The use of Veterinary Anesthetic machine and accessories for patient monitoring during anesthesia and surgery

1. Anesthetics Machine

2. Anesthesia Monitoring Device
Pulse oximetry
• This is one of the most commonly employed monitoring modalities in
anesthesia that non-invasively monitor and provides quantitative analysis
about the oxygenation of a patient's hemoglobin
• A sensor with both red and infrared wavelengths is placed on the patient
• The ratio of Absorption of these wavelengths by the blood is measured and
oxygen saturation (Sp02) can be calculated.
• There are two types of Pulse oximetry (Fractional oximetry and Functional
oximetry)
• Fractional oximetry: Can only be measured by an arterial blood sample.
Measures: oxyhemoglobin + deoxyhemoglobin + methemoglobin +
carboxyhemoglobin and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2)
• Functional oximetry: Can be measured noninvasively by a standard pulse
oximeter. (oxyhemoglobin + deoxyhemoglobin) = (SpO2)
• An oxygen saturation level of lower than 90% is considered as hypoxemia,
which can result from cardiopulmonary complications, sleep apnea, certain
medicines

3. Pulse oximetry cont.

4. Capnography
• The term capnography refers to the noninvasive measurement of
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled breath
expressed as the CO2 concentration over time.
• The relationship of CO2 concentration to time is graphically
represented by the CO2 waveform, or capnogram
• Changes in the shape of the capnogram (e.g Biots and cheynes
stokes breathing patterns) are diagnostic of disease conditions,
while changes in end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), the maximum
CO2 concentration at the end of each tidal breath, can be used to
assess disease severity and response to treatment.
• Capnography is also the most reliable indicator that an
endotracheal tube is placed in the trachea after intubation.

5. Respiratory patterns
Cheyne–Stokes respiration
• This is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively
deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease
that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea
• The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2
minutes

6. Respiratory patterns,
• Biot's breathing means irregular, differently deep breathing
waves with different lengths of apnea pauses.
• It is the result of a decrease in the irritability of the respiratory
center, it occurs, for example,
in meningitis, encephalitis or alkaloid poisoning.

7. ECG (Electrocardiogram)
• An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check your
heart's rhythm and electrical activity.
• Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by
the heart each time it beats.
• Electrocardiography is the process of producing
an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a recording of the heart's electrical activity
through repeated cardiac cycles.
• It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the
electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin.
• These electrodes detect the small electrical changes that are a consequence
of cardiac muscle depolarization followed by repolarization during each cardiac
cycle (heartbeat).
• Changes in the normal ECG pattern occur in numerous cardiac abnormalities,
including cardiac rhythm disturbances (such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular
tachycardia), inadequate coronary artery blood flow (such as myocardial
ischemia and infarction, and electrolyte disturbances (such
as hypokalemia and hyperkalemia).

8. ECG (Electrocardiogram)

9. ECG (Electrocardiogram)

10. Arterial blood pressure
• BP can be monitored invasively or non-invasively: - The invasive
methods is not a basic standard - The standard one is Non-invasive
methods which Include oscillometric cuff and rarely palpation,
ausculatation and Doppler probe.

11. ECG, Capnography, SpO2, ABP

12. Temperature
• Any general anesthetic procedure requires temperature
measurement, and the availability of temperature monitoring should
be recorded.
• Very brief procedures may be an exception, but the availability of
temperature monitoring should be recorded.
• The brief procedure is an exception which takes 10 ms and the
patient is healthy you may not measure the temp unless the patient is
young patient because of the high risk of hypothermia and arrest.