14-4-1 2:02 PM Multimedia Renaissance Sermons, rites, rituals and ceremonies Music, songs and poetry Plays, operas and other public performances Paintings and other visual arts Woodcut reproduced images Visual forms of communication Hand gestures and body language Theater as Propaganda Royal court traveled around the empire in huge royal caravans. Trying desperately to hold the empire together. Transition to Modern Agricultural Revolution Scientific Revolution Enlightenment American, French and Haitian Revolutions Printing Press Invented around 1436 by German Goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg. We don’t know exactly when. This is due in part to the fact that the printing press had nor been invented. Routine business records were not used nearly as extensively before the invention of the printing press. Reformation 1517 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses were printed and widely disseminated. Protestant Reformation German Peasants’ War 1524-1526 Wars of Religion 1524 to 1648 Westphalian Peace Treaty Modern nation and international law based on Westphalian Peace Media and Modernity The printing press played a major part in: Age of Exploration- Columbus Protestant Reformation Agricultural Revolution in Erope Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Democratic Revolutions in America, France and Haiti Industrial Revolution Modern Era (Victorian and beyond) Information Revolution The invention of the printing press remains an UNDERESTIMATED agent of change in human history. Revolutionized the way human communicate, understand and describe their world. Briggs and Burke break reading down into five categories: Critical reading Dangerous reading Creative reading Extensive reading Private reading Printed Knowledge 1) Democratization of knowledge, more knowledge became more available to more people. 2) Standardized and preserved knowledge 3) Knowledge became cumulative in a way it had never been 4) Stimulated new ideas 5) New inventions in agriculture, philosophy, science, economy and industry 6) New diversity of ideas and voices 7) Public sphere where public opinion forms 8) Development of Enlightenment thought 9) Social contract between governed and government 10) Formation of concept of constitutional government 11) Separation of church and state 12) Checks and balances 13) Critique of monarchy 14) Modern literature become possible 15) Fiction and recreation reading 16) Modern novel 17) Modern notion of the individual 18) Changed romantic love and marriage 19) Arranged marriage declined and marriage for love became the norm 20) Mechanical reproduction of art changed the meaning of art 21) Made news, opinion, literature and art commodities Printing in its Contexts 14-4-1 2:02 PM New Relationships As printers came to exist, so did new social groups, eventually changing the traditional feudal structure of Europe into modern society. Impacted jobs and occupations within European cities New jobs became available New Institutions New understanding of academic work a.

1. 14-4-1 2:02 PM
Multimedia Renaissance
Sermons, rites, rituals and ceremonies
Music, songs and poetry
Plays, operas and other public performances
Paintings and other visual arts
Woodcut reproduced images
Visual forms of communication
Hand gestures and body language
Theater as Propaganda
Royal court traveled around the empire in huge royal caravans.
Trying desperately to hold the empire together.
Transition to Modern
Agricultural Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
American, French and Haitian Revolutions
Printing Press
Invented around 1436 by German Goldsmith Johannes
Gutenberg.
We don’t know exactly when.
This is due in part to the fact that the printing press had nor
been invented.
Routine business records were not used nearly as extensively
before the invention of the printing press.
Reformation
1517 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses were printed and widely
disseminated.
Protestant Reformation
German Peasants’ War 1524-1526

2. Wars of Religion 1524 to 1648
Westphalian Peace Treaty
Modern nation and international law based on Westphalian
Peace
Media and Modernity
The printing press played a major part in:
Age of Exploration- Columbus
Protestant Reformation
Agricultural Revolution in Erope
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Democratic Revolutions in America, France and Haiti
Industrial Revolution
Modern Era (Victorian and beyond)
Information Revolution
The invention of the printing press remains an
UNDERESTIMATED agent of change in human history.
Revolutionized the way human communicate, understand and
describe their world.
Briggs and Burke break reading down into five categories:
Critical reading
Dangerous reading
Creative reading
Extensive reading
Private reading
Printed Knowledge
1) Democratization of knowledge, more knowledge became
more available to more people.
2) Standardized and preserved knowledge
3) Knowledge became cumulative in a way it had never been
4) Stimulated new ideas
5) New inventions in agriculture, philosophy, science, economy
and industry

3. 6) New diversity of ideas and voices
7) Public sphere where public opinion forms
8) Development of Enlightenment thought
9) Social contract between governed and government
10) Formation of concept of constitutional government
11) Separation of church and state
12) Checks and balances
13) Critique of monarchy
14) Modern literature become possible
15) Fiction and recreation reading
16) Modern novel
17) Modern notion of the individual
18) Changed romantic love and marriage
19) Arranged marriage declined and marriage for love became
the norm
20) Mechanical reproduction of art changed the meaning of art
21) Made news, opinion, literature and art commodities
Printing in its Contexts 14-4-1 2:02 PM
New Relationships
As printers came to exist, so did new social groups, eventually
changing the traditional feudal structure of Europe into modern
society.
Impacted jobs and occupations within European cities
New jobs became available
New Institutions
New understanding of academic work and audiences
Rise of the secular Universities
By 1500, within 60 years of its invention, the printing press was
being used throughout Western Europe
Over 20 million books had been produced
Elizabethan Era 1558-1603
Shakespeare did his major works 1590’s
Italian opera debuts in 1594
First English dictionary 1604 by Samuel Johnson

4. Cervantes’ Don Quixote 1605
Enlightenment
Newspapers create Anderson called “simultaneity” a sense of
shared experience of ongoing world history.
In 1620 English Philosopher Francis Bacon noted that the
printing press had changed the world and what it means for
humans to live in it
Bacon then called for a revolution in knowledge, influencing
Issac Newton and the Scientific Revolution
It clearly laid the groundwork for what we now recognize as the
knowledge based economy of capitalism
1623 Statute of Monopolies-Patents
1712 Thomas Newcomen invented steam engine
1775 Watt and Boulton steam engine becomes practical
1776 Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
1771 Luigi Galvani revitalized legs of dead frogs with
electricity
1819 Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein
First Industrial Revolution
A host of encyclopedias and Societies played a key role in
documenting and disseminating the technological developments
Modern mail system evolved
Based on a long series of scientific and technological
innovations the production of existing goods was increased and
made much cheaper
Textile manufacture mining (coal)
Metallurgy (iron then steel)
Chemistry (paper and glass)
Electricity
Tools, machines
Railroad, wire cable, telegraph
Second Industrial Revolution-1870

5. Fundamental changes in production and products
Basic concepts included ideas such as interchangeable parts
Up to this point complex tools were created one at a time by
artisans
Dies and jigs made the production of interchangeable parts and
replacement parts possible
The factory division of labor made both unskilled and skilled
labor more productive
Productivity rose dramatically
Prices of consumer goods dell dramatically
Creation of the middle class consumer-based material culture
This period saw the rise of the petroleum.u
1769 Steam locomotive rolls out
1843 Morse telegraph
1842 British Copyright Act
1844 Electric Telegraph Company
1848 Karl Marx’s communist Manifesto
1850 First submarine cable, England-France
1851 Wet plate photography
The Great Exposition of the Industry of All Nations in
London’s Hyde Park
Exposition Universelle of 1889
14-4-1 2:02 PM
Edmund Burke (1787)
Feudal estates of the realm:
Clergy
Nobility
Commoners
The Fourth Estate was newspapers
Allowed new voices to be heard
Diversity of political opinions
Media enabled the public discussion
Rise of civil society

6. New forms of government
Bourgeois Public Sphere
Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public
Sphere (1962)
Discursive space where individuals and groups come together to
freely discuss and identify societal problems
Ideally reach a common judgment on matters of mutual interest
Through discussion influence political action
Public Opinion
Public sphere is where the public:
Gets its information
Monitors government and business
Debates the issues
Formas a public opinion
Decides how to vote
Organizes collective action
An independent public sphere is a necessary prerequisite for
participatory democracy
Free Press
Freedom of the press is essential for democracy
To have an informed citizenry the public sphere must be
independent of:
Government sector
Private business sector
Marketplace of Ideas
“Free market place of ideas” metaphor Oliver Wendell Homes
(1919)
market logic reduces knowledge to a commodity
news, opinion, sports, literature and art become commodities
rise of infotainment in the Sun and other early papers
concern for educating citizens gave way to market logic
whatever sells more newspapers

7. Public Sphere 14-4-1 2:02 PM
Radio Broadcast Firsts
Newsreels
First used in 1908
In the 1930-40’s there were dedicated newsreel theaters in some
UC cities
Newsreels continued into the 1960’s
News with a Purpose
Think about what has changed in the news.
We talked about the public sphere approach
Infotainment and sensationalism
But there is more to it
It maters who is making the news and why
We can see the intent to sway audiences in various kinds of
news media early on
Ideology
The body od doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an
individual or group with reference to some political and social
plan along with the devices for putting it into operation.
Consensus
Majority of opinion, general agreement or concord; harmony
Eurocentric ideologies helped maintain public consensus on the
practice of colonialism and modern imperialism.
Policy of Containment
Containment was a policy using numerous strategies to prevent
the spread of communism. A prominent component of the Cold
War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the
Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe,
China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam.

8. Politics of Containment
Following the 1917 communist revolution in Russia, there were
calls by Western leaders to isolate the Bolshevik government
NATO Alliance (1949)
Iron Curtain, Berlin Wasll
Cold War
Korean War
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
I n f o r m a t i o n systems are c r i t i c a l to o r g a n i z a t i
o n a l success, a n d like all c r i t i c a l assets,
n e e d t o be m a n a g e d r e s p o n s i b l y , i n o r g a n i z a
t i o n s b o t h large a n d s m a l l . I n t h i s
c h a p t e r , w e w i l l s u r v e y t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f
IS a n d I T resources. We b e g i n b y
discussing the m a j o r f u n c t i o n s and the o r g a n i z a t i
o n of the IS d e p a r t m e n t . T h e n w e
w i l l consider p l a n n i n g the use o f I T / I S . O u t s o u r
c i n g is the process of h i r i n g outside
v e n d o r s t o p r o v i d e business services a n d r e l a t e d p
r o d u c t s . For o u r p u r p o s e s ,
o u t s o u r c i n g refers t o h i r i n g o u t s i d e v e n d o r s
to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n systems,
p r o d u c t s , a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s . We w i l l e x a m i n
e the pros a n d cons o f o u t s o u r c i n g a n d
describe some of its risks. Finally, we w i l l c o n c l u d e t h i
s c h a p t e r by d i s c u s s i n g the
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f users t o the IS d e p a r t m e n t . I n t h

9. i s last s e c t i o n , y o u w i l l l e a r n b o t h
y o u r o w n a n d the IS department's rights and
responsibilities.
T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s c h a p t e r is n o t to teach y o u h
o w to m a n a g e i n f o r m a t i o n
systems. Such m a n a g e m e n t , i n t r u t h , requires m a n y
years o f experience. I n s t e a d ,
t h e goal o f t h i s c h a p t e r is to give y o u a n a p p r e c i a
t i o n f o r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f IS
m a n a g e m e n t and to help y o u become an effective
consumer o f IS services.
A n d , i f y o u w o r k for a s m a l l c o m p a n y l i k e Fox
Lake, y o u w i l l at least k n o w the
e l e m e n t s o f IS m a n a g e m e n t a n d be able t o h e l p
p e o p l e l i k e Jeff u n d e r s t a n d w h a t
needs t o be d o n e . By the way, GearUp doesn't have issues l i
k e Fox Lake, p r i m a r i l y
because i t employs an in-house IT person.
What Are the Functions and
Organization of the IS Department?
The m a j o r f u n c t i o n s of the i n f o r m a t i o n systems
department^ are as follows;
Plan the use o f IS to a c c o m p l i s h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
goals a n d strategy.
Manage o u t s o u r c i n g relationships.
Protect i n f o r m a t i o n assets.
Develop, operate, a n d m a i n t a i n the organization's c o m p
u t i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .
Develop, operate, a n d m a i n t a i n applications.
We w i l l consider the f i r s t t w o f u n c t i o n s i n
questions Q2 a n d Q3 o f t h i s chapter.

10. The p r o t e c t i o n f u n c t i o n is the t o p i c o f Chapter
12. The last t w o f u n c t i o n s are i m p o r -
t a n t f o r IS m a j o r s , b u t less so f o r o t h e r business p r
o f e s s i o n a l s , a n d w e w i l l n o t
c o n s i d e r t h e m i n t h i s t e x t . To set the stage, c o n s i
d e r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e IS
d e p a r t m e n t .
Figure 11-1 shows t y p i c a l t o p - l e v e l r e p o r t i n g
relationships. As y o u w i l l l e a r n i n y o u r
management classes, organizational structure varies d e p e n d i
n g o n the organization's
size, culture, competitive e n v i r o n m e n t , industry, and
other factors. Larger organizations
' Often, the department we are calling the IS department is
known in organizations as the IT
department. That name is a misnomer however, because the I T
department manages systems as
well as technology'. If you hear the term IT department in
industry don't assume that the scope of
that department is limited to technology.
Q1 What Are the Functions and Organization of the IS
Department? 365
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)/
Chief Operating Officer (COO)
HR
VP
Marl<eting

11. VP
Sales
Legal I ...other staff funaions
VP
Manufacturing
Chief
Information
Officer (CIO)
Chief
Financial
Officer (CFO)
Technology
(CTO)
VP
Engineering
Data Administration
Operations Development Outsourcing
Relations
Typical Senior-Level Reporting
Relationships
w i t h independent divisions w i l l have a group of senior
executives like those shown here
for each d i v i s i o n . Smaller companies m a y c o m b i n e
some of these departments. Con-
sider the structure i n Figure 11-1 as typical.

12. The t i t l e of the p r i n c i p a l manager of the IS d e p a r t m
e n t varies f r o m o r g a n i z a t i o n
to o r g a n i z a t i o n . A c o m m o n t i d e is chief
information officer, or C I O . Other c o m m o n
titles are vice president of information services, director of
information services, a n d ,
less c o m m o n l y , director of computer services.
I n F i g u r e 1 1 - 1 , t h e C I O , h k e o t h e r s e n i o r e x e
c u t i v e s , r e p o r t s t o t h e chief
executive officer (CEO), t h o u g h s o m e t i m e s these
executives r e p o r t to the chief oper-
ating officer (COO), w h o , i n t u r n , r e p o r t s to t h e
CEO. I n s o m e c o m p a n i e s , the CIO
r e p o r t s to the chief financial officer (CFO). T h a t r e p o r
t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t m i g h t m a k e
sense i f t h e p r i m a r y i n f o r m a t i o n systems s u p p o r
t o n l y a c c o u n t i n g a n d f i n a n c e
a c t i v i t i e s . I n o r g a n i z a t i o n s s u c h as m a n u f a
c t u r e r s t h a t o p e r a t e s i g n i f i c a n t
n o n a c c o u n t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n systems, t h e a r r a
n g e m e n t s h o w n i n F i g u r e 11-1 is
m o r e c o m m o n a n d effective.
The s t r u c t u r e o f the IS d e p a r t m e n t also varies a m o
n g organizations. Figure 11-1
shows a t y p i c a l IS d e p a r t m e n t w i t h f o u r g r o u p
s a n d a data a d m i n i s t r a t i o n staff
f u n c t i o n .
M o s t IS d e p a r t m e n t s i n c l u d e a technology office t
h a t investigates n e w i n f o r m a -
t i o n systems t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d d e t e r m i n e s h o w
the o r g a n i z a t i o n c a n b e n e f i t f r o m
t h e m . For e x a m p l e , t o d a y m a n y o r g a n i z a t i o n

13. s are i n v e s t i g a t i n g social m e d i a a n d
elastic c l o u d o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d p l a n n i n g h o w
t h e y c a n use t h o s e c a p a b i h t i e s t o
b e t t e r a c c o m p h s h t h e i r goals a n d o b j e c t i v e s .
A n i n d i v i d u a l c a l l e d t h e c h i e f
technology officer, or C T O , o f t e n heads t h e t e c h n o l o
g y g r o u p . The CTO evaluates
n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s , n e w ideas, a n d n e w c a p a b i l
i t i e s a n d i d e n t i f i e s t h o s e t h a t
are m o s t r e l e v a n t to t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h e
CTO's j o b r e q u i r e s deep k n o w l e d g e of
i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y a n d t h e a b i l i t y t o e
n v i s i o n a n d i n n o v a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e
o r g a n i z a t i o n .
The next group i n Figure 11-1, Operations, manages the c o m
p u t i n g infrastructure,
i n c l u d i n g i n d i v i d u a l computers, in-house server
farms, networks, and c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
m e d i a . This g r o u p i n c l u d e s system a n d n e t w o r k
a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . As y o u w i l l l e a r n ,
an i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n for t h i s g r o u p is to m o n i
t o r the user experience a n d r e s p o n d
to user problems.
CHAPTER 11 Information Systems Management
The t h i r d g r o u p i n t h e IS d e p a r t m e n t i n Figure
11-1 is Development. This g r o u p
manages t h e process o f c r e a t i n g n e w i n f o r m a t i o n
systems as w e l l as m a i n t a i n i n g
e x i s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n systems. (Recall f r o m
Chapter 10 t h a t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f i n f o r -
m a t i o n systems maintenance m e a n s e i t h e r f i x i n g p

14. r o b l e m s or a d a p t i n g e x i s t i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n systems to s u p p o r t n e w features a n d f
u n c t i o n s . )
The size a n d structure o f the d e v e l o p m e n t g r o u p
depends o n w h e t h e r programs
are developed i n - h o u s e . I f n o t , t h i s d e p a r t m e n t
w i l l be staffed p r i m a r i l y by business
a n d systems analysts w h o w o r k w i t h users, o p e r a t i o
n s , a n d v e n d o r s to acquire and
i n s t a l l hcensed software a n d to set u p the system c o m p
o n e n t s a r o u n d that software.
I f the o r g a n i z a t i o n develops p r o g r a m s i n - h o u s
e , t h e n t h i s d e p a r t m e n t w i l l i n c l u d e
p r o g r a m m e r s , test engineers, technical writers, and other
d e v e l o p m e n t personnel.
The last IS d e p a r t m e n t g r o u p i n Figure 11-1 is
Outsourcing Relations. This g r o u p
exists i n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t have n e g o t i a t e d o u
t s o u r c i n g agreements w i t h o t h e r
companies to p r o v i d e e q u i p m e n t , applications, or
other services. You w i l l learn m o r e
about o u t s o u r c i n g later i n this chapter.
Figure 11-1 also includes a Data Administration staff f u n c t i
o n . The p u r p o s e o f this
g r o u p is t o p r o t e c t data a n d i n f o r m a t i o n assets
by e s t a b l i s h i n g data standards a n d
data m a n a g e m e n t practices and policies.
There are m a n y v a r i a t i o n s o n the s t r u c t u r e o f t h
e IS d e p a r t m e n t s h o v m i n
Figure 11-1. I n larger organizations, the operations g r o u p m
a y itself consist of several
different departments. Sometimes, there is a separate g r o u p

15. for data w a r e h o u s i n g a n d
data marts.
As y o u e x a m i n e Figure 11-1, keep the d i s t i n c t i o n b
e t w e e n IS a n d I T i n m i n d .
Information systems (IS) exist to h e l p the o r g a n i z a t i o n
achieve its goals a n d objectives.
I n f o r m a t i o n systems have t h e five c o m p o n e n t s we
have discussed t h r o u g h o u t this
text. Information technology (IT) is s i m p l y t e c h n o l o g y
. It c o n c e r n s t h e p r o d u c t s ,
t e c h n i q u e s , p r o c e d u r e s , a n d designs of c o m p u
t e r - b a s e d t e c h n o l o g y . IT m u s t be
placed i n t o the structure of a n IS before an o r g a n i z a t i o
n can use i t .
IS d e p a r t m e n t s p r o v i d e a w i d e range of i n t e r e s
t i n g a n d w e l l - p a y i n g j o b s . M a n y
s t u d e n t s enter the M I S class t h i n k i n g t h a t t h e IS d
e p a r t m e n t s consist o n l y o f
p r o g r a m m e r s a n d c o m p u t e r technicians. I f y o u
reflect o n the five c o m p o n e n t s of a n
i n f o r m a t i o n system, y o u c a n u n d e r s t a n d w h y t
h i s c a n n o t be t r u e . The data,
procedures, and people c o m p o n e n t s of an i n f o r m a t i
o n system require professionals
w i t h h i g h l y developed i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i
c a t i o n s skills.
Figure 11-2 s u m m a r i z e s t h e m a j o r j o b p o s i t i o n
s i n t h e IS i n d u s t r y . W i t h t h e
e x c e p t i o n of c o m p u t e r t e c h n i c i a n a n d p o s s i
b l y o f PQA test engineer, a l l o f these
p o s i t i o n s require a 4-year degree. F u r t h e r m o r e , w i
t h the e x c e p t i o n of p r o g r a m m e r
a n d PQA test engineer, a l l of these p o s i t i o n s r e q u i r

16. e business k n o w l e d g e . I n m o s t
cases, successful professionals have a degree i n business. N o t
e , t o o , t h a t m o s t
positions require good v e r b a l a n d v^ritten c o m m u n i c a
t i o n s skills. Business, i n c l u d i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n systems, is a social activity.
M a n y of the positions i n Figure 11-2 have a w i d e salary
range. Lower salaries are
for professionals w i t h l i m i t e d experience or for those w h
o w o r k i n smaller companies
or w o r k o n small projects. The larger salaries are for those w
i t h deep knowledge a n d
experience w h o w o r k f o r large c o m p a n i e s o n large
projects. Do n o t expect to b e g i n
y o u r career at the h i g h e n d o f these ranges. As n o t e d ,
all salaries are for positions i n
the U n i t e d States a n d are s h o w n i n U.S. dollars.
(By the way, f o r a l l b u t the m o s t t e c h n i c a l p o s i t i
o n s , k n o w l e d g e o f a business
specialty can a d d to y o u r m a r k e t a b i l i t y . I f y o u
have the t i m e , a d u a l m a j o r can be an
excellent choice. Popular a n d successful d u a l majors are a c
c o u n t i n g a n d i n f o r m a t i o n
systems, m a r k e t i n g a n d i n f o r m a t i o n systems, a n d
m a n a g e m e n t a n d i n f o r m a t i o n
systems.)
Title Responsibilities
Knowledge, Skill, and
Characteristics
RequiremenU

17. United States 2011
Salary
Range(USD)
Business analyst Work with business leaders and
planners to develop processes
and systems that implement
business strategy and goals.
Knowledge of business
planning, strategy, process
management, and technology.
Can deal with complexity.
See big picture but work with
details. Strong interpersonal and
communication skills needed.
$75,000-$! 25,000
System analyst Work with users to determine
system requirements, design
and develop job descriptions
and procedures, help determine
system test plans.
Strong interpersonal and
communications skills.
Knowledge of both business
and technology. Adaptable.
$65,000-$ 125,000
Programmer Design and write computer
programs.

18. Logical thinking and design
skills, knowledge of one or
more programming languages.
$50,000-$ 150,000
PQA test
engineer
Develop test plans, design and
write automated test scripts,
perform testing.
Logical thinking, basic
programming, superb
organizational skills, eye for
detail.
$40,000-$95,000
Technical writer Write program documentation,
help-text, procedures, job
descriptions,training materials.
Quick learner, clear writing
skills, high verbal
communications skills.
$40,000-$95,000
User support
representative
Help users solve problems,
provide training.

19. Communications and people
skills. Product knowledge.
Patience.
$40,000-$65,000
Computer
technician
Install software, repair computer
equipment and networks.
Associate degree, diagnostic
skills.
$30,000-$65,000
Network
administrator
Monitor, maintain,fix, and tune
computer networks.
Diagnostic skills, in-depth
knowledge of communications
technologies and products.
$75,000-$200,000+
Consultant Wide range of activities:
programming, testing, database
design, communications and
networks, project management,
security and risk management,
social media, strategic planning.

20. Quick learner, entrepreneurial
attitude, communications and
people skills. Respond well to
pressure. Particular knowledge
depends on work.
From $35 per hour for a
contract tester to more
than $500 per hour for
strategic consulting to
executive group.
Salesperson Sell software, network,
communications,and consulting
services.
Quick learner, knowledge of
product, superb professional
sales skills.
$65,000-$200,000-l-
Small-scale
project manager
Initiate, plan, manage, monitor,
and close down projects.
Management and people skills,
technology knowledge.
Highly organized.
$75,000-$! 50,000
Large-scale

21. project manager
Initiate, plan, monitor, and close
down complex projects.
Executive and management
skills. Deep project management
knowledge.
$!50,000-$250,000+
Database
administrator
Manage and protect database
(see Chapter 5).
Diplomatic skills, database
technology knowledge.
$75,000-$250,000
Chief technology
officer (CTO)
Advise CIO, executive group, and
project managers on emerging
technologies.
Quick learner, good
communication skills, business
^ background, deep krow(edqe of IT.
$!25,000-$300,000+

22. Chief informatibr
officer (CIO)
e ST department,
communicate with executive
staff on IT- and IS-related matters.
Member of the executive group.
Superb management skiWs.deep
knowledge of business and
technology, and good business
judgment.Good communicator.
Balanced and unflappable.
S!50,000-S 500,000, plus
executive benefits and
privileges.
Fiqurs 11-2
Job Positions in
the Information
Systems Industry
391
392 CHAPTER 11 Information Systems Management
C How Do Organizations Plan
the Use of IS?
We b e g i n o u r discussion of IS f u n c t i o n s w i t h p l a n
n i n g . Figure 11-3 lists the m a j o r IS
p l a n n i n g f u n c t i o n s .

23. The p u i p o s e of a n i n f o r m a t i o n system is to help the
o r g a n i z a t i o n a c c o m p l i s h its goals
a n d objectives. I n order to do so, a l l i n f o r m a t i o n
systems m u s t be a l i g n e d w i t h t h e
organization's c o m p e t i t i v e strategy.
Recall the f o u r c o m p e t i t i v e strategies f r o m Chapter
3: A n o r g a n i z a t i o n can be a
cost leader either across a n i n d u s t r y or w i t h i n a n i n d
u s t r y segment. A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,
an o r g a n i z a t i o n can differentiate its products or services
either across the i n d u s t r y or
w i t h i n a segment. Whatever the o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
strategy, the CIO a n d t h e IS d e p a r t -
m e n t m u s t constantly be v i g i l a n t t o align IS w i t h i t
.
M a i n t a i n i n g a l i g n m e n t b e t w e e n IS d i r e c t i o
n a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l strategy is a
c o n t i n u i n g process. As strategies change, as t h e o r g a n
i z a t i o n merges w i t h o t h e r
organizations, as divisions are sold, IS m u s t evolve a l o n g
w i t h the organization.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , however, IS i n f r a s t r u c t u r e is n
o t malleable. C h a n g i n g a n e t w o r k
requires t i m e a n d resources. I n t e g r a t i n g disparate i n f
o r m a t i o n systems applications is
even slower a n d m o r e expensive. This fact o f t e n is n o t
appreciated i n the executive
suite. W i t h o u t a persuasive CIO, IS can be perceived as a
drag o n the organization's
o p p o r t u n i t i e s .
This last observation leads to the second IS p l a n n i n g f u n
c t i o n i n Figure 11-3. The CIO

24. is the representative for IS a n d IT issues w i t h i n the
executive staff. The CIO provides the
IS perspective d u r i n g discussions of p r o b l e m solutions,
proposals, and n e w initiatives.
For e x a m p l e , w h e n c o n s i d e r i n g a merger, i t is i m
p o r t a n t t h a t t h e c o m p a n y
consider i n t e g r a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n systems i n
the m e r g e d entities. This considera-
t i o n needs t o be addressed d u r i n g the e v a l u a t i o n of
t h e merger o p p o r t u n i t y . Too
o f t e n , s u c h issues are n o t c o n s i d e r e d u n t i l after t
h e deal has b e e n s i g n e d . Such
delayed c o n s i d e r a t i o n is a mistake; the costs o f the i n t
e g r a t i o n need to be f a c t o r e d
i n t o the economics of the purchase. I n v o l v i n g the CIO i
n h i g h - l e v e l discussions is the
best w a y to avoid such p r o b l e m s .
The next t w o IS p l a n n i n g f u n c t i o n s i n Figure 11-3
are related. The CIO m u s t ensure
t h a t p r i o r i t i e s consistent v n t h the overall o r g a n i z
a t i o n a l strategy' are developed a n d
c o m m u n i c a t e d to the IS d e p a r t m e n t . A t the same
t i m e , the CIO m u s t also ensure t h a t
the d e p a r t m e n t evaluates proposals a n d projects for
using n e w t e c h n o l o g y i n l i g h t o f
those c o m m u n i c a t e d p r i o r i t i e s .
Technology is seductive, p a r t i c u l a r l y to IS
professionals. The CTO m a y enthusias-
t i c a l l y c l a i m , " W i t h SOA services we can do this a n
d this a n d this." A l t h o u g h true, the
q u e s t i o n t h a t the CIO m u s t c o n t i n u a l l y ask is w
h e t h e r those n e w p o s s i b i h t i e s are
consistent w i t h the organization's strategy a n d d i r e c t i o

25. n .
Figure;;
Planning the Use of IS/IT • Align information systems with
organizational strategy;
maintain alignment as organization changes.
• Communicate IS/IT issues to executive group.
• Develop/enforce IS priorities within the IS department.
• Sponsor steering committee.
Q3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of
Outsourcing? 393
T h u s , the CIO m u s t n o t o n l y establish a n d c o m m u n
i c a t e s u c h p r i o r i t i e s , b u t
enforce t h e m as w e l l . The d e p a r t m e n t m u s t
evaluate every p r o p o s a l , at the earliest
stage possible, as to w h e t h e r i t is consistent w i t h the
organization's goals and aligned
w i t h its strategy.
F u r t h e r m o r e , n o o r g a n i z a t i o n can a f f o r d t o i
m p l e m e n t every g o o d idea. Even
p r o j e c t s t h a t are a l i g n e d w i t h the organization's
strategy m u s t be p r i o r i t i z e d . T h e
objective of everyone i n the IS d e p a r t m e n t m u s t be to
develop the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e
systems possible, given constraints o n t i m e and money. Well
t h o u g h t o u t and clearly
c o m m u n i c a t e d p r i o r i t i e s are essential.
Sponsor tiie Steering Committes
The f i n a l p l a n n i n g f u n c t i o n i n Figure 11-3 is t o s p

26. o n s o r the s t e e r i n g c o m m i t t e e .
A steering committee is a g r o u p o f senior managers f r o m
the m a j o r business
f u n c t i o n s t h a t works w i t h the CIO to set the IS p r i o r
i t i e s a n d decide a m o n g m a j o r IS
projects and alternatives.
The steering c o m m i t t e e serves a n i m p o r t a n t c o m m
u n i c a t i o n f u n c t i o n b e t w e e n IS
a n d the users. I n the steering c o m m i t t e e , i n f o r m a t i
o n systems personnel can discuss
p o t e n t i a l IS i n i t i a t i v e s a n d directions w i t h the
user c o m m u n i t y . A t the same t i m e , the
steering c o m m i t t e e provides a f o r u m for users to
express t h e i r needs, fnastrations, a n d
other issues they have w i t h the IS d e p a r t m e n t .
Typically, t h e IS d e p a r t m e n t sets u p t h e s t e e r i n g c
o m m i t t e e ' s s c h e d u l e a n d
agenda a n d conducts the meetings. The CEO and other m e m b
e r s of the executive staff
d e t e r m i n e the m e m b e r s h i p of the steering c o m m i t
t e e .
One other task related to
planning the use of IT is to
establish the organization's
computer-use policy. For
more on computer-use issues,
read the Ethics Guide on
pages 394-395.
What Are the Advantages
and Disadvantages of Outsourcing?
O u t s o u r c i n g is t h e process o f h i r i n g a n o t h e r o r
g a n i z a t i o n t o p e r f o r m a service.

27. O u t s o u r c i n g is done to save costs, to gain expertise, a n d
to free m a n a g e m e n t t i m e .
The father of m o d e r n management, Peter Drucker, is r e p u t
e d t o have said, "Your
back r o o m is someone else's f r o n t r o o m . " For instance, i
n most companies, r u n n i n g
the cafeteria is n o t a n essential f u n c t i o n for business
success; t h u s , t h e e m p l o y e e
cafeteria is a " b a c k r o o m . " Google w a n t s t o be the w o
r l d w i d e leader i n search a n d
m o b i l e c o m p u t i n g h a r d w a r e a n d a p p l i c a t i o
n s , all s u p p o r t e d b y e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g ad
revenue. It does n o t w a n t to be k n o w n for h o w w e l l i t
runs cafeterias. U s i n g Drucker's
s e n t i m e n t , Google is better o f f h i r i n g another
company, one t h a t specializes i n f o o d
services, t o r u n its cafeterias.
Because f o o d service is some company's " f r o n t r o o m , "
that c o m p a n y w i l l be better
able to provide a quality p r o d u c t at a fair price. Outsourcing
to a f o o d vendor wnll also free
Google's m a n a g e m e n t f r o m a t t e n t i o n o n the
cafeteria. Food quality, chef scheduling,
plastic fork acquisition, waste disposal, and so o n , w i l l all
be another company's concern.
Google can focus o n search, mobile c o m p u t i n g , and
advertising-revenue growth.
M a n y c o m p a n i e s t o d a y have chosen to o u t s o u r c e
p o r t i o n s o f t h e i r i n f o r m a t i o n
systems activities. Figure 11-4 lists p o p u l a r reasons for d o
i n g so. Consider each m a j o r
g r o u p of reasons.

28. Management Advantages
First, o u t s o u r c i n g c a n be a n easy w a y t o g a i n e x p
e r t i s e . Suppose, f o r e x a m p l e ,
t h a t a n o r g a n i z a t i o n w a n t s to u p g r a d e its t h o
u s a n d s of user c o m p u t e r s o n a cost-
e f f e c t i v e basis. To d o so, t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n w o u l
d n e e d t o d e v e l o p e x p e r t i s e i n
a u t o m a t e d s o f t w a r e i n s t a l l a t i o n , u n a t t e n d
e d i n s t a l l a t i o n s , r e m o t e s u p p o r t , a n d
McCarty, Philip Global Media 1 of 2
Vocabulary
Part I Media
feudalism, lords and serfs
Gutenberg printing press
standardization and preservation of knowledge
democratization of information
diversity of ideas and opinions
public sphere and civil society
The Enlightenment
The Fourth Estate - Edmund Burke (1787)
Scientific, Democratic and Industrial Revolutions
wage labor, free market
urbanization, population explosion
second Industrial Revolution, modern and Victorian periods
"free market place of ideas" - Oliver Wendell Holmes (1919)
commoditization of information

29. literature, news, opinion, art, sports
edutainment (whatever sells newspapers)
sensationalism
ideology, propaganda, dehumanization
censorship and framing (significance, salience and relevance)
new media
all mediums together
interactivity
one-to-many communication
one-to-one communication
many-to-many communication
production of media from professional to amateur
cyberculture
convergence
digital divide
concentration of Media Ownership
communication Governance (Raboy p. 56)
global public sphere (Raboy p. 65)
McCarty, Philip Global Media 2 of 2
Vocabulary
Part II Projecting Empire

30. colonialism, nationalism, imperialism, decolonization and
postcolonial
appropriation, exploitation, Orientalism, cultural imperialism,
medial imperialism
containment, consensus, hegemony, soft power
commercialization, secularization and homogenization of media
(Hallin and Mancini)
differentiation and de-differentiation of media (Hallin and
Mancini 177)
hero, anti-hero, reversal of perspective
Part III New Media
mass media representation of others (meets needs of the
dominant culture)
stereotype, marginalize, assimilate (homogenization)
modernization, development, sustainability
displacement, resettlement, exile, migration, immigration,
diaspora
discrimination, persecution, genocide
new media, self-representation, hybrid identities (meets needs
of the minority culture)
endangered cultures and languages, strategic traditionalism,
cultural survival
resistance (to colonialism, imperialism, environmental
destruction, globalization)
communities, imagined community, nationalism and alternative
nationalisms
self-determination, autonomy, legal sovereignty
human rights, indigenous rights, collective rights
advocacy, alliances and networks
pan-indigenous or international indigenous movements, Fourth
World

31. Global 157
Global Media
Spring 2014
Midterm Paper Prompt
Use concepts from the course (such as the public sphere, civil
society, ideology, framing,
social movements etc.) to make your own argument about the
role the media play in
shaping public debate about current issues. In your argument
the media must do more
than simply broadcast events. Analyze how the media influence
the debate or impact the
outcome in some way. Some possible topics could include:
Healthcare reform/Obamacare
Including abortion benefits in healthcare
Raising the minimum wage for workers in fast food chains
Immigration and immigrant rights

32. Legalization of marijuana (Colorado vs. California)
If you would like to write on a different topic please see Felicia
in her office hours to get
your topic approved in advance.
Requirements
A hard copy of your paper is due to Felicia at the start of class
on Thursday May 1.
Please do not email your paper. Papers should be 4 pages long
(8.5 x 11, double spaced,
12 font, 1 inch margins) or about 1200 words. Pay special
attention to structure, with a
clear argument and evidence to support. Please proofread -
spelling and grammar
mistakes will lower your grade. Include a header with title, your
name and page numbers.
Use quotes and proper in-text citations for ALL sources
referenced. Include a works cited
at the end.