Example Of Intergovernmental Organizations

Example Of Intergovernmental Organizations
Intergovernmental organizations are an important facet of public international law. According to
Margaret P. Karns, "intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are organizations that include at least
three states as members, that have activities in several different states and that are created through a
formal intergovernmental agreement such as a treaty, stature or statute. Most intergovernmental
organizations also consist of headquarters, executive heads, bureaucracies and budgets." Karns also
states that between the years 2013–2016 the "Yearbook of International Organizations," identified
about around 265 different intergovernmental organizations that varied from consisting of 3 member
countries, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), to more than 190 member
countries, such as the Universal Postal Union (UPU). In intergovernmental organizations, Karns
explains, the members that compose these IGO's can come from specifically one geographic area,
the Organization of American States (OAS), for example. This is not the case for every IGO,
though. Members of IGO's can also come from all geographic regions, using the World Bank as an
example. Karns also describes how some intergovernmental organizations are designed to achieve a
single purpose, and others are developed in order to complete multiple tasks. When discussing
intergovernmental organizations, it is safe to say that most of them are regional or sub regional, with
a similarity of interests motivating
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The World Bank 's Support For The Construction Of The Nam...
A World Bank Failure
This paper explores the World Bank's support for the construction of the Nam Theun 2 Dam, located
in the Lao People 's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), in Southeast Asia. The problems created by
this project are examined along with the question of whether or not international financial
institutions (IFI), such as the World Bank (herein after referred to as
"the Bank") are able to provide assistance in an objective, unbiased and responsible manner.
Nam Theun 2 Dam
Project Overview
Completed in 2010, the Nam Theun 2 Dam (herein after referred to as "NT2"), is a 1070 Megawatt
hydroelectric dam located on the Nam Theun River in central Lao PDR. Tokyo based Mekong
Watch, a non–governmental organization (NGO), estimates NT2's cost at US$1.45 billion, one of
the largest public works projects in Lao PDR's history. The dam flooded a 450 square kilometer
area, creating the Nakai Plateau reservoir. A principle component of the project included selling
ninety to ninety–five percent of NT2's electrical power to neighboring Thailand (2013).
Project Goals
In 2006, The World Bank Group's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), reported that
the average daily income of Lao PDR citizens was less than US$1, lower in rural areas, and that
limited options existed for generating income. At that time, MIGA projected that the NT2 would
generate close to US$1.9 billion in foreign exchange earnings over the dam's twenty–five year
lifespan (through the export of

International Bank For Reconstruction And Development
The World Bank was originally established in 1944 by 28 countries as the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development with the aim of assisting and financing public development
projects. In 2015 the World Bank Group is an umbrella organization of five parts with 187 member
countries. While the Bank remains the largest such institution in operation, there are now so many
other similar institutions that there are four subcategories to describe them: Multilateral
Development Banks (used to describe the World Bank), Multilateral Financial Institutions, Sub–
Regional Banks, and Aid Coordination Groups. Partners (World Bank, 2016) The World Bank
provides governments, based solely on economic rather than political considerations, with ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems
Management Program (APL2A), for which the World Bank is providing $55.2M of the $259.53M
total is described as follows:
Sectors
Large Hydropower
80%
Public administration– Water, sanitation and flood protection
8%
Irrigation and drainage
5%
Other social services
5%
Agricultural extension and research
2%

Themes
Water resource management
30%
Regional integration
30%
Rural services and infrastructure
20%
Municipal governance and institution building
10%
Social Inclusion
10%
(World Bank, 2016)
A main part of this project is the construction of the Kandadji Dam on the Niger River, which will
require the involuntary displacement of people living in the dam 's footprint. Dam construction has
been delayed but investment in the area and services for the local population are already shrinking,
making it harder for the local affected population to maintain their standard of living. But as dam
construction has not yet started many residents are not entitled to any assistance or relocation. This
reveals the early stages of two problem areas, lack of understanding of the second and third order
effects projects will have on the local area and lack of follow through on the World Bank's own
policy standards about minimizing the harm for people affected by the projects it supports.
A more complete example of a World Bank project with

Essay On Gender Equality
Women rights are the prerogative for women and girls in this world. These gender clichés need to be
annihilated because people are blinded by the truth that is right in front of them. Women, especially
in the Western culture, are looked upon more for the gender in which they are born than for what
they can actually do. Women's abilities tend to be overlooked just because of their gender, and it is
assumed that they cannot do as much as men can.
In Singapore, women are facing numerous signs of being less than men. Author Trina Liang–Lin
wrote, "As we celebrate International Women's Day and as Singapore turns 50, my hope is that
women here will continue to fight for their equality and will not be afraid to ask and confront tough
gender questions and environments. For only with gender equality, will the other Singapore ideals –
democracy, peace, progress and justice – be fully realized" (Liang–Lin 46). Here, the author is
talking about making sure the rights women have stay for them. In Singapore, women have gained
more rights and are now able to step out of the modern "house wife" job and get a real job or
education. "Although, statistically shown, men of the age 51–54 make 40,000 more working the
exact same job as women." (Liang–Lin 32) Although Singapore has tried to better how women are
treated, there are still plenty of gender gaps. To fix these gaps, the UPR, otherwise known as the
Universal Periodic Review, launched a law in 2006 that forces United Nation countries to

United States And The Post Cold War Political And Criminal...
The central claim of the report is that the poorest people live in a context of recurrent cycles of
violence whether criminal and political and in order to stop those cycles, legitimate institutions have
to be implemented to ensure security, jobs and justice. The main idea then is to remodel institutions
in order to reinforce people confidence. Those arguments are discussed by referring to the Post cold
war political and criminal violence, with the explanation of their dramatic consequences on
economic and social development. The report is influential in scope in a way that it attempts to
rethink an international order but it is commonly critized that it provides only obvious conclusions
and fails to engage with essential issues. Then, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the bibliography is not representative of the vast existing literature about conflict,
development and violence (Jones and Rodgers 2011).The majority of the literature mentioned is
based on quantitative parallels between economic and political aspects and conflict. This goes
against the World Bank claims that "Our approach is multidisciplinary and draws on both
quantitative and qualitative evidence" (2011, p. 73). The lack of qualitative data is also apparent in
the report's explanation that it structure is adequate with theories of violence in various disciplines
with the use of box 3.4 page 104 that is based on the research of economists. Even tough they are
prominent scholars in the violence and conflict debate; they are novice in this debate that emerged
with classic figures that are not mentioned in the bibliography such as Machiavelli arguing that
conflict contributes to the stability of the society (in Jones and Rodgers 2011, p.983). Hobbes is
mentioned only once page 75. This is also the case for Tilly (2003) that is considered as one of the
most prominent scholars that have studied the relation between violence and the state. The main
idea in his work is about what work does violence and conflicts do and make a distinction between
many types of violence, what the report does not. Finally, Galtung developed the idea of
peacebuilding, insisting on the formation of peacebuilding structure in

We Are Destroying Our Planet
that humans are destroying it, I see this issue from a different perspective. Many may say that I'm
foolish for believing that our plane is capable of sustaining a large population, but I argue this
because I truly see a change happening in our world. While we may always have wars, poverty,
mistreatment, illegal activities and natural disasters, many good–hearted people are devoting their
life to help our planet grow and sustain a large population. Our planet is already capable of
sustaining more people than we currently have on earth, "while population doubled; food supply
tripled" (Henrylito 2008). The obstacle that many countries in poverty face can be largely directed
on its economy rather than on the earth running out of resources. Countries with undeveloped
economy face poverty because they are incapable of buying their resources, not because the
resources do not exist. I believe that the solution to poverty as well as sustaining a large population
lies in developing free resources. Individuals like Manoj Bhargave, owner of Five–hour energy
drinks and CEO of Renew Enhanced Circulation, are one of many wealthy people who are
contributing to the free resource idea. His team of leading engineers works around the clock to
develop what will eventually help the future generations prevent poverty. One project that the team
is developing is called the "free electric bicycle" (The 5–Hour Energy of Bikes 2015). This bicycle
generates energy capable of sustaining a household

A Project Of The World Bank Essay
The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to achieve by 2030: To end extreme poverty
by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a day to no more than 3% and to
promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country,
which the organization is trying to achieve via low–interest loans, zero to low–interest credits, and
grants to developing countries ("What We Do," n.d.). The World Bank's moto is "Working for a
World Free of Poverty" with the caveat of "do no harm"'; however, what is left in their wake in
many cases is heartbreak and devastation. My task with this paper is to address a project of the
World Bank in Nigeria that created problems for the nation, and especially the people therein, that
received its assistance.
"If you love your life, move out!" the officers shouted (Chavkin, Hallman, Hudson, Schilis–Gallego,
& Shifflett, 2015). These are the only kind words these 9,000 residents will hear as they carry what
belongings they can away from their homes ("Nigeria," 2014). I speak of the tragedy of Badia East,
a slum within Lagos, Nigeria. The state government chose to clear the area for an urban renewal
zone financed by the World Bank (Chavkin et al., 2015). These people were thrown into the
elements with no food, shelter, or any plan for the future. In my research I found an article by
Huffington Post written by Sasha Chavkin, Ben Hallman, Michael Hudson, Cécile Schilis–Gallego
and Shane Shifflett

The World Bank Group 's Partnership Strategy For India
The World Bank has provided large amounts of financial assistance to India for economic
development. The different areas it has impacted include: the development of infrastructure such as
electric power, transport, communication, irrigation projects, and the steel industry. For a long
period, India was the single largest borrower from the World Bank. At present India is the third
largest borrower of funds from the World Bank (Mukherjee, 2015).
At current the World Bank and India are working towards a new five year plan for the country. The
World Bank Group's Partnership Strategy for India (2013–2017) will help India lay the foundations
for achieving "faster, sustainable, and more inclusive growth" as outlined in the government's 12th
five year plan. The World Bank Group will support India with an integrated package of financing,
advisory services, and knowledge (India Overview, 2016).
A fundamental difference in this five year plan from the rest is that this plan provides a new strategy
in shifting support toward low–income and special category states, where many of India's poor and
disadvantaged live. This project is also the World Bank's first country strategy to set specific goals
for reducing poverty and increasing prosperity for the poorest people. This strategy lays out a
development plan that would allow India to improve its inclusiveness of the economic growth to
that achieved by its best–performing states. In turn this change would cut poverty to 5.5% of the

Science and Technology in World Agriculture
In "Science and Technology in World Agriculture: Narratives and Discourses," Pasquale Lucio
Scandizzo persuades the experts in biotechnology that the World Bank can create a balance between
conservative and radical parties. In order to reinforce his stance, Scandizzo uses various forms of
evidence: the narratives of both parties, the description the ecological problems, and the World
Development Report.
Scandizzo uses a description of the narratives of both conservative and radical parties to establish
common ground amongst readers. This evidence is important because he realizes that his readers
might come from either one of those parties. Therefore, Scandizzo creates a balance by equally
providing evidence of narratives from conservative and radical parties. Providing a balanced
narrative for both views effectively shows readers that Scandizzo values the neutral position
between two opposing views. This is important to successfully gain attention from both types of
readers to continue listening to what Scandizzo is saying. In telling the evidence of narratives from
both sides, Scandizzo is more concerned with discussing both sides' achievements in increasing the
yield in agriculture. This is effective because it creates a dynamic in readers' minds: Scandizzo can
first boost readers' confidence about their belief and, in turn, makes readers consider the
achievements of the opposite parties, thus successfully establishing common ground. Before
Scandizzo describes the

International Exports Of Industrial Goods And Technology
Introduction
Today, more than 50 economies operate ECAs to support national exports of industrial goods and
technology. A large portion of export credit transactions are related to large scale energy projects
such as power plants, hydropower dams and pipeline infrastructures, that may take several years to
develop and are often associated with countries with high political risk. ECAs provide financial
supports to national exporters in forms of export insurance, risk guarantees and direct loans so
exporters can accept deferred payments from buyers under condition of high uncertainty.
Such financing instrument has gained its strategic importance as more economies view exports as a
vital national objective and lead to increase in number of established ECAs and volumes of export
credit transactions. During the 1990s, the annual volume of export credit provided by Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries averaged roughly $80–100 billion
per annum (Maurer and Nakhood, 2003). Since then, volumes have grown, reaching a record of
$514 billion in 2010 (Berne Union 2011). As ECAs gained presence in international financial
market, its influence beyond their impact on international trade flows were acknowledged among
stakeholders. One of notable concerns was impact on environment. Environmental groups have
criticized ECAs for being involved in controversial large scale projects that have negative impacts
on environment, such as large dams that submerge

The World Bank : Professional Organization Report Essay
United Nations Foundation
Professional Organization Report
WRT293 Introduction to Professional Writing
Edmundo Gomez
December 5, 2016
The World Bank The World Bank is an international organization that strives to work with countries
to end poverty and increase global economic growth. Created in 1944 they have locations in five
countries, each managed by their host country and are headquarter in Washington, DC. With over
10,000 employees the World Bank supplies countries with the tools needed to progress and sustain.
According to the "What We Do" page The World Bank has two missions which they base all their
work on. The first is to bring down to below three percent the number of people living on $1.99 and
to promote the economic growth of the bottom forty percent of every country (para. 1).
They do this by offering low interest loans, credit and grants to countries in need. Additionally, they
give policy advisement based on top research that is used to inform countries on investment
opportunities. Because many financial issues that countries face are based on social issues The
World Bank has conducted research that aims to better improve the life of women, people of color
and other disenfranchised communities.
The Annual Meeting with International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group The Annual Meeting
is held every year in the spring and according to their event website over 11,000 people participated
in both formal and informal talks on corruption,

World Bank and Poverty Essay
Executive Summary
This research paper is focused on the role World Bank in Poverty Reduction, as the primary role of
the World Bank is to enable development and progress in the backward countries and regions of this
world. This paper explains the brief history of the World Bank, and World Bank's five institutions. It
also investigates how the World Bank is continually trying to reduce poverty by lending billions of
dollars to poor countries .This paper gives some of the facts of the under–developed countries and
the strategies which World Bank has incorporated to reduce the poverty in those countries.
Introduction
The World Bank was incepted with the mission of achieving a world without poverty and to provide
bare minimum living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthcare initiatives and rebuilding nations affected by natural disasters are some of the primary
areas of focus for the bank.
The Role of the World Bank in Poverty Reduction
The world is place which has both the rich and the poor masses. There are around 2.6 billion people
in this world which make less than $1 a day. The repercussions of this extremity cause around
33000 children to die every day from hunger and diseases which could have been easily avoided
otherwise. Statistics have shown that on an average at least one woman dies every minute during
child birth. Poverty causes around 100 million children to not seek education. This involves a
majority of girl children who are forced to drop out from schools since their families can't afford to
send them to school and provide education. Poverty causes a lot of derivatives or side effects in the
life of the poor people. Due to lack of inadequate financing these people are left without proper
health care, education, jobs and cause them to be vulnerable to corruption, violence and mental
pressure leading to high number of suicide rates. The poor governance and waste of public resources
due to inadequate management further worsens the situation. Figure1 below depicts the distribution
of the percentage of people living under $1 per day. It's quite evident that the

Criteria For The Labelling Of Smes
on the criteria set by a particular country. The criteria for the categorization of SMEs can be scaled
by looking at the company's turnover sales, some countries look at the number of employees in the
business and there are countries which perceived SMEs based on mixed criteria. In addition, global
organization entities such as European Commission and World Bank also have their own views on
how to identify SMEs.
The European Commission states that "the criterion of the number of staff as the main criterion,
however, introducing a financial criterion is nonetheless a necessary adjunct in order to grasp the
real scale and performance of an enterprise and its position compared to its competitors" (European
Commission: 2003, item 4). Figure 1.0 below is an illustration of SMEs definition by the European
Commission.
Figure 1.0: European Commission definitions on SMEs Sourced: European Commission (2005)
According to Independent Evaluation Group (2008), the following quantitative criteria to identify
SMEs are incorporated by The World Bank; Total assets in USD, annual sales in USD and number
of employees. A particular business must met the manpower criteria and at least on financial based
scale in order to be defined as SMEs. Figure 1.1 below shows the categorization made by World
Bank.
Figure 1.1: World Bank definition on SMEs Sourced: Independent Evaluation Group (2008)
All countries in the world have the sovereignty to define SMEs based on their own business
landscape

India 's An Economical Growth Pattern
Introduction India is a country developing on many levels but their people are suffering in poverty
as they watch their countries economy grow. More than half of all workers languish in low
productivity agriculture, while another quarter or so are in low grade services. About 95% of all
workers are in informal employment, and roughly half are self–employed. What 's more, the
recognized and paid participation of women in working life has actually been declining in a period
of rapid income growth. This basic failure helps to explain several other failures of the development
project so far: the persistence of widespread hunger and very poor nutrition indicators; the
inadequate provision of basic needs like housing, electricity and other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These strings come in the form of policy prescriptions called "structural adjustment policies." These
policies or SAPs, as they are sometimes called require debtor governments to open their economies
to penetration by foreign corporations, allowing access to the country 's workers and environment at
bargain basement prices (Global Exchange, 2011). Funding from international lending institutions
like the World Bank and the IMF are helping the social, economic, or political development of
India. The World Bank has financed many projects in India that have proven to give a better quality
of life to the people of India. Programs that the World Bank has funded are:
Between 2001 and 2009, India's Education for All Program enrolled some 20 million out–of–school
children, especially girls and children from socially disadvantaged families (The World Bank,
2016).
Created vocational training programs in select institutions has helped more graduates to find jobs,
with their numbers rising from just 32% in 2006 to over 60% in 2011 (The World Bank, 2016).
Created Rural livelihood programs have mobilized more than 30 million poor households in 90,000
villages to form 1.2 million self–help groups (SHGs)–up from 8 million in 2009 (The World Bank,
2016).
Over past two decades, World Bank projects have contributed over $1.4 billion in financing for rural
water supply and sanitation (The World Bank,

The World Bank 's Land Conservation Project
Thesis Statement
This essay seeks to discuss the World Bank's Land Conservation Project in Kenya, a project that was
funded by the World Bank and resulted in problems for the country. It seeks to go in depth into if the
World Bank's assistance is provided in an unbiased and responsible manner.
Introduction The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries
of the world for capital programs. The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to achieve
by 2030: End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a
day to no more than 3%. Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom
40% for every country. The World Bank is a vital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human rights advocates claim government authorities have used the project as a vehicle for pushing
indigenous peoples out of their ancestral forests.
In some cases, governments supported by World Bank money have arrested, beaten and even killed
people who objected to being forced from their homes, according to interviews and official
complaints. They've been put at risk because the bank has repeatedly violated its own rules for
protecting people who are in the path of development projects, an investigation by the International
Consortium of Investigative Journalists, The Huffington Post, The GroundTruth Project and other
ICIJ media partners has found.
The World Bank has admitted "shortcomings" in its protections for people displaced by projects the
bank supports. It says it is working to improve its policies and how it enforces them. The bank also
says protecting people in the way of big projects is a "cornerstone" of its efforts to "end extreme
poverty and promote shared prosperity." In Kenya, the World Bank's in–house Inspection Panel
found the bank violated its policies by failing to do enough to protect the Sengwer, an indigenous
minority group in Kenya's western forests. The report, released last year, concluded the bank wasn't
directly to blame for the evictions targeted at the Sengwer, but said the bank might have helped
prevent abuses against them if it had enforced its own rules

The World Trade Organization Essay
The key multilateral economic institutions provide financial support though grants and loans as a
way to enable economic and social development to occur in developing countries. The three main
institutions i will be talking about include the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the
World Trade Organisation. These organisations provide loans, grants and practical assistance to
governments, in addition to loaning money to assist private businesses within developing countries.
They also play a significant role in the privatisation and overseeing of public utilities and natural
resources. The World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), often called the
Bretton Woods Institutions, are duplicate intergovernmental pillars ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Despite these and other similarities, however, the Bank and the IMF remain distinct. The
fundamental difference is this: the Bank is primarily a development institution; the IMF is a
cooperative institution that seeks to maintain an orderly system of payments and receipts between
nations. Each has a different purpose, a distinct structure, receives its funding from different
sources, assists different categories of members, and strives to achieve distinct goals through
methods peculiar to itself." [1] The World Bank Group, which is headquartered in Washington,
D.C., is made up of five institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation
(IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Each institution plays a separate but necessary role in
the group's collective mission of lessening global poverty and improving living standards
throughout the developing world. "Together, they provide low–interest loans, interest–free credits,
and grants to governments and the private sector in developing countries for investments in
education, health, infrastructure, communications, and many other purposes, as well as services in
support of those investments."[2]
The committee of the

The International Monetary Fund And World Bank Group
The International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and the World Bank have had enormous impact upon the world's economies since their inception,
after World War II. Although each of these organizations has a similar history, their role, objectives
and funding are unique. These Washington DC–based organizations have drawn more than their
share fair share of criticism as well as praise. Modern nations require thoroughly understand of these
organizations. The IMF's beginnings derived from two tragedies. In the latter days of World War II
at the Bretton Woods conference took place in New Hampshire in 1944. Between the great
depression and the economic devastation of World War II the confidence in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They achieve this through their three core competencies, surveillance, subject matter expert support,
and lending. The IMF's objectives certainly benefit their member nations. The IMF has five unique
objectives. The objectives are to promote international monetary cooperation, to facilitate the
expansion and balanced growth of international trade, promote exchange stability, assist in the
establishment of a multilateral system of payments, and make resources available to members
experiencing balance of payment difficulties. Adequate safeguards for principal must always exist to
maintain the health and feasibility of the IMF. The IMF primarily focuses on short–term financial
problems. Of course, the IMF has an obligation to their member nations whose funding makes their
work possible. When a nation chooses to join the International Monetary Fund, the organization
assigns a quota to the nation. The International Monetary Fund uses a calculation between the global
economy and the nation's economy. The quota is determined by that computation. This quota is also
used to determine how much IMF funding can be return to the nation in its time of need. When the
nation enters the IMF 25% of the quota must be paid in US dollars, euros, yen, pound sterling. The
other three quarters can be paid in the nation's own currency. This was not always the case,
originally nations had to pay the 25% in gold. This made the IMF one of the world's

Country Partnership Framework Of Sri Lanka Essay
Country Partnership Framework – Sri Lanka Review
Sri Lanka will soon celebrate its 69th Independence Day on 04th February 2017. Although it gained
its independence from the British Rule in 1948, many significant events since, have impacted the
country's growth and economic development. Notably the rise of Tamil militancy in the 1970s that
only ended with the Sri Lankan military defeating the LTTE in 2009, the new constitution that was
introduced as recently as 1977, the continued civic unrest even till the 1990s and not to forget the
Tsunami in 2004, etc. have all been harsh and hostile to the economic development of Sri Lanka.
In a Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) conducted by the World Bank Group (WBG), it has been
found that the government has been struggling to generate adequate revenue to be able to save or
invest in welfare related projects like health, infrastructure, education, etc. Poor foreign policies
affecting foreign investments, the low tax to GDP rate, excessive government control in all sectors
and ambitious policies have all contributed to the weak and straggling economy.
On the other hand, the World Bank on February 2016 notes that Sri Lanka has steadily reduced its
poverty percentage against its overall population to less than 7%. The country's economy that was
predominantly agrarian and dependent on agricultural income has moved to the service and
industrial sectors. Income inequality has also dropped in the past, with a gini coefficient of 0.36 in

Essay On Aid Conditionalities
This paper exemplifies a fresh perspective on the long–standing debate of the effectiveness of aid
conditionalities. This perspective casts a critical eye on the effectiveness of donor institutions and
states in enforcing their own rules and goals rather than the usual critiques on recipient countries. In
the past, political scientists and donor institutions and states have blamed the failure of aid
conditionalities on recipient country deficiencies and factors as general as domestic regime type
(Kono and Montinola 2009) and political economy (Molenaers et. al 2015) and as specific as
recipient government's degree of commitment to poverty reduction programs (Cordella and
Dell'Ariccia 2002). On another note, this quantitative analysis will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the Independent Evaluation Group–World Bank Project Performance Ratings dataset's
"Borrower Performance" rating, I transformed the qualitative scale into a quantitative one by
allocated specific designations (from "Highly Unsatisfactory" to "Highly Satisfactory") numerical
assignments of 1 to 4. However, in midway through 2006, the Independent Evaluation Group
changed its rating system from a four–point system ("Highly Unsatisfactory," "Unsatisfactory,"
"Satisfactory," and "Highly Satisfactory") to a six–point system ("Highly Unsatisfactory,"
"Unsatisfactory," "Moderately Unsatisfactory," "Moderately Satisfactory," "Satisfactory," and
"Highly Satisfactory"). Therefore, I leave out 2006 from my dataset because I am not able to discern
which 2006 projects are evaluated using which point system. To make the ratings consistent across
the different point systems, I reorganized the six–point system within the 1 to 4 rating scale (HU=1,
U=1.6, MU=2.2, MS=2.8, S=3.4, HS=4). I also ignored projects that were not rated and/or were
regional projects not specific to an individual country. Once all individual projects had a numerical
"Borrower Performance" rating, I averaged all of the individual project ratings for a single year in a
single country, resulting in a single number for each country over each year.
For the World Bank Projects & Operations dataset, I totaled all individual project costs within a
single country and in a single year. This

Managing Healthcare
Healthcare–Outline The United States is faced with a myriad of social and economic issues every
day. Among these issues, The Affordable Healthcare Act (more popularly known as Obamacare) is a
recent policy that has caused a lot of controversy. The Affordable Healthcare Act is a federal, 1
social program that will give all citizens healthcare coverage through government funding via tax
revenue (Lazarus, 2011). The argument of whether or not to implement The Affordable Healthcare
Act is fiercely debated on by both politicians and ordinary, informed citizens. Unfortunately, there is
no easy way to solve this debate, as there are many valid arguments on both perspectives of the
issue. One side supports The Affordable Healthcare Act, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Both views come from honest places and have legitimate justification in their arguments. A
supporter of The Affordable Healthcare–Outline 3 Healthcare Act is definitely in the right place to
be concerned for those who run the risk of being held liable for medical bills they could never pay.
If put in the same situation, anyone would see why The Affordable Healthcare Act is a necessity in
some respects. For example, suppose some citizen works diligently as a custodian and pays his or
her taxes. Say this person works consistently but simply does not make enough money to buy health
insurance and gets injured on the job. It would be very unfortunate to see that citizen face
substantial medical bills because the government did not support them. On the other hand, a non–
supporter is also in the right place to be outraged to take salary cuts of up to twenty to forty percent
(Roy). Imagine a student who tirelessly worked through over eight years of schooling, accumulated
substantial debt, and stopped at nothing to become a doctor. Despite the fact that this physician
earned his or her way into a high paying career, they are forced to take heavy cuts to their pay.
Additionally, this physician is still expected to pay off their medical school loans and pay enormous
rates for malpractice insurance. It is completely understandable for that physician to claim injustice.
It is also understandable that a non–supporter would express concern about this

The Civil War On El Salvador
El Salvador now known as the Republic of El Salvador is a small and densely populated country
located in Pacific Coast of Central America. The major issue in was the coffee which was a very
profitable business in El Salvador providing 95% of the country's income. Sadly a very small
percentage of population was making use out of it (around 2%).This led to the conflict between the
classes. Social American Centralist party led the poor people against the government regarding this
injustice. The civil war on El Salvador has lasted for more than a century leaving for about 80,000
people dead, refuges leaving the country and destruction of infrastructure and economy due to the
armed conflict. Finally The Chapultepec Peace Accords of January ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The results were quite positive. Besides these there were still remaining shortcomings. The sectors
that benefited the most were construction, commerce, finance, and transportation and
communication. But there were shortcomings on other aspects. The agriculture was unstable and has
experienced very little development. A very interesting phenomenon that actually helped to increase
the incomes of the poor Salvadorians were the private remittances where they reached US$1.3
billion in 1996. The reason to this is because many of the Salvadorian families have relatives that
emigrated to the US during civil war and they help the relatives in El Salvador by sending money
back. However this phenomenon has side effects because "exert upward pressure on the colón, the
Salvadoran currency, relative to the U.S. dollar. The resulting appreciated exchange rate reduces El
Salvador's export competitiveness". The same thing happened to Kosovo as well and I think it is
common for every postwar country. The refuges leave the country during the conflict and remain
there by working and sending money to the families. I would like to emphasize that Kosovo and
many Balkan countries have this solidarity feeling that they do not forget about their country when
the get a new life in US or in any other developed countries of the world. The still continue to help
their families and

In This Essay, I Will Address The Issues Caused By The
In this essay, I will address the issues caused by the privatization of the water supply in Bolivia, in
accordance with the Washington consensus, defining the relevant terms and addressing whether it
could have been prevented. The essay will also concentrate on whether organizations such as the
world bank can action loans on a more independent manner than was witnessed there. Also covered
will be whether less economically developed countries (LEDCs) are able to meet the demands of the
World Bank or instead negotiate a more suitable agreement and this will tie in with the ability to
prevent the negative consequences that were witnessed in Bolivia. The essay will also explain what
eventually happened in Bolivia and whether it actually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Nickson, Andrew & Vargas, Claudia (2002).).
In order to make the privatization work, legally, the Bolivian government passed law 2029, which
verified the contract with Aguas del Tunari. This was despite a referendum in which 97% of
individuals disagreed with the privatization orientation of the new law. Nash (2002) claims that
citizens believed it was a slippery slope, and eventually the Aguas Del Tunari would be able to
charge people to collect rainwater under license.
Aguas del Tunari had agreed in the contract to pay the $30 million debt by Semapa, who had not
raised their prices to cover such overhead costs, whilst Aguas del Tunari were also going to
undertake projects to expedite the dam construction. (Finnegan (2002).).
Prices went up in a country where people earned roughly $100 a month to about $20 a month, an
increase of 35% (Blackwell (2002)).
Unsurprisingly, people began to protest and the protests had turned violent by April.
After a Bolivian Army captain, Robinson Oliveira Iriarte de la Fuente, shot live ammunition into a
crowd of demonstrators hitting high school student Víctor Hugo Daza in the face, killing him,
intense anger erupted.
(Olivera, (2004).).
Violence reached such a level that police told Aguas ' executives that they could not guarantee to be
able to protect them should something occur, so they retreated to the capital and then abandoned
Bolivia, which

International Bank For Reconstruction And Development
The World Bank was originally established in 1944 by 28 countries as the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development with the aim of assisting and financing public development
projects. In 2015 the World Bank Group is an umbrella organization of five parts with 187 member
countries. While the Bank remains the largest such institution in operation, there are now so many
other similar institutions that there are four subcategories to describe them: Multilateral
Development Banks (used to describe the World Bank), Multilateral Financial Institutions, Sub–
Regional Banks, and Aid Coordination Groups. Partners (World Bank, 2016) The World Bank
provides governments, based solely on economic rather than political considerations, with access to
capital for development projects as either the sole lender or to supplement other lenders. The World
Bank also seeks, through Technical Assistance Projects, to support the strengthening of local
government's management and governance capacities. Capital and support for the private sector in
developing countries is provided by a second member of the World Bank Group that was founded in
1956, the International Finance Corporation.
Currently the World Bank has 1,712 projects being run at 19,434 locations worldwide and for the
governance and management the Bank views codifies projects as being within one or more
components of 10 Sector areas. Each project is then also categorized as addressing one or more

Imf And World Bank Group
IMF and World Bank Group
The IMF (International Monetary Fund) and World Bank were both founded in 1944, during a UN
conference held in Bretton Woods in the United States.
Delegates specializing in the field of economic policy attended from 44 countries, with the shared
goal of establishing a framework of economic cooperation, in the hope of avoiding future financial
instability on a scale witnessed during the Great Depression of the 1930's.
The IMF is currently accountable to and governed by 189 countries, all of which play a part in
delivering its primary goals of "promoting international financial stability and monetary
cooperation, through its activities of Surveillance, Financial, and Technical Assistance." (Imforg,
2016)
T_he World ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Dam is one of many to be constructed to provide an irrigation system known as the Sardar
Sarova Project, that will eventually span across three Indian states (75,000km). (Lirnnet, 2016)
The controversy around the World Bank's involvement in the project started when it approved its
loan for the Narmada Dam two years ahead of the Ministry of Environments provided their
endorsements to proceed, which directly contravenes World Bank policies. (Umichedu, 2016)
A formal request was raised by the 'Save the Narmada movement' (NBA)" in 1988 for work on the
Narmada Projects to stop, while concerns around government resettlement and rehabilitation
programs were still continuing to being addressed. (Umichedu, 2016) The World Bank assembled an
independent review committee in 1989, to address the growing pressures and concerns of 50,000+
NBA members. (Umichedu, 2016)
_
The findings of the independent review committee (Morse Report) published in 1992, were found to
endorse the main concerns of the NBA. The World Bank unhappy with their conclusions responded
by sending out the Pamela Cox Committee, whose findings completely contradicted those presented
in the Morse Report.
The World Bank eventually withdrawal their funding for the project, in response to the mounting
international pressure they received regarding the Pamela Cox

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Development Banks
These are national or regional financial institution designed to provide medium– and long–term
capital for productive investment, often accompanied by technical assistance, in poor countries.
The number of development banks has increased rapidly since the 1950s; they have been
encouraged by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliates. The
large regional development banks include the Inter–American Development Bank, established in
1959; the Asian Development Bank, which began operations in 1966; and the African Development
Bank, established in 1964. They may make loans for specific national or regional projects to private
or public bodies or may operate in conjunction with other financial institutions. One of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The African Development Bank Group (AFDB) is a multilateral development finance institution
established to contribute to the economic development and social progress of African countries. The
AfDB was founded in 1964 and comprises three entities: The African Development Bank, the
African Development Fund and the Nigeria Trust Fund. The AFDB's mission is to fight poverty and
improve living conditions on the continent through promoting the investment of public and private
capital in projects and programs that are likely to contribute to the economic and social development
of the region. The AFDB is a financial provider to African governments and private companies
investing in the regional member countries (RMC). While it was originally headquartered in
Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, the bank's headquarters moved to Tunis, Tunisia in 2003, due to the Ivorian
civil war; before returning in September

Pros And Cons Of World Bank
Andi Nadya Amanda
AE1A Fall 2016
World Bank
World Bank is a private institution which provide development assistance as the world's largest
source of fund for its client countries. The main focus is helping the poorest countries and its client
countries to develop by investing in human resources, particularly through basic education and
health, infrastructure, environment protection and also maintain global financial stability. Despite of
its good investment, it was criticized for carry out environmentally unfriendly projects and other
error on the target of the fund. These two concepts are at the vital over the pros and cons of World
Bank and many arguments from both positive and negative sides are still debated (Bretton Woods
Project,2005). This essay will discuss the positive and negative impacts from the World Bank's aid,
as information provided before pull up the conclusion that World Bank does either harm or good.
One good point of World Bank is it supports economic growth in developing countries. World Bank
has helped many developing countries on their economic growth. It supports economic growth by
providing fund in the form of loan to build infrastructure that could boost the economic activities.
An example from Tanzania, home for 51.8 million people whom 73% of people still live in the rural
area where there is no electricity yet. In this mission, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite of many positive projects that had been funded by World Bank, many of them were failures.
The bank's 1987 annual review of the project performance, published by the Operations Evaluation
Department (OED) stated that 75% percent of World Bank African Agriculture projects were fail.
Another failed project was in Indonesia where the government borrowed USD600 million to reduce
the density population of Java Island. Among all those failed projects, the debt is still ongoing which
could make a big loss for the country

The World Bank : An Anti Poverty Bank
Introduction
The World Bank, created after World War II by the superpowers, is supposed to be an anti–poverty
bank. The idea behind it was to help people out of poverty, through projects, and give them an
economic opportunity. The projects were mainly concentrated on less developed areas in developing
countries, where the World Bank provides loans for capital programs. The World Bank Group states
their mission as to end extreme poverty within a generation and boost shared prosperity. After 71
years today, more than 60% of the African population depend on land for subsistence (FAO, 2015),
the most it has ever been. This puts into question why these world problems not only remain, but
increase. Poverty is persisting around the globe, and African countries are among the lowest ranked
in Gross Domestic Product per capita. Despite the mission of ending poverty, a new report showed
the worldwide destructive legacy of World Bank projects (Prupis, 2015).
Description of the failed Office du Niger Project
Many of the failed International Development Projects in Africa started as good ideas. One such
project is the Office du Niger project. The Office du Niger was started in Mali while France had
colonized West Africa, and it was the dream of a French engineer that the water of the Niger River
could be diverted for irrigation of cotton farms. In general, it was a big loser for many decades
because the cotton and rice that was being cultivated was always at a net loss. Then, in the

The World Bank : An International Financial Institution Essay
The World Bank is an international financial institution and is a member of the United Nations
development group. The World Bank was originally established as a single institution in 1944 at
Bretton Woods, USA. The governments of USA and UK played an active role in the establishment
of the World Bank. The idea of the Bank was conceived by John Meynard Keynes and Harry White.
During World War 2, the business classes of Europe were either supporting the Nazis or were forced
to flee them. Socialists and communists had high credibility because they were seen as the leaders
of the Nazi resistance. In order to prevent leftists from coming to power in Western Europe, it was
crucial for the US and UK to get the business classes of Europe back into power. This required the
establishment of strong institutions which would promote policies favouring development of private
businesses. The fear of a post war economic depression also fostered the creation of the World
Bank.
Accordingly, representatives of 44 nations met and decided to set up the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These are
referred to as the Bretton woods sisters or twins. The IMF was established to smoothen global trade
by reducing foreign exchange restrictions and help countries resolve their balance of payment crisis
using the funds at the IMF's disposal .The IBRD focused on lending money to governments for long
term economic development by

An Ideal Candidate For The Young Professionals Program
Having grown up in a small town in China in the 1990s, I witnessed many people's lives were
completely changed thanks to economic development. As one of the beneficiaries of China's fast
economic growth, I've been longing for a career that will allow me to help to understand
development issues and solve poverty in poorer countries since I was a kid. Therefore, the World
Bank's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity strongly resonate
with me. It has been a dream for me to be part of the World Bank family. Now after years of
graduate study and work experience, I have accumulated the knowledge, technical skills and
professional experience to make real contributions to the mission of solving global poverty. I
believe I will be an ideal candidate for the Young Professionals program because I will bring to the
World Bank community my great passion for international development, strong analytical skills in
economics and my perspectives on development based on prior work experience in developing Asia.
My work experience as a World Bank employee in 2014 solidified my interest in developing a
career with the bank. I worked with three senior economists in the Development Economics
Research Group on a research paper about the effect of long–term financing on economic growth for
the Global Financial Development Report 2015. My stay with the World Bank was truly exciting for
me because I learnt first–hand how the bank's culture and operations, as well as

The Extent, Drivers and Challenges of Information...
The Extent, Drivers and Challenges of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) Adoption
in Kenya's Floriculture Industry
A Research Proposal
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ICTs Information and Communication Technologies
EFITA European Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture
HCDA Horticultural Crops Development Authority
EPC Exports Promotion Council
KFC Kenya Flower Council
CAS Complex Adaptive Systems
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) have become an integral part of business.
Syed (2009) notes that today's business world has been deeply influenced by ICTs and the
application of ICT among businesses will continue to be widespread. He further notes that ICTs are
rapidly influencing global production and consumption patterns therefore suggesting that every
business must accelerate its rate of ICTs adoption if it is to increase its global competitiveness. In
the floriculture industry, adoption and application of ICTs is an important strategy according to
studies by Heratha et al. (2004). HCDA, (2013) also reckon that to make Kenya's floriculture truly
competitive, ICTs adoption will significantly lead to cost savings and efficiency improvements.
However, studies by Martsynovska (2011), Taragola and Gelb (2011) as well as Maoz (2006)
conclude that researches on the extent of adoption of ICTs in the floriculture industry are scarce. In
the few

Review of It Strategy at World Bank
Review of IT Strategy at World Bank The World Bank is a multi–national organization that operates
in over 180 countries. Barriers such as connectivity, cultural differences, time zones, knowledge
levels, and resources available exist for World Bank because they have clients in so many different
locations around the world. World Bank has a hierarchal structure with a centralized headquarters in
Washington, D.C and several more independent branches. Due to the operations limited by
independent branches, client interactions were limited, communications needed improvement, and
important business meetings were limited by the difficulties and expenses of worldwide travel.
Mohamed Muhsin, World Bank's CIO had two key questions he wanted ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Outsourcing/off–shoring to increase technological and client support.
Threats:
Stakeholder resistance to change
Large capital required
Legal regulations
Past/Present Information Architecture World Bank's original architecture went through some
dramatic changes under the control of Muhsin and his team. They standardized and integrated the IT
infrastructure, which included computers, servers, over 65 systems, and 100 databases. The ISG
team established an around the clock global support center and a high–speed network capable of
supporting 50 videoconferences per day. A key step to accomplishing this was integrating the
capacity from the three satellites that serve the World Bank's global network. Additionally, the ISG
team built a robust knowledge management system that used web portals to fluidly convey

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Entrepreneurial Environment
The entrepreneurial environment in Egypt has its strengths and weaknesses. Beginning to analyze
the strengths, Egypt's young population is one of the greatest entrepreneurial strengths in Egypt, as a
large young and educated population is the country's potentially most valuable resource that could
be a driving force for a much–needed economic expansion and new innovative ideas. As
characteristics of today's youth can be a competitive advantage for the entrepreneurial environment
such as their computer skills, their ability to respond and cope with new economic trends, and their
efficiency in promoting innovation to increase competition in the market place (Hattab, GEM Egypt
2012 Report, 2013). Even more, another entrepreneurial strength in Egypt is its open market as the
favourable changes that has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To explain, few financing options, high investment risk, poor structure of investment climate
(BUSINESS SWEDEN DUBAI, 2015). According to Hattab, "entrepreneurs look for funding with
their personal money, family members and friends rather than going to financial institutions" (2010).
Moreover, lack of business information and marketing trends and dimensions can highly affect the
entrepreneurial environment in Egypt. Education and training, research and development, and
access to knowledge and information in Egypt is found to be quite hard to find (Hattab, GEM Egypt
2012 Report, 2013). Lastly, Egypt's cultural mindset and social norms is one of the challenges that
may face entrepreneurs. As it has always been the most common that students graduate to be
employed by the government because it was the most 'guaranteed and stable' job the market could
offer, while starting one's own business; is not always a socially and culturally accepted idea
(BUSINESS SWEDEN DUBAI, 2015). On the other side, one of the major strength that

Moral And Religious Education Help Fight Corruption With A...
In this paper I will be addressing the research question, 'to what extend does moral and religious
education help fight corruption with in a sovereign country.' In the reading by Augusto López
Claros, a Director at the World Bank Group, he stated that the corruption can be combatted with
religious and moral education and by eliminating opportunities by doing away with rules that can
encourage corrupt behavior. In other words, to be successful in fighting corruption within a
sovereign country, the country needs to make deep cultural and structural changes. But is there any
proof that shows that an increase in moral and religious education and creating a more religious
culture will actually fight corruption? Mr. López Claros has control over ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Within this report, we will be mainly identifying political and grand corruption. However, the
participant observations are about petty corruption.
Masculinity: The masculinity side of culture represents a preference in achievement, heroism, and
material rewards as success. This is the opposite of femininity, which represents a preference for
cooperation, caring for the weak, and quality of life.
Power Distance: The power distance represents how the culture handles inequalities between
people. Higher power distance, the more the culture prefers and accepts a hierarchical order.
Individualism: The individualism dimension of a culture is where individuals are expected to take
care of only themselves and their immediate families. The opposite is collectivism, where an
individual is loyal to a particular in–group.
Iceland
Background
The first case study is about Iceland. Iceland, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index of 2015
conducted by Transparency intentional, is ranked 13th out of 168 countries on corruption
perception. Iceland is a proactive country when it comes to fighting corruption. Only 3% of the
population reported paying a bribe in 2010, however 53% of Iceland's citizens feel that corruption
has increased since 2007. But that is largely due to Iceland's current affairs. For this case study, I
will be looking at the history of the Landsbanki bank and the Panama Papers with respect to Ólöf
Nordal and Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson.
On October

Economic Growth And Inequality Of Opportunity
IDPM60711: Economic Development Theoretical link between economic growth and inequality of
opportunity 'The case of the Arab Spring' Word count: 1654 Introduction Global discourse around
the issue of growing inequality and specifically inequality of opportunity has come to the fore in
recent years driven by violent public action witnessed in the spring of 2011. A little southern town in
Tunisia known as Sidi Bouzoid in December 2010 took global centre stage in the push for economic
emancipation. Mohamed Bouazizi, a fruit vendor vented his frustration with the local corrupt
municipality by setting himself ablaze which inadvertently sparked a series of protests across the
Arab world. Enter the 'Arab Spring' led by disenfranchised youth. Researchers in attempts to
diagnose the inspiration for the ensuing revolutions hypothesised stark inequality between economic
and political elites and the larger population, as the fuel behind the flame. Focusing on determinants
of opportunity that is, predetermined circumstances such as education, region of birth, gender or
family wealth; do affect an individual's capacity to engage in economic activity. Critically, in the
presence of a state indifferent to these pre–existing variations in populace circumstances, the effect
of these circumstances greatly increases. This paper explores the link between economic growth and
inequality of opportunity and applies these links within the case of the Arab spring. It investigates
how weak

The World Bank 's Land Conservation Project
A PROJECT OF THE WORLD BANK OR IMF THAT CREATED PROBLEMS FOR THE
NATION THAT RECEIVED ITS ASSISTANCE?
Shantae Carr
April 18, 2017
A PROJECT OF THE WORLD BANK OR IMF THAT CREATED PROBLEMS FOR THE
NATIONS THAT RECEIVED ITS ASSISTANCE?
Thesis Statement
This essay seeks to discuss the World Bank's Land Conservation Project in Kenya, a project that was
funded by the World Bank and resulted in problems for the country. It seeks to go in depth into if the
World Bank's assistance is provided in an unbiased and responsible manner.
Introduction The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries
of the world for capital programs. The World Bank Group has set two goals for the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Kenyan man named John Keen donated his 300–acre land adjacent to the Nairobi National Park.
Allowing the animals to have more room to roam around. Although this sounds like a productive
plan, there are always underlying motives and agendas. Human rights advocates claim government
authorities have used the project as a vehicle for pushing indigenous peoples out of their ancestral
forests.
In some cases, governments supported by World Bank money have arrested, beaten and even killed
people who objected to being forced from their homes, according to interviews and official
complaints. They've been put at risk because the bank has repeatedly violated its own rules for
protecting people who are in the path of development projects, an investigation by the International
Consortium of Investigative Journalists, The Huffington Post, The GroundTruth Project and other
ICIJ media partners has found.
The World Bank has admitted "shortcomings" in its protections for people displaced by projects the
bank supports. It says it is working to improve its policies and how it enforces them. The bank also
says protecting people in the way of big projects is a "cornerstone" of its efforts to "end extreme
poverty and promote shared prosperity." In Kenya, the World Bank's in–house Inspection Panel
found the bank violated its policies by failing to do enough to protect the Sengwer, an indigenous

The World Bank Group And The Board Of Governors Of The...
In September 23, 2003, the World Bank Group and the Board of Governors of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) meet in Dubai to discuss the work of their respective institutions in
international monetary and development issues. This meeting was worth its high expense when the
discussion were centered on these institutions ' own reform rather than on how they should intervene
in developing countries.
An examination of the record of IMF and World Bank performance in developing countries shows
that, far from being the solution to global economic instability and poverty, these two international
institutions are a major problem. For one thing, their lending practice deters growth because the
money they loan removes incentives for governments to advance economic freedom, and breeds
corruption. For these reasons, the vast majority of recipient countries have been unable to develop
fully after depending on these institutions for over 40 years.
In addition the Bush Administration needed to support reform of these institutions ' lending
practices. To that end, the Administration use the work of the congressionally mandated
International Financial Institutions Advisory Commission (IFIAC), chaired by Allan H. Meltzer of
Carnegie Mellon University, that establish a solid framework for reforming the IMF and the World
Bank. The reforms maximize their effectiveness, increase accountability for their lending decisions,
and limit their harmful influence in the developing world.
The

Legal And Political System Of Australia
Legal and Political System Australia's government design was taken from the British Westminster
system after those who originally colonized Australia. A functional, western style democracy, there
are a number of minor political parties operating in Australia but the country's federal politics is an
essential 2–party system at present, much like the United States (Our Country, 2015). Power in
Australia is shared between various levels of government, the Federal, State and territorial.
Establishing operations within Australia would require understanding the Federal government's laws
and policies as well as the laws and policies of the six state governments as well as two additional
territories each with its own regional governing body. Law ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Australia's main trading partners are China, Japan, the United States, Republic of Korea and
Singapore. Nearly half of Australia's trade activity in terms of imports and exports are with these 5
countries alone. Particularly with the recent growth of the Chinese economy, Australia's chief
trading partner, the country has seen growth in its exports. However very recently the growth of the
Chinese economy has been slowing which is a risk to Australian exports. 72% of Australia's two–
way trade is within the APEC countries. Like the G20, this trade relationship is quite significant.
Australia's single top import is personal travel services, however overall most of what Australia
imports is petroleum products and motor vehicles. It's appetite for refined petroleum increased by
12% over the past 5 years. Australia's top exports are its natural resources, iron ores, coal and
natural gas. (Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2014) Since 2012,
Australia has maintained a mostly negative trade balance, perhaps amid uncertainty of its currency
against the US dollar, but more likely is its economic growth is causing it to import more and more
petroleum products which it's exports of its own natural resources is not able to match. Australia and
Canada have similar economic policies that govern their banking systems. As a result both countries

Project Financing : A Project
Project financing will be beneficial to an enterprise who wish to fulfil a project when the project is
of a very desirable nature that purchasers will be inclined to enter into long term purchase contracts,
and these such contracts would have guarantees that banks will be willing to advance funds to
complete the project on the foundation of the contracts. It can be very useful to lenders as it
decreases the risk of failure as well as the price of resolving financial distress.
The model candidates for project financing are investment projects that are able to function as sole
independent units, can be completed without undue uncertainty and when finished will have more
value than the cost of construction. There are four factors that should be met when contemplating
project finance. The credit requirements of lenders in terms of the forecasted profitability of the
project and the indirect credit backup given by third entities. The tax implications and the tax
benefits for those involved. The regulators and legal specifications that must be met. The treatment
of project liabilities and contractual agreements.
While project financing could in theory be applied to all aspects of international construction, and
large projects, there are however some factors that must be considered to verify if project financing
is the appropriate method. The right candidates are those that can function independently from an
economic point of view, can be finished without any uncertainty, and

Example Of Intergovernmental Organizations

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Holly Hernandez

More from Holly Hernandez (8)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Example Of Intergovernmental Organizations