Gbondingpps

CHEMICAL
BONDING
A guide for GCSE students
2010
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING SPECIFICATIONS

CHEMICAL BONDING
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students
understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements
of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and
it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white
board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry
topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and
created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their
use in any commercial work.

CHEMICAL BONDING
OVERVIEW
The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical
bonds are formed.
The physical properties of elements and compounds are
influenced by the type of bonding.
To understand how structure and bonding affects the
physical properties of elements and compounds, view the
powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the
KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

WHAT IS BONDING?
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant
molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic
structures.

WHAT IS BONDING?
structures.
COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different
elements are chemically combined’.

WHAT IS BONDING?
structures.
COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different
elements are chemically combined’.
Elements can be combined using… IONIC
COVALENT
or METALLIC bonds
The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of
the atoms being bonded.

NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
2+ 10+ 18+
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ARGON
2,8,8
HELIUM
2
NEON
2,8
Group 0

NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY
TO GET ONE
THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS
2+ 10+ 18+
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ARGON
2,8,8
HELIUM
2
NEON
2,8
Group 0

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
(CATIONS)

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
(ANIONS)

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND

SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
Na
SODIUM ATOM
2,8,1
CHLORINE ATOM
2,8,7
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
+
Na
SODIUM ION
2,8
CHLORIDE ION
2,8,8
both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they
have the electronic configuration of a noble gas

SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
+
Na
SODIUM ION
2,8
CHLORIDE ION
2,8,8
Na Na+ + e¯
2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED
Cl + e¯ Cl¯
2,8,7 2,8,8

CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
Ca
CALCIUM ATOM
2,8,8,2
CHLORINE ATOMS
2,8,7
Cl

CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
Ca
CALCIUM ION
2,8,8
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
Cl
2+

CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
CALCIUM ION
2,8,8
Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
Cl
2+
Ca Ca2+ + 2e¯
2,8,8,2 2,8,8
2 ELECTRONS
TRANSFERRED
2Cl + 2e¯ 2Cl¯
2,8,7 2,8

MAGNESIUM OXIDE
O
Mg
MAGNESIUM ATOM
2,8,2
OXYGEN ATOM
2,6

MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Mg2+
MAGNESIUM ION
2,8
O2-
OXIDE ION
2,8

MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Mg2+
MAGNESIUM ION
2,8
O2-
OXIDE ION
2,8
Mg Mg2+ + 2e¯
2,8,2 2,8
2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED
O + 2e¯ O2-
2,6 2,8

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST…

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND

COVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond consists of…
a shared pair of electrons with one electron being
supplied by each atom either side of the bond.
The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an
overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of
negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.
+ +
shared pair
of electrons
Nucleus
(positively
charged)

HYDROGEN
H H H H
both atoms need one electron
to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons
to form a single covalent bond
H H H H H2

HYDROGEN
H
H H
H H H
atoms share a pair of electrons
to form a single covalent bond
H H
Covalent bonds are
represented by a line
H2

HYDROGEN
H H
Another hydrogen atom
also needs one electron to
complete its outer shell
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
H H
Hydrogen atom needs
one electron to
complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to
form a single covalent bond
A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed
H H

CHLORINE
Cl Cl Cl Cl
atoms share a pair of electrons to
form a single covalent bond
A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl2

CHLORINE
Cl
Another chlorine
atom also needs one
electron to complete
its outer shell
Cl
Chlorine atom
needs one electron
to complete its
outer shell
atoms share a pair of
electrons to form a
single covalent bond
Cl Cl Cl Cl

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Cl H Cl H
atom also needs one
its outer shell
atom needs one
its outer shell
H Cl H Cl
atoms share a pair of
electrons to form a single
covalent bond
A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
MOLECULE IS FORMED
HCl

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Cl H
Hydrogen atom also
needs one electron
to complete its outer
shell
atoms Chlorine share a atom
pair of
electrons needs one to electron
form a
single to complete covalent bond
its
outer shell
H Cl H Cl

METHANE
C
H H
H H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
each atom needs one
its outer shell
atom needs four
electrons to complete
its outer shell
Carbon shares all 4 of its
electrons to form 4 single
covalent bonds
CH4

METHANE
C
WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
Each hydrogen
atom needs 1
electron to
complete its
outer shell
A carbon atom needs 4
Carbon shares all 4 of
its electrons to form 4
single its covalent outer shell
bonds
H
H
H C H
H
H
H
H
H
H C H
H

AMMONIA
N
H H
H
N
H H
H
H N H
H
each atom needs one
its outer shell
H N H
H
atom needs three
its outer shell
Nitrogen can only share 3 of
its 5 electrons otherwise it will
exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
NH3

AMMONIA
WAYS TO REPRESENT
H
THE MOLECULE
N Each hydrogen
atom H needs
N H
one electron to
complete its
outer shell
Nitrogen can only share 3 of its
5 electrons otherwise it will
atom needs 3 electrons
to complete its outer shell
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
H
H
H
H N H
H

WATER
O
H O
H
H
H
each atom needs one
its outer shell
atom needs two
its outer shell
Oxygen can only share 2 of its
6 electrons otherwise it will
TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H O
H
H O
H
H2O

WATER
WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
Each hydrogen
atom needs
one electron to
complete its
H O
outer shell
O
Oxygen atom needs 2 electrons
Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6
to complete its outer shell
electrons otherwise it will
2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H
H
H
H O
H

OXYGEN
O
O O O
each oxygen atom needs
two electrons to complete
its outer shell
each oxygen shares 2 of its
electrons to form a
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
O O Double covalent bonds are
represented by TWO lines
O2

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION* ARE
METALS

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
THE CENTRAL
SECTION* ARE
METALS
• The central section of the periodic table
contains the transition metals
TRANSITION
METALS

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET
RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS
THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS

METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

METALLIC BONDING
Atoms arrange themselves
in a regular lattice

METALLIC BONDING
Atoms arrange themselves
in a regular lattice
The outer shell electrons of each atom
leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of
electrons which can roam throughout
the metal. The electron cloud holds
positive ions together.

METALLIC BONDING
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
Na
Na

METALLIC BONDING
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
Na
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED

METALLIC BONDING
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
Na
POSITIVE SODIUM IONS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8

METALLIC BONDING
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
Na
POSITIVE SODIUM IONS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8
THE ELECTRON CLOUD
CONTAINS THE RELEASED
OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE
STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION…
STRUCTURE & BONDING
WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE
WEBSITE AT… www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm

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