EVALUATING THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SANDY BRICKS MADE WITH DUNE SANDS, JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJARET)
Volume 7, Issue 3, May–June 2016, pp. 14–24, Article ID: IJARET_07_03_002
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
© IAEME Publication
EVALUATING THE ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF SANDY BRICKS MADE
WITH DUNE SANDS, JEDDAH, SAUDI
ARABIA: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Dr. Abdulelah A. Bahabri
Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Saudi Arabia characterizes by its dry continental climatic conditions. So
that vast areas were covered with dune sands and sheets. Mostly of these
sands were concentrated in the eastern regions (Al Rub Al Khali) and western
coastal areas. These huge quantities of sands considered as natural resources
of fine aggregates which can used as in constructional building materials.
From alkali-aggregate reaction point of view, the studied dune sands are
enough stable chemically. Based on the unconfined compressive strength test,
the dune sands can used as fine aggregates in sand-cement bricks till 70% of
the total amount of fine aggregates.
Key words: Sandy Bricks. Dune Sands, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Cite this article: Dr. Abdulelah A. Bahabri. Evaluating The Engineering
Properties of Sandy Bricks Made with Dune Sands, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An
Experimental Study. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp 14–24
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Saudi Arabia is about 2.3 million square kilometers of mostly desert area where the
climate is mostly arid. Owing to dry continental climatic conditions, topography and
geological formations prevalent in these regions are causing formation dune sands
which covering vast areas. From climate point of view, most of the internal regions of
Saudi Kingdom lie within the dry climate. The climatic factor is the most important
environmental factors that affect the formation sand dunes. Most of the sand dunes
located in areas dominated by desert climate and characterized by the length of
drought and scarcity of rain. The aridity of the Arabian Peninsula’s deserts ranges
between arid to hyper-arid with a hot, dry climate, scarce precipitation, and sparse
vegetation. These harsh environmental conditions enhance more geomorphologic

Evaluating The Engineering Properties of Sandy Bricks Made with Dune Sands, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia: An Experimental Study
processes than others, cause specific geotechnical problems, and increase
desertification. Regionally, the dune areas are restricted to wadi courses that cut
through the Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Arabian Shield [1].
In Saudi Arabia, 36.9% of the Kingdom is covered with dune sand (More than
800,000 km2
of Saudi Arabia covered by desert sands [2]. The majority of sand dunes
and sand sheets were concentrated in the South eastern as well as eastern regions
especially in Al Rub Al Khali sand sea [3-9]. In the western regions of the Saudi
Kingdom, most of the sand dunes and sand sheets are concentrated in Arabian Shield
and along coastal areas of the Red Sea (Fig. 1). These sand dunes are dynamic
elements of the landscape. Also, these dunes grow and migrate causing geo-
environmental hazards facing the Saudi Arabia Kingdom due the expansion of cities,
roads, power lines and communication lines.
So geo-environmental hazards have taken place in these urban areas and road
construction due to the presence of accumulations of drifting sand dunes. Drifting
sand and dune movement are some of the most serious natural problems facing the
Arabian Peninsula due to the expansion of cities, roads, industries, and agricultural
development. The problem of sand drifting and dune migration is of special interest
in Saudi Arabia as approximately 30% of the country is covered by moving sand If
not controlled movement of sand dunes creates problems for residential areas, roads,
power lines and pipelines [1, 10].
Serious geo-environmental hazards in the urban areas and roads construction were
recorded in the studied area owing to accumulations and migration of sand dunes
(Figs. 1 and 2). In these desert regions, there is an abundance of very fine natural sand
known as dune sand. In the same time, these desert areas involve construction works
that require a lot of aggregates. Because of the remoteness of the construction sites in
these areas from aggregate production quarries, transporting the aggregates becomes
expensive and uneconomical. In addition, engineers are faced with a more restricted
choice of materials in these regions [1, 11-12].
Figure 1 Field panoramic photograph shows vast flat areas which covered by dune sands and
aeolian sands sheets

Figure 2 Field photograph shows sand dunes migration towards urban areas, power lines and
Jeddah- Makkah asphaltic road
The study area locates in area between Jeddah and Makkah which considered as
one of the most important, strategic, promising and attracting investment part of the
Saudi Kingdom, It is expected in future a lot of new population centers, roads,
railways will be done to more link these two cities. These constructions need huge
qualities of fine aggregates, so sand dunes can be considered as natural local source of
fine aggregate. So, geo-environmental hazards of active dune sands can be minimize.
These fine aggregates make as a major component in concrete, mortar, and sandy
brick mixes. The mechanical properties of these mixes are affected by the strength of
the dune sands-cement-aggregate bond and by other factors such as texture and
soundness of these components. This work can be considered a model which could be
generalized.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
The fine aggregates of dune sands which used in this work were collected from dune
sands along Jeddah-Makkah asphaltic road (N 21° 22¯ N, 39° 29¯ E, Fig. 1). As well
as fine crushed aggregates were collected from a nearby crusher in north Jeddah near
Breman Bridge of diorite rocks (21° 55¯ N, 39° 17¯E). Both dune sands and fine
crushed aggregate samples were subjected to several physically and mechanical testis
in laboratories of Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University. The physical
tests including sieve analysis; specific gravity; absorption; fineness modulus; sand
equivalency. Sieve analysis and fineness modulus tests were done in accordance with
[13]. The specific gravity and absorption tests were carried out in accordance with
[14]. Also, the textural characteristics of natural and crushed fine aggregates
(roundness degree) were counted using binocular microscope, whereas roundness
degree was determined for 100 particles using the visual chart of [15]. In addition, to
evaluate the suitability of dune sands for sand-cement bricks, fine aggregates of dune
sands were mixed with different percentages varying from 10% to 100% of the total
content of fine aggregates as listed in table 4. The compressive strength tests, fcu (28
days), were carried out on 75mmx150mm specimens in accordance with [16].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Grain size
From sedimentological point of view, the grain size analysis dune sands had been
used to deduce their depositional environments characteristics. The dune sands
usually are characterized by well sorting. From geotechnical point of view, grain size
distribution of fine aggregates has a significant influence on the mechanical of both
harden and fresh bricks.
Figure 3 shows the grain size distribution curves of the studied fine aggregates
(dune sands and crushed fine aggregates) which have been used in all tests of brick
mixes. The dune sands samples are predominantly coarse sand, medium sand and fine
sand with average values 1.344%, 21.02% and 76.04% respectively with scarcely
percent of fines (silt and clay-sizes particles) around 1% (Table 1). The studied dune
sands in different sites are characterized by unimodal distributions and were classified
according to [17] as poorly graded sand (SP). The coefficient of uniformity (CU)
values of the studied dune sands varies from 2.0% to 2.2%, while the values of
coefficient of curvature (CC) fluctuates range from 1.14% to 1.16% (Table 1).
Figure 3 Grain size distribution curves of the studied fine aggregates
The fineness modulus (FM) values of the studied dune sand samples ranges from
0.96 to 0.99 (Table 1). That means the studied dune sands do not meet the limits for
fine aggregate gradations in the specified standards. So, it is necessary to improve
gradation of these dune sands by mixing them with well graded crushed fine
aggregates to produce an acceptable level of gradation in brick mixes.
Consequently, this mixture of different-sized particles of fine aggregates (dune
sands and fine crushed aggregate) will be enough stronger than those that are
uniformly graded [18]. The fineness modulus (FM) of fine crushed aggregates is the
most commonly computed factor for fine aggregates, which is used to determine the
degree of uniformity of the aggregate gradation. The Fineness modulus (FM) value of
the studied fine crushed aggregates is 2.6 (Table 2).
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Grain size (log scale mm)
Finer(%)
Dune Sands Crushed Fine Aggregates

3.2. Specific gravity (GS)
Specific gravity of aggregates can be used as useful indicator of the suitability of
these aggregates. Also, the specific gravity determination of aggregates is essential
during the design stage of structural elements to establish the bricks maximum and
minimum weights. Very low specific gravity an aggregate means that, it is porous,
weak and absorptive. The specific gravity of the studied dune sands ranges from
2.48g/cm3
to 2.49g/cm3
(Table 1). That means the specific gravity of the studied dune
sands meets the standard characteristics of fine aggregates [19]. The specific gravity
of fine crushed aggregate is 2.81g/cm3
(Table 2).
3.3. Absorption
The aggregates with very higher absorption values generally develop lower strength
bonds and produce less durable bricks than those with a slightly higher absorption
[20]. Aggregates with a high absorption value will absorb greater amounts of the
cement into the aggregate and thus increase costs. The absorption values of the
studied aggregates are 0.82% - 0.86% and 0.72% for dune sands and fine crushed
aggregates respectively (Tables 1 and 2). These results indicate that the studied
aggregates have standard limits for fine aggregates absorption.
3.4. Clay content (Sand Equivalent)
Sometimes, the natural fine aggregates contain harmful and destructive deleterious
components (clay-sized and organic materials, minus 75μm). These materials are
mostly cause lower strength and durability as well as affecting the bond between the
cement and the aggregate [21-23].
In the case of continental (inland) dunes are mostly consists of sand-sized
particles, whereas silt-sized particles are usually found attached on the surface of dune
sands. Finer (clay-sized) particles are usually rare that owing to the wind often not
picked up the clay-sized particles which occurred as mutual unity with each other or
the wind will lift the clay particles up within the atmosphere [24]. The sand equivalent
value of the studied dune sands varies from 96% to 97% (Table 1). This means that
the studied fine aggregate contains negligible amounts of destructive deleterious
components (clay-sized materials, minus 75μm).
3.5. Textural characteristics
3.5.1. Roundness degree of fine aggregates
The textural characteristics (shape and roundness) of fine aggregates have an
important effect on workability (fresh brick mix), strength and durability (hardened
brick mix). Rounded and poorly graded grains tend to have higher void content than
angular and well graded ones. So that, angular particles of aggregates tend to more
packed, strength and durability in hardened mix of sand-cement bricks. The degrees
of roundness of a particle means the sharpness of its edges and corners [25].
The studied fine crushed aggregates are mainly consists of equant and angular
particles (Fig. 4), that means the grains need less cement paste and less water content
for acceptable degree of workability of bricks. This view agrees with opinion of many
researchers
[26-27]. Generally, the studied fine aggregates of sand dunes are more rounded
than fine crushed aggregates (Fig. 4). So that, the crushed fine aggregates of angular

grains will produce more compacted and more strength bricks than fine natural
aggregates.
Figure 4 Roundness degree of the studied fine aggregates
3.6. Mineralogy and chemical stability of the studied dune sands
The mineral composition as well as chemical stability of aggregates plays an effective
role in the strength and permanence of the bond between the cement and aggregate of
brick mixtures. In most cases, aggregates contain certain active and harmful
constituents (active silica, carbonates, sulfates, hydroxides and chlorides) that can
react (alkali-aggregates reaction (AAR) with cement of brick mixes. Consequently,
over a lengthy period of time the alkali-aggregates reaction (AAR) reaction will effect
negatively on the strength and durability of hardened bricks. The alkali-aggregate
reaction has two forms: alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction
(ACR).
The alkali–carbonate reaction (ACR) will be happened when aggregates contain
active carbonates aggregates (e..g. dolomite). The brucite (Mg (OH)2) and calcite
(CaCO3) will produce owing to the reaction between alkalis of cement and dolomite
of aggregate. Brucite could be responsible for the volumetric expansion after de-
dolomotisation of the aggregate, due to absorption of water [28]
      222323 )(2)( CONabruciteOHMgcalciteCaCONaOHdolomiteHCOCaMg  (1)
Alkali silica reaction (ASR) is a destructive chemical reaction between the
alkaline of cement paste and active silica of aggregates. This reaction will form alkali
silica gel and then causing expansion cracks in sand-cement bricks [29]. When
sodium chloride is present in the aggregates or mix water, the tricalcium aluminate in
Portland cement may react with the chloride, taking some of the chloride out of the
solution with the separation of sodium ions in solution. Similar enhancement of
alkalies has also been found to occur for sulphates and for nitrates [30].
Table 1 Basic physical characteristic of the dune sands of the studied
Sample
No.
Relative abundance of size fractions (%)
CU CC
USCS-
Type
FM
Sand
equivalent
(%)
Specific
gravity
(gm/cm3
)
Abs.
Coarse
Sand
(4.72–
2.0 mm)
Medium
Sand
(2.0–0.42
mm)
Fine
Sand
(0.42–
0.075
mm)
Silt +
Clay
(<0.075
mm)
1 1.3 20.5 76.4 1.8 2 1.15 SP 0.98 97 2.48 0.83
2 1.4 21.1 76 1.5 2.1 1.14 SP 0.99 96 2.49 0.82
3 1.5 22.2 74.9 1.4 2.2 1.16 SP 0.97 97 2.48 0.84
4 1.3 20.2 77 1.5 2.15 1.16 SP 0.96 96 2.49 0.86
5 1.2 21.1 75.9 1.8 2.2 1.15 SP 0.98 97 2.49 0.82
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent(%)
Crushed Fine Aggregate 42.3 29.7 21 5 2 0
Dune Sands 6.7 8.7 16.4 16.7 20.4 31.1
Very
Angualr
Angular
Sub-
angular
Sub-
rounded
Rounded
Well
Rounded

Table 2 Some physical characteristics of the studied fine crushed aggregates
FM Specific Gravity (gm/cm3
) Absorption (%)
2.6 2.81 0.72
Table 3 Basic physical characteristic of the dune sands of the studied
Sam
ple
No
Minerals Composition (%)
pH
Chemical characteristics (ppm)
Quartz (Qz)
Rock Fragments
(RF)
Feldspars
(F)
TDS CaCO32– SO
42–
Na(O
H)− Ca(OH)2−
Cl−
1 80 14 6 7.8 495 123 34 7 6 13
2 81 15 4 7.6 497 128 36 4 4 14
3 82 11 7 7.6 511 135 34 7 6 15
4 83 4 13 7.7 498 154 38 4 5 14
5 85 5 10 7.5 511 135 34 0 5 16
In consequence, these chemical reactions may lead to expansive reaction products
such as ettringite. In turn, the ettringite may cause the overall expansion of a structural
element and its extensive damage progressing from the outer surface towards the
specimen inner core [31]. This process may result in a gradual loss of bricks
accompanied by surface spalling and exfoliation [32]. The newly produced gypsum
can react with some alumina-bearing phases like unhydrated tricalcium aluminate
(3CaO∙Al2O3) or hydrated calcium sulfoaluminate (monosulphate) to form ettringite
[33].
NaOHgypsumOHCaSOOHSONaOHCa 2)(2.2)( 242422  (2)
)(32.3..326)2.(3O3CaO.Al 243222432 ettrigniteOHCaSOOAlCaOOHOHCaSO  (3)
The results of mineralogical composition and chemical analysis of the studied
dune sands are given in table 3 and X-ray charts (Fig. 5) of the studied dune sands
indicated that, these fine aggregates are composed mainly of quartz (88%), feldspars
(9%) and negligible amount of carbonates (2.2 %). Also, the petrographical analyses
pointed out dominance of un-active quartz (> 83%, Table 3).
The chemical agents which are normally aggressive to sand-cement bricks are
sulfates and chlorides. The total dissolved salts (TDS) values of the studied samples
range from 495 to 522ppm. The average values of sulfates and chlorides are very
small and nearly negligible, whereas calcium carbonate values are variable with a
value of 139ppm. Accordingly, sulfates, (SO4)2–
were recorded with an average value
of 34ppm. Also, magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium hydroxides were
recorded with scarce concentrations (Table 3).
From brick strength and durability point of view, the above-mentioned
mineralogical and chemical results indicate no harmful contaminants within the
studied dune sand aggregates which react adversely when used as brick fine
aggregates.

Figure 5 X-ray diffraction of studied fine aggregates of dune sands
4. UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength of sand-cement bricks is one of the most common
measuring which usually used to evaluate performance of mechanical properties of
sand-cement bricks which controlled mainly by the strength of the cement–aggregate
bond and cement-water-aggregates ratio as well as by degree of compaction. Round,
smooth sands require less mixing water in cement bricks thus produce better strength
at the same cement content because a lower water/cement ratio can be used. Angular
sands, in addition to requiring more mixing water, may not be workable enough for
applications such as workability of green or fresh brick [34-36].
The type of fine aggregate has a significant influence on both rheological and
mechanical properties of sand-cement bricks [37-38]. On the other hand, surface
texture has a significant effect on strength, as rough surfaces enhance the bond
between particles and paste, thus increasing strength [39]. The uniaxial compressive
strength was measured by breaking bricks specimens (7.5x7.5x15.0cm) in a
compressive testing machine. The compressive strength was calculated from the
failure load divided by the cross-sectional area resisting the load and repeated in units
of megapascals.
Figure 6 shows the compressive strength values for mix within 28 days. These
values show that the strength of sand-cement bricks are generally decreasing with
increasing dune sands percent. This decrease in strength may have resulted from
increasing surface area of the natural fine aggregates which was characterized by high
surface area owing to its higher roundness degree. It is clearly found that the
compressive strength values of the studied sand-cement bricks have decreases
abruptly at 70% mixture percent (Fig. 6).
Figure 6 shows effect of fine aggregate content of dune sands on the compressive strength of
sand-cement bricks mix after 28 days
0
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dune Sands (%)
UCS(MPa)

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of this experimental study, the following conclusions could be
drawn:
1. Both percent of fine aggregate as well as its textural characteristics has an effective
role hardened sand-cement brick properties.
2. The results of unconfined compressive strength test of the studied brick mixture
indicated that the mechanical properties of hardened bricks do not depend only on the
percent of fine aggregate but also depend side by side on the textural characteristics of
fine aggregate.
3. Based on the results obtained in this study, dune sands can be used as fine
aggregates in sand-cement bricks mixtures (until 70% of dune sands) whenever
suitable sand resources are not economically available.
Table 4 Weight-design of sand-cement bricks mixes and dune sands used ratio
Trial
No.
Water
(%)
Cement
(%)
Fine aggregate (%) Dune sands
/ Crushed
fine
aggregate
(%)
Uniaxial
compressive
strength
(28-days,
MPa)
Dune
sands
(%)
Crushed
fine
aggregate
(%)
1 33.33 16.67 5 45 10 18.61
2 33.33 16.67 10 40 20 17.47
3 33.33 16.67 15 35 30 16.15
4 33.33 16.67 20 30 40 15.66
5 33.33 16.67 25 25 50 15.09
6 33.33 16.67 30 20 60 14.10
7 33.33 16.67 35 15 70 9.35
8 33.33 16.67 40 10 80 7.95
9 33.33 16.67 45 5 90 5.49
10 33.33 16.67 50 0 100 5.25
Mix
ratio
2 1 3
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