Casting with Al 7075 alloys is considered to have good mechanical properties. The quality of casting products is also influenced by gating systems, riser use and mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of propeller cast products using a riser, applying the use of risers to produce flawless products. The research method is propeller casting using two gating systems and using a riser. The results of this study indicate that from the two propeller casting using a riser in the TIP section but the hardness value is different, namely directly gated with the riser in the TIP section 73.24 HB, section HUB 72.24 HB. While on the upper channel with risers at TIP 67.5 HB, HUB 75.44 HB. For the micro structure there is a porosity defect on the channel directly with the riser caused by the freezing process during the pouring process of metal liquid in the mold, the direct channel with the riser is defect that occurs on the propeller leaves, while the upper duct with the riser is not defective and the results are perfect.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 10–17, Article ID: IJMET_10_02_002
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=02
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
THE EFFECT OF RISER USE IN THE QUALITY
OF CASTING AL 7075 FOR SHIP PROPELLER
Klemens A. Rahangmetan, Farid Sariman and Daniel Parenden
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Musamus, Merauke,
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Casting with Al 7075 alloys is considered to have good mechanical properties. The
quality of casting products is also influenced by gating systems, riser use and
mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical
properties of propeller cast products using a riser, applying the use of risers to produce
flawless products. The research method is propeller casting using two gating systems
and using a riser. The results of this study indicate that from the two propeller casting
using a riser in the TIP section but the hardness value is different, namely directly gated
with the riser in the TIP section 73.24 HB, section HUB 72.24 HB. While on the upper
channel with risers at TIP 67.5 HB, HUB 75.44 HB. For the micro structure there is a
porosity defect on the channel directly with the riser caused by the freezing process
during the pouring process of metal liquid in the mold, the direct channel with the riser
is defect that occurs on the propeller leaves, while the upper duct with the riser is not
defective and the results are perfect.
Keywords: mechanical properties, propeller, riser, hardness value
Cite this Article: Klemens A. Rahangmetan, Farid Sariman and Daniel Parenden, the
Effect of Riser Use in the Quality of Casting Al 7075 for Ship Propeller, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp. 10–17
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=02
1. INTRODUCTION
The aluminum casting industry is developing along with the development of casting techniques
and methods as well as various cast product models that flood the domestic market. Many
foundry products are found from household appliances, automotive parts, and water pumps to
ship propellers. To maintain the quality of castings, aluminum used must have good mechanical
properties. Aluminum alloys are a mixture of two or more elements, in which aluminum is the
main mixture. Additions of elements such as zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), silicon
(Si), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), tin (Pb) are intended to improve their mechanical properties
[1].
One of them is Al-Zn alloy which has high strength, hardness and good corrosion resistance
[2]. The process of casting this alloy requires relatively small energy because of its low melting
temperature, easy surface finish due to the good quality of the mold surface [3]. This allows

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casting to be carried out in small industries where the availability of energy and machinery is
limited. In addition, the mechanical properties of these alloys, especially the value of hardness,
can be increased by observing casting process parameters such as casting temperature [4] and
mold temperature [5]. Addition of the Mg element in the Al-Zn alloy (Al-Zn-Mg) allows to
increase the hardness by the precipitation hardening mechanism by aging treatment at 120 ° C
[6-7].
A good casting process can of course produce good quality castings. To make good castings
and no defects, the castings product must have a good duct system and the use of risers in the
casting process can also minimize the occurrence of the solidification process. For that the riser
is part of the channel system in a cast product. The composition of the alloy structure affects the
ability of metal liquids to transfer heat energy. The amount of heat energy transferred affects
the time of metal freezing.
Riser is a channel system that serves to accommodate the excess of molten metal, as a
reserve of molten metal in the event of shrinkage and feeding of metal liquids to dispose of
products in the event of shrinkage. Therefore, the size of the riser must be calculated properly
so that the increase in efficiency can be optimized. Therefore, the size of the riser must be
calculated properly so that the increase in efficiency can be optimized.
2. RESEARCH METHODS
2.1. Selection of casting process
The casting process is done by casting sand molds with a type of disposable mold, while for
metal smelting a melting furnace is used.
Preparation of sand mold
Preparation of sand mold is divided into two parts, namely up and down. Steps to make
sand mold:
- Place the pattern at the bottom
- Pour the printed sand into the mold until it's full
- Place a pattern on the top while making funnel channels
- Liquid metal pour into the mold and pattern, after which the castings are removed from the
sand mold
Part of the ship's propeller
Figure 1. Part of the ship propeller.

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The following are the parts found in the propeller:
1. Leading Edge (Front) is the front of the propeller
2. Trailing edge is the back of the propeller
3. TIP is the part that is located at the tip of the propeller
4. The HUB is the center of the propeller as the part where the blade is installed
Figure 1 can be seen that there are parts of ship propellers: Leading edge, Traling edge,
HUB, Root and TIP. However, this research will be discussed in detail in the HUB and TIP
section where it can be seen that these two parts are very important for ship propellers. In the
HUB section is the center where the propeller leaf is attached and also to the propeller shaft
which serves to connect the transmission rotation, while the TIP is located on the outside of the
HUB or located at the tip of the propeller.
Design of the inlet pattern
The process of casting Al7075 in a melting furnace with a temperature of 750 ° C and a
pour temperature of 715 ° C and casting was carried out on sand molds with a variation of the
two inlet system using a riser as shown in Figure 2, (1) a direct channel with a riser, (2 ) upper
channel with riser. The tools used are melting and crucible furnaces.
Certification :
A-A : snipping
Gating diameter : 24 mm
Gating height : 50 mm
Long leaf propeller :106 mm
Diameter riser : 8 mm
High riser : 80 mm
Figure 2. Four types of gating system. (1) Direct gating with risers

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Certification :
A-A : snipping
Gating diameter : 24 mm
Gating height : 58 mm
Gating length to HUB : 27 mm
Long leaf propeller : 106 mm
Diameter riser : 8 mm
High riser : 85 mm
High blink riser : 17 mm
Diameter blink riser : 10 mm
Distance blink riser to HUB : 27 mm
(2). Top gating with risers.
Figure 3. Four types of gating system. (2) Top gating with risers.
In Figures 2 and 3 it can be seen that there are two types of channel systems that will be
used for casting vanes, the channel system used varies in the inlet, while the riser is placed in
the TIP part of the mold pattern. Two channel patterns are channels directly with the riser
(where the riser is in the TIP part of the propeller), the upper channel with a riser (where there
is a dead end on the riser channel and rises in the TIP section).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results obtained from propeller casting using a riser are placed in the TIP section.

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Figure 4. Casted propeller using sand molding with design gating system (1).
Figure 5. Casted propeller using sandmolding with design gating system (2).
Figures 4 and 5 can be seen that the results of two patterns of channel system variations, it
can be said that the results of propeller casting with direct channels with risers have defects in
the propeller leaves, so the use of risers in direct gating with risers is not optimal. While the
results of the propeller casting using the upper channel with the riser do not have defects found
on the propeller leaves, so it can be said that the upper channel with the riser is the best channel
with riser use in the TIP section.
Casting defects can occur because cavities or holes are formed due to volume reduction that
occurs when the metal is frozen due to the cooling rate. During the metal freezing process, each
part of the mold of various shapes or dimensions has a different freezing rate depending on the
cooling rate and the temperature gradient. In alloy metals, the short freezing range is usually at
a temperature difference of less than 50 0C and the repetitive range is longer than 100 0C [8].
Hardness test results

6. Klemens A. Rahangmetan, Farid Sariman and Daniel Parenden
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Figure 6. Hardness in HUB and TIB section of each types of gating system
Figure 6 can be explained that a casting propeller with two channels is; Direct channels with
risers and channels with each riser taken from the HUB and TIP sections on the propeller. Each
channel has a different hardness value, direct channel with riser HUB 72.28 TIP section 73.24
HB, while for upper channel with riser parts HUB 75, 44 HB, 67.5 TIP TIP.
The value of direct channel hardness with the riser has a hardness value in the HUB and TIP
section has a range of hardness values not too far because the direct channel with the riser has
an inlet that is not the same as the upper channel with a riser, so that the rapid freezing in the
TIP will certainly have an impact TIP section hardness is higher than in HUB but the hardness
value in HUB and TIP can be said to be balanced because the value of the ratio is not too far
away, other things that can affect both do not use risers.
The hardness value of the upper channel with the riser has a hardness value of 75.44 HB
higher than that of the HUB on the channel directly with the riser. While the direct channel with
the riser has a hardness value of 73.24 HB TIP higher than the upper channel with the riser. The
hardness value is still in accordance with the hardness limit on aluminum, namely 30-100 BHN
[9].
Microstructure test results
The results of the microstructure test will be made a comparison between the microstructure
found in the enlargement of the HUB 100X section with the 100X magnification TIP section.
Based on Figure 7 and 8 microstructure observations there are several comparisons: the upper
channel with the riser in the HUB and TIP section does not have porosity defects, while the
direct channel with the riser has porosity defects in the HUB section. In the direct channel with
the riser there are porosity defects because the gas carried in aluminum is trapped in the mold
cavity. On direct channels with risers on TIP it has a high porosity level, this is caused by
turbulence in casting and also due to narrowing of walls which causes irregular metal flow in
the mold.
Cast temperature affects the formation of microstructure which affects the hardness value,
increasing the pouring temperature will reduce the hardness value [10]. Fineness and uniformity
of liquid metal are needed to avoid air traps, metal oxidation and fungal erosion. Disrupting
molten aluminum causes hydrogen gas to be trapped in the cast product, causing porosity [11].

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(A) Part HUB (B) Part HUB
Figure 7. Microstructure direct gating with risers
(A) Part HUB (B) Part HUB
figure 8. Microstructure top gating with risers
4. CONCLUSION
1. Although the two propellers use a riser in the TIP section but the hardness value is
different, that is on the direct channel with the riser in TIP 73.24, section HUB 72.24 HB. while
on the upper channel with a riser at TIP 67.5, HUB 75.44 HB. For microstructure there is a
defect in porosity on the channel directly with the riser caused by irregular freezing in the mold.
2. On the direct channel with the riser there is a defect found on the propeller leaves, while
the upper channel with the riser is not defective and the results are perfect.
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