital Optimal Compensation of
Process Control Systems, ICGST, Journal of
Automatic Control and System Engineering,
Vol. 17(1), pp. 7-18, June 2017.

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Design of a Controller for Systems with Simultaneously Variable Parameters

  • 1. International Journal of Trend in International Open Access Journal ISSN No: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Design of a Controller Variable Parameters Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana ABSTRACT The contribution of this paper is in suggesting an analysis and design of a control system with variable parameters. By applying the recommended by the author method of the Advanced D-partitioning the system’s stability can be analyzed in details. The method defines regions of stability in the space of the system’s parameters. The designed controller is enforcing desired system performance. The suggested technique for analysis and design is essential and beneficial for the further development of control theory in this area. Keyword: System with variable parameters, Stability regions, System performance I. INTRODUCTION Control systems performance must be insensitive to parameter variations. In the process of design such a control system, it is important to determine the regions stability, related to the variation of the system parameters. The suggested by the author met dealing with the effects of parameters variations on the system’s stability, is classified as Advanced D partitioning [1], [2], [3]. It is an efficient tool for system stability analysis in case of variation of any of the system’s parameters. It is further upgraded in this paper and can be used for simultaneously varying parameters. This research is also suggesting a method for design of a controller, by applying forward compensation. It can suppress the influence of any parameters variations of the control system. Innovation is demonstrated in the unique property of the designed controller that can operate effectively for variations of any one of the system’s parameters within prescribed limits. The design of the controller is based on the ITAE criterion [4], [5]. For higher order systems, a pair of dominant poles represents the system dynamics. The relative damping ratio International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Design of a Controller for Systems with Simultaneously Variable Parameters Prof. Kamen Yanev Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana The contribution of this paper is in suggesting an analysis and design of a control system with variable recommended by the partitioning the system’s stability can be analyzed in details. The method defines regions of stability in the space of the system’s parameters. The designed controller is nce. The suggested technique for analysis and design is essential and beneficial for the further development of control System with variable parameters, Stability Control systems performance must be insensitive to parameter variations. In the process of design such a control system, it is important to determine the regions stability, related to the variation of the system parameters. The suggested by the author method, dealing with the effects of parameters variations on the system’s stability, is classified as Advanced D- partitioning [1], [2], [3]. It is an efficient tool for system stability analysis in case of variation of any of rther upgraded in this paper and can be used for simultaneously varying This research is also suggesting a method for design of a controller, by applying forward-series compensation. It can suppress the influence of any the control system. Innovation is demonstrated in the unique property of the designed controller that can operate effectively for variations of any one of the system’s parameters within prescribed limits. The design of the controller criterion [4], [5]. For higher order systems, a pair of dominant poles represents the system dynamics. The relative damping ratio ζ of the system is taken as a performance objective for the optimization design. II. System with Simultaneously Variable Parameters The Advanced D-Partitioning analysis in case of two simultaneously variable parameters [2], [4], [6] can be demonstrated for a control system of the controlled dc motor and a type The gain and one of the time and variable. The open-loop transfer function of the system can be presented as: 01)(5.01)(1( )( sTs K sGPO +++ = The characteristic equation of the unity feedback system is derived as: 8.01)(5.01)(1( ++++ sTsK By substituting s = jω equation (2) is modified to: ²)4.03.1(1 jTK +++−= ωω Since the gain may have only real values, the imaginary term of equation (3) is set to zero. Then: T T 4.0 3.1 ² + =ω The result of (4) is substituted into the real part of equation (3), from where: T T TT K 25.3 4.0 52.069.1²3.1 = ++ = The D-Partitioning curve K = aid of the following code: >> T = 0:0.1:5; >> K = 3.25.*T+4.225+1.3./T K = Research and Development (IJTSRD) www.ijtsrd.com 6 | Sep – Oct 2018 Oct 2018 Page: 269 for Systems with Simultaneously Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana system is taken as a performance objective for the System with Simultaneously Variable Partitioning analysis in case of two simultaneously variable parameters [2], [4], [6] can be control system of the armature- controlled dc motor and a type-driving mechanism. The gain and one of the time-constants are uncertain loop transfer function of the )8.0 s (1) characteristic equation of the unity feedback 0)8 =s (2) equation (2) is modified to: )3.1²4.0( TT −−ωω (3) Since the gain may have only real values, the imaginary term of equation (3) is set to zero. Then: (4) The result of (4) is substituted into the real part of T T 3.1 225.4 ++ (5) = f (T) is plotted with the >> K = 3.25.*T+4.225+1.3./T
  • 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Columns 1 through 10 Inf 17.5500 11.3750 9.5333 8.7750 8.4500 8.3417 8.3571 8.4500 8.5944 Columns 11 through 20 8.7750 8.9818 9.2083 9.4500 9.7036 9.9667 10.2375 10.5147 10.7972 11.0842 Columns 21 through 30 11.3750 11.6690 11.9659 12.2652 12.5667 12.8700 13.1750 13.4815 13.7893 14.0983 Columns 31 through 40 14.4083 14.7194 15.0313 15.3439 15.6574 15.9714 16.2861 16.6014 16.9171 17.2333 Columns 41 through 50 17.5500 17.8671 18.1845 18.5023 18.8205 19.1389 19.4576 19.7766 20.0958 20.4153 Column 51 20.7350 >> Plot (T, K) Fig.1. Advanced D-Partitioning in terms of two variable parameters The D-Partitioning curve K = f (T) border between the region of stability instability D(1) for case of simultaneous variation of the two system parameters. Each point of the D Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of the two simultaneously variable paramete unique advancement and an innovation in the theory of control systems stability analysis. The demonstration of the system performance in case of variation of the time-constant T is done at gain set to K = 10. When 0 < T < 0.25 sec and T International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Inf 17.5500 11.3750 9.5333 8.7750 8.4500 8.9818 9.2083 9.4500 9.7036 9.9667 11.3750 11.6690 11.9659 12.2652 12.5667 12.8700 13.1750 13.4815 13.7893 14.0983 .0313 15.3439 15.6574 15.9714 16.2861 16.6014 16.9171 17.2333 17.5500 17.8671 18.1845 18.5023 18.8205 19.1389 19.4576 19.7766 20.0958 20.4153 Partitioning in terms of two (T) defines the border between the region of stability D (0) and instability D(1) for case of simultaneous variation of the two system parameters. Each point of the D- Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of the two simultaneously variable parameters. This is a unique advancement and an innovation in the theory of control systems stability analysis. The demonstration of the system performance in case of done at gain set to T > 1.5 sec the system is stable. But it becomes unstable in the range 0.25 sec < T < 1.5 sec. It is also obvious that the system performance and stability depends on the interaction between the two simultaneously varying parameters. If K < 8.3417, the system any value of the T. Higher values of 14), enlarge the range of T at which the system will fall into instability. III. Design of a Controller for Systems with Simultaneously Variable Parameters The open-loop transfer function of the plant modified and now presented in equation (6) considering the two variable parameters that are the system’s gain K and time-constant suggested that the gain is set to variable [5], [7], [8]. )4.03.1(4.0 8.01)(5.01)(1( )( 23 ++ = +++ = sTTs K sTs K sGPO The robust controller consists of a series stage and a forward stage GF0(s). An integrating stage is also included in the controller as seen from 2. Fig.2. Robust controller incorporated system Initially, the plant transfer function standalone block, is involved in a unity feedback system having a closed-loop transfer function presented as: TTs K sTs K sGCL ++ = +++ = )4.03.1(4.0 .01)(5.01)(1( )( 3 Equation (7) is used as a base in the design strategy for constructing the series stage of the robust controller. It has the task to place its two zeros near the desired dominant closed- the condition ζ = 0.707 [9], [10] become the dominant poles of the unity negative feedback system, involving the cascade connection of the series controller stage GS0 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Oct 2018 Page: 270 system is stable. But it becomes unstable in the range < 1.5 sec. It is also obvious that the system performance and stability depends on the interaction between the two simultaneously varying < 8.3417, the system is stable for Higher values of K (K = 12, K = at which the system will Design of a Controller for Systems with Simultaneously Variable Parameters function of the plant GP0(s) is modified and now presented in equation (6) the two variable parameters that are the constant T. Initially, it is suggested that the gain is set to K = 10, while T is 1)3.1( )8 +++ = sT s (6) The robust controller consists of a series stage GS0(s) (s). An integrating stage GI0(s) is also included in the controller as seen from Figure Robust controller incorporated into the control system Initially, the plant transfer function GP0 (s), as a standalone block, is involved in a unity feedback loop transfer function KsTs K Ks ++++ = + 1)3.1() )8. 2 (7) Equation (7) is used as a base in the design strategy for constructing the series stage of the robust controller. It has the task to place its two zeros near -loop poles, that satisfy = 0.707 [9], [10]. These zeros will become the dominant poles of the unity negative feedback system, involving the cascade connection of S0(s), the integrator GI0(s)
  • 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com and the plant GP0(s). If initially the gain is set to 10, the optimal value of the time corresponding to the relative damping ratio of the closed-loop system, is determined by the code: >> T= [20:0.01:35]; >> For n=1: length (T) G_array(:,:,n)=tf([10],[0.4*T(n)(1.3*T(n)+0.4) (1.3+T(n)) 11]);end >> [y, z] = damp (G_array); >> [y, z] = damp (G_array); >> Plot (T,z(1,:)) Figure3. Time-constant corresponding to As seen from Figure 3, the relative damping ratio is ζ = 0.707 when the time-constant is T = 27.06 sec. By substituting the values T = 27.06 sec and equation (7), the transfer function of the closed system becomes: 36.28578.35824.10 10 )( 23 +++ = sss sGCL The assessment of the system proves that the damping ratio becomes ζ = 0.707, when constant is T = 27.06 sec, resulting in system’s desired closed-loop poles −0.466 ± j0.466. These outcomes are determined from the code: >> GCL0=tf([10],[10.824 35.578 28.36 11]) >> damp (GCL0) Eigenvalue Damping Freq. -4.64e-001 + 4.64e-001i 7.07e-001 6.56e -4.64e-001 - 4.64e-001i 7.07e-001 6.56e -2.36e+000 1.00e+000 2.36e+000 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 If initially the gain is set to K = ue of the time-constant T, corresponding to the relative damping ratio ζ = 0,707 loop system, is determined by the code: (1.3*T(n)+0.4) constant corresponding to ζ = 0,707 relative damping ratio is = 27.06 sec. = 27.06 sec and K = 10 in equation (7), the transfer function of the closed-loop 11+ (8) The assessment of the system proves that the relative when the time- = 27.06 sec, resulting in system’s desired j0.466. These outcomes >> GCL0=tf([10],[10.824 35.578 28.36 11]) Eigenvalue Damping Freq. (rad/s) 001 6.56e-001 001 6.56e-001 2.36e+000 1.00e+000 2.36e+000 The series robust controller zeros can be placed at the approximated values −0.5 ± transfer function of the series robust controller is: 5.0 5.0 5.0 .0)(5.05.0( )( 2 0 ++ = +++ = ss sjs sGS An integrating stage GI0(s) is added to eliminate the steady-state error of the system. It is connected in cascade with the series controller. Then, the transfer function of the compensated open will be as follows: 1)(5.01)(1(5.0 )5.0( )( 2 000 )()()( sTss ssK sG sGsGsG PSIOL ++ ++ = = = When GOL(s) is involved in a unity feedback, its closed-loop transfer function is determined as:    +++ ++ ++ = )5.0( 5.01)(1(5.0 ( )( 2 2 ssK sTss ssK sGCL It is seen from the equation (11) that the closed zeros will attempt to cancel the closed loop poles of the system, being in their area. avoided if a forward controller closed-loop system, as shown in of GF0(s) are designed to cancel the zeros of the closed-loop transfer function equation (12): 5.0 5.0 )( 20 ++ = ss sGF Finally, the transfer function of the total compensated system is derived considering the diagram in     ++++ +++ = == (5.0)5.065.0( )2.065.0(2.0 22 34 000 )()( sKssT sTTs K sGGsG SCLFT IV. Performance of the Compensated System The system is tested for insensitivity to variations of its gain K and its time-constant performance is done before and after applying the International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Oct 2018 Page: 271 The series robust controller zeros can be placed at the ± j0.5. Therefore, the transfer function of the series robust controller GS0(s) )5.05. = − j (9) (s) is added to eliminate the state error of the system. It is connected in cascade with the series controller. Then, the transfer function of the compensated open-loop control system )8.01 ) s+ = (10) (s) is involved in a unity feedback, its loop transfer function is determined as:   ++ )8.01)( )5.0 ss (11) It is seen from the equation (11) that the closed-loop zeros will attempt to cancel the closed loop poles of the system, being in their area. This problem can be avoided if a forward controller GF0(s) is added to the loop system, as shown in Figure 2. The poles (s) are designed to cancel the zeros of the loop transfer function GCL(s), as shown in (12) Finally, the transfer function of the total compensated system is derived considering the diagram in Figure 2.     ++ )5.0s (13) Compensated System The system is tested for insensitivity to variations of constant T. Comparison of its performance is done before and after applying the
  • 4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com robust compensation. Initially at system gain is set to K = 10 and three different values of the time are set successively to T = 0.1 sec, T = 0.8 sec and 2 sec and are substituted in equation (6). The case of T = 0.8 sec, corresponds to the region D(2) and definitely to an unstable control system. The cases of T = 0.1 sec and T = 2 sec, reflect regions D1(0) and D2(0) accordingly and are related to a stable control system. The transient responses of the system before applying the robust compensation are illustrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5 and are achieved by the following codes: >> Gp001= tf ([0 10],[0.04 0.53 1.4 1]) >> Gp02= tf ([0 10],[0.8 3 3.3 1]) >> Gp0fb001= feedback (Gp001, 1) >> Gp0fb02= feedback (Gp02, 1) >> Step (Gp0fb001, Gp0fb02) Fig.4. Step responses of the original control system (T = 0.1sec, T = 2sec at K = 10) >> Gp008=tf([0 10],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1]) >> Gp0fb008= feedback (Gp001,1) >> step (Gp0fb008) Fig.5. Step responses of the original control system (T = 0.8sec, at K = 10) International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 robust compensation. Initially at system gain is set to erent values of the time-constants = 0.8 sec and T = (6). = 0.8 sec, corresponds to the region D(2) and definitely to an unstable control system. The = 2 sec, reflect regions D1(0) and D2(0) accordingly and are related to a The transient responses of the system before applying the robust compensation are illustrated in Figure 4 and he following codes: Step responses of the original control system 2sec at K = 10) Step responses of the original control system The compensated system robustness in the time-domain. Considering the same values of the time-constant, as those used for the assessment of the original system, sec and T = 2 sec at system gain substituting them in equation transfer functions are obtained: 53.004.0 341.0 )(0 + = = ss T sGT 44.132.0 348.0 )(0 + = = ssT sGT 2338.0 10 342 )(0 ++ = = ssT sGT The step responses, representing the variation of the robust system, shown in Figure 6, are determined by the code: >> GT01=tf([10], [0.04 0.53 21.4 21 10]) >> GT08=tf([10], [0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10]) >> GT20=tf([10], [0.8 3 23.3 21 10]) >> step (GT01, GT08, GT20) Fig.6. Step responses of the controller (T = 0. 1 sec, T = 0. 8 sec, T = 2 sec at K = 10) As seen from Figure 6, due to controller, the control system becomes quite insensitive to variation of the time step responses for T = 0. 1 sec, 2 sec coincide. Since the system is with two variable parameters, now the gain will be changed, applying: 20, while keeping the system’s time 0.8 sec. For comparison of the system’s insensitivity International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Oct 2018 Page: 272 is also examined for domain. Considering the same constant, as those used for the assessment of the original system, T = 0.1 sec, T = 0.8 = 2 sec at system gain K = 10 and substituting them in equation (13), the following transfer functions are obtained: 10214.21 10 2 +++ ss (14) 10211.22 10 23 +++ ss (15) 10213.23 10 2 ++ ss (16) The step responses, representing the time-constant variation of the robust system, shown in Figure 6, are >> GT01=tf([10], [0.04 0.53 21.4 21 10]) >> GT08=tf([10], [0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10]) >> GT20=tf([10], [0.8 3 23.3 21 10]) GT20) Step responses of the system with a robust (T = 0. 1 sec, T = 0. 8 sec, T = 2 sec at K = , due to the applied robust controller, the control system becomes quite insensitive to variation of the time-constant T. The = 0. 1 sec, T = 0. 8 sec and T = Since the system is with two variable parameters, now the gain will be changed, applying: K = 5, K = 10, K = 20, while keeping the system’s time-constant at T = omparison of the system’s insensitivity
  • 5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com to the gain variation before and after applying the robust compensation, initially the suggested values as shown above are substituted in equation transient responses of the original system are illustrated in Figure 7 and 8 and are achieved by the following codes: >> Gp05=tf([0 5],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1]) >> Gp010=tf([0 10],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1]) >> Gp0fb5=feedback (Gp05, 1) >> Gp0fb10=feedback (Gp010, 1) >> Step (Gp0fb5, Gp0fb10) >> Step (Gp0fb5, Gp0fb10) Fig.7. Step responses of the original control system (K = 5, K = 10 at T = 0.8sec) >> Gp020=tf([0 20],[0.32 1.44 2.1 1]) >> Gp0fb5=feedback (Gp05, 1) >> Gp0fb10=feedback (Gp010, 1) >> Gp0fb20=feedback (Gp020, 1) >> step (Gp0fb20) Fig.8. Step response of the original cont (K = 20 at T = 0.8sec) International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 to the gain variation before and after applying the robust compensation, initially the suggested values as shown above are substituted in equation (6). The transient responses of the original system are n Figure 7 and 8 and are achieved by the responses of the original control system (K = 5, K = 10 at T = 0.8sec) Step response of the original control system It is obvious that the cases of correspond to an unstable original control system. Next, the variable gain K = 5, applying to the robust compensated system, keeping the system’s time-constant at values are substituted in equation following outcomes are delivered: 44.132.0 345 )(0 + = = ss K sGT 44.132.0 10 3410 )(0 ++ = = ss K sGT 44.132.0 20 3420 )(0 ++ = = ss K sGT To compare the system robustness before and after the robust compensation, the step responses for the three different cases, representing the gain variation of the robust system, are plotted in Figure the code as shown below: >> GTK5=tf([2.5],[0.16 0.72 6.05 5.5 2.5]) >> GTK10=tf([5],[0.16 0.72 11.05 10.5 5]) >> GTK20=tf([10],[0.16 0.72 21.05 20.5 10]) >> step (GTK5, GTK10, GTK20 Figure9. System’s step respo controller (K = 5, K = 10, K = 20 at T = 0.8 Again, the system became robust. An additional zero included into the series robust controller stage can further improve the rise time of the system’s step response. An average case is chosen with sec for the assessment of the sys after the application of the robust controller. This case International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Oct 2018 Page: 273 It is obvious that the cases of K = 10 and K = 20, correspond to an unstable original control system. = 5, K = 10, K = 20 will be applying to the robust compensated system, keeping constant at T = 0.8 sec. These values are substituted in equation (13). As a result, the following outcomes are delivered: 5111.12 5 23 +++ ss (17) 10211.22 10 2 +++ ss (18) 20411.42 20 2 ++ ss (19) To compare the system robustness before and after the robust compensation, the step responses for the three different cases, representing the gain variation of the plotted in Figure 9 with the aid of tf([2.5],[0.16 0.72 6.05 5.5 2.5]) >> GTK10=tf([5],[0.16 0.72 11.05 10.5 5]) >> GTK20=tf([10],[0.16 0.72 21.05 20.5 10]) GTK20) step responses with the robust (K = 5, K = 10, K = 20 at T = 0.8 sec) Again, the system became robust. An additional zero included into the series robust controller stage can further improve the rise time of the system’s step An average case is chosen with K = 10 and T = 0.8 sec for the assessment of the system’s performance after the application of the robust controller. This case
  • 6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com will differ insignificantly from the other cases of the discussed variable K and T. The performance evaluation is achieved by following code: >> GT10=tf ([10], [0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10]) >> damp (GT10) Eigen value Damping Freq. (rad/s) -4.91e-001 + 4.89e-001i 7.09e-001 6.93e -4.91e-001 - 4.89e-001i 7.09e-001 6.93e -1.76e+000 + 7.88e+000i 2.18e-001 8.07e+000 -1.76e+000 - 7.88e+000i 2.18e-001 8.07e+000 It is seen that the relative damping ratio enforced by the system’s dominant poles is ζ = 0.709, being very close to the objective value of ζ = 0.707. insignificant difference is due to the rounding of the desired system’s poles to −0.5 ± j0.5, during the design of the series robust controller stage. V. Conclusions The D-Partitioning analysis is further advanced for systems with multivariable parameters [8], [9], [10]. The Advanced D-partitioning in case two variable parameters is demonstrating the strong interaction between the variable parameters. Each point of the Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of the two simultaneously variable parameters, being a unique advancement and an innovation in the theory of control systems stability analysis. The design strategy of a robust controller for linear control systems proves that by implementing desired dominant system poles, the controller enforces the required relative damping ratio and system performance. For systems Type 0, an additional integrating stage ensures a steady-state error equal to zero. The designed robust controller brings the system to a state of insensitivity to the variation of within specific limits of the parameter variations. The experiments with variation of different parameters show only insignificant difference in performance for the different system conditions [10], [11], [12]. For the discussed case, the system becomes quite insensitive to variation of the time constant within the limits 0.1T < T < 10T. The system is quite insensitive to variations of the gain K within the limits 0.5 < 5K. Insignificant step response difference is observed also if the experiment is repeated with International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 will differ insignificantly from the other cases of the . The performance evaluation is achieved by following code: 0.32 1.44 22.1 21 10]) Damping Freq. (rad/s) 001 6.93e-001 001 6.93e-001 001 8.07e+000 001 8.07e+000 It is seen that the relative damping ratio enforced by = 0.709, being very = 0.707. This insignificant difference is due to the rounding of the j0.5, during the design of the series robust controller stage. Partitioning analysis is further advanced for systems with multivariable parameters [8], [9], [10]. partitioning in case two variable parameters is demonstrating the strong interaction between the variable parameters. Each point of the D- Partitioning curve represents the marginal values of the two simultaneously variable parameters, being a unique advancement and an innovation in the theory The design strategy of a robust controller for linear ntrol systems proves that by implementing desired dominant system poles, the controller enforces the required relative damping ratio and system performance. For systems Type 0, an additional state error equal to The designed robust controller brings the system to a its parameters within specific limits of the parameter variations. The experiments with variation of different parameters performance for the different system conditions [10], [11], [12]. For the discussed case, the system becomes quite insensitive to variation of the time constant within the . The system is quite insensitive within the limits 0.5K < K . Insignificant step response difference is observed also if the experiment is repeated with different variation of the gain and different variation time-constants values. Since the design of the robust controller is base the desired system performance in terms of relative damping, its contribution and its unique property is that it can operate effectively for any of the system’s parameter variations or simultaneous variation of a number of parameters. This property is by the comparison of the system’s performance before and after the application of the robust controller. demonstrate that the system performance in terms of damping, stability and time response and insensitive in case of any simultaneous variations of the gain and the time-constant within specific limits. The suggested analysis and design for further advancement of control theory in this References 1. Yanev K., Advanced D Analysis of Digital Control Systems with Multivariable Parameters Automatic Control and System Engineering, Delaware, USA, Volume 17(2), pp. December 2017. 2. Yanev K., D-Partitioning Analysis of Digital Control Systems by Applying the Approximation, International Review of Automatic Control (IREACO) pp. 517-523, November 2014. 3. Yanev K, Advanced D-Partitioning Analysis and Comparison with the Kharitonov’s Theorem Assessment, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Germany, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 338 4. Shinners S., Modern Control System Theory Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, pp.369 472, 2004. 5. Driels M., Linear control System Engineering McGraw-Hill International 2006. 6. Golten J., Verwer A., Control System Design and Simulation, McGraw-Hill 278-335, 2001. 7. Bhanot S., Process Control Principles and Applications, Oxford University Press, pp. 170 187, 2010. 8. Yanev K., Anderson G. Multivariable system's parameters interaction and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Oct 2018 Page: 274 different variation of the gain and different variation Since the design of the robust controller is based on the desired system performance in terms of relative damping, its contribution and its unique property is that it can operate effectively for any of the system’s parameter variations or simultaneous variation of a number of parameters. This property is demonstrated by the comparison of the system’s performance before and after the application of the robust controller. Tests demonstrate that the system performance in terms of stability and time response remains robust any simultaneous variations constant within specific The suggested analysis and design is beneficial for further advancement of control theory in this field. Yanev K., Advanced D-Partitioning Stability Analysis of Digital Control Systems with Multivariable Parameters, ICGST, Journal of Automatic Control and System Engineering, Volume 17(2), pp. 9-19, Partitioning Analysis of Digital Control Systems by Applying the Bilinear Tustin International Review of (IREACO), Italy, Vol. 7, (6), 2014. Partitioning Analysis and n with the Kharitonov’s Theorem Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), Vol. 2 (1), pp. 338-344, January 2015. Modern Control System Theory, Wesley Publishing Company, pp.369- Linear control System Engineering, International Inc., pp.145-222, Control System Design and Hill International Inc., pp. Process Control Principles and , Oxford University Press, pp. 170- Yanev K., Anderson G. O, Masupe S., Multivariable system's parameters interaction and
  • 7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com robust control design, Journal of International Review of Automatic Control, Vol. 4(2), pp.180 190, March 2011. 9. Behera L., Kar I., Intelligent Systems and Control Principles and Applications, Oxford University Press, pp. 20-83, 2009. 10. Yanev K. M., Design and Analysis of a Robust Accurate Speed Control System by Applying a Digital Compensator, ICGST Journal of Automatic Control and System Engineering, International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Journal of International Vol. 4(2), pp.180- Intelligent Systems and Control , Oxford University Design and Analysis of a Robust Accurate Speed Control System by Applying a ICGST Journal of Automatic Control and System Engineering, Delaware, USA, Vol. 16(1), pp. 2016. 11. Megretski A., Multivariable Control systems, Proceedings of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Vol.7 (4), 2010, pp.182 12. Yanev K. M., Digital Optimal Process Control Systems Automatic Control and System Engineering Delaware, USA, Vol. 17(1), pp. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Oct 2018 Page: 275 Vol. 16(1), pp. 27-36, April Megretski A., Multivariable Control systems, Proceedings of Massachusetts Institute of (4), 2010, pp.182-189, 2010. M., Digital Optimal Compensation of Process Control Systems, ICGST, Journal of Automatic Control and System Engineering, Vol. 17(1), pp. 7-18, June 2017.