Human Rights & Ethics.

1. !1
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
Professor Mego, pages one through twelve are the designated assignment pages for the paper but I have additional pages that you may want to read for a complete
digest of what my paper is. I have a lengthier version also in store, which I hope to publish in a peer review journal. The topic I chose was number three of the topics listed, IGOs
and there function. If you don’t mind making recommendations I would be grateful, for I need a reviewer who has a background of understanding in regards to international
relations and global policy for globalization. Please don’t be hesitant in your critique of my paper. I hope to broaden my horizon on international relations as much as possible over
holiday break I plan to study The Government and Politics of the European Union by Neill Nugent and Understanding the European Union by John McCormick. From these books
I hope to gain insight into the functions of governing states and policy implementation. I also plan to study the United Nations Charter and possible ways in which global policy
agendas in the realm of finance can be implemented to raise global living standards and environmental sustainability awareness. This paper is just the beginning of what I hope to
accomplish, for my aspiration is to achieve a bachelor in international relations and global finance in combination with medical studies, which I plan to use as credentials to build a
foundation in health and education policy for a globalizing world as much as finance and government policy for all markets especially the energy and technology markets in regard
to the funding and finances of those markets.
Respectively I present to you Intergovernmental Organizations Globalizing Human Standards.
Sincerely and most dutifully, Alan T. Dixon
,
Intergovernmental Organizations Globalizing Human Standards
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) are the new moderators in global governance taking actions of international justice, financial discipline, and humanitarian
intervention. IGOs are beginning to form and set trends and standards for global development and global standards that preserve and protect human rights, intellectual property
rights, physical property, and the individuals right to life, love, and the pursuit of happiness effectively by way of institutional sovereignty furthering those who strive to sustain a
global community and a common market that enables prosperity for humanity.
“One of the major insights of the literature on global governance is the idea that an ever-increasing number of issues cannot be adequately governed within the nation-state. In the
age of globalization, there is a need for global governance because of externalities for other states and peoples. If problems cross borders or become deterritorialized, political
answers must be global.1 This has been argued convincingly for policy areas ranging from environmental protection to maintaining a liberal worldtrade order and financial stability
to issues of health and human rights.” (2)(Rixen, Thomas, Global Governance)(10)
Three international principles that relate to globalization, global governance, and international standards across the globe are needed for a free global community
with a common market that has free protected prosperous economic trade; one judicial guarantees and protection for the rule of international law including but not limited to
intellectual property rights, two a regulated central bank with practices focused and geared towards structured and balanced reinvestment of capital and marginal profits into the
economy for standard of living improvement, infrastructure facilitization, economic progress, environmental protection, and civil organisation, and three to guarantee the
inshrinement of individuals, their human rights, and their sovereignty.
"Nobel Prize winner Amyarta Sen argues not only that personal freedom and individual rights are global in nature, but that they are also inextricably
linked to economic development."(9) "Globalization enables each of us wherever we live, to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before and at the
same time allows the world to reach into each of us farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before" (Friedman and Kaplan, 2002, p. 64)(11) (2012 Kegley;Blanton) laissez-
faire capitalism has caused the international monetary system to fail and has strained the living standards of humanity throughout the globe in conjunction with the geopolitics as
far as traded resources are concerned in geo economics. Which is why the demand for IGO institutions is ever more relevant in the globalizing world of international relations.
"Globalization implies the growth of a single, unified global market."(11) (2012 Kegley;Blanton) The amount of "currency that circulates in four days is greater than the total
yearly production of the U.S. economy." "as noted by Niall Ferguson (2008), for 2006 the total value of all the stock markets in the world ($51 trillion) was about 10 percent larger
than actual global GDP ($47 trillion). The total value of all bonds, domestic and international, was even higher at $68 trillion.
Yet the value of the derivatives market--newer finical instruments that are essentially 'side bets; placed on the prospective future value of assets such as sotcks and
bonds-- is much greater during that same year, $473 trillion of derivatives were bought and sold. In other words, the market for these purely speculative financial instruments was
ten times larger than the actual amount of goods and services produced in the world! 'Planet Finance is beginning to dwarf Planet Earth' )Ferguson, 2008, p. 4). (11)" (2012
Kegley;Blanton) "Globalization is undermining states" this fact implies that the need for IGOs is ever so dire and needed to regulate the finances of global trade and prevent
exploitation of markets and their people. "Bankers and economist have called for the creation of more reliable multilateral mechanisms for policy coordination to better mange the
massive movement of cross-border capital"(11) (2012 Kegley;Blanton)
Standard levels of wages around the globe would balance and fuel competition in a global market where jobs are scarce in the flux market of labor cost essentially
allowing for greater competition and more advance levels of equality and development. An equality of these standards would fuel personal development amongst the population
leading to greater numbers of academics scientist, researchers and engineers who could increase development of society and market fluxes by way of their contribution to the
social economy. More brains more bronze at least as far as technological, social, and facilitzed infrastructure is concerned and humanities condition as an economic ecosystem that
is harmonious to the planet. Yet balance is in order for the preservation and sustainability of the ecosystem. Referring to the need for civil population control and the need to
preserve a standard of living.
The primary reason being that until the time whence society achieves interplanetary travel humanity is limited to scarcity and the resources that exist here on this
planet. Thus IGO's have the responsibility to enforce the three principles of sustainability to maintain a flowing market and the development of humans until humanity has the
capability of expansion beyond the boundaries of the atmosphere where new raw resources can be mined, harvested, and cultivated for humanities growth.

2. !2
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
"Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have national governments as members, and work to promote voluntary cooperation among those governments on matters
of shared interest. IGOs have little or no autonomy in decision making, because their members make all the key decisions, and they usually have little or no ability to enforce those
decisions."(7) Recognition by way of international enlightenment is bringing forth an age in which the autonomy of international institutions is becoming sovereign by way
international cooperation amongst individuals who participate in international relations. This includes all national organizations in the global market especially organizations that
work to integrate the international markets of states into a common market most significantly the World Trade Organization."When The UN was founded there were few NGOs,
but their number worldwide has multiplied many times over since then. The UN has taken a growing interest in NGOs because they represent the interest of civil society, which is
gaining visuality as a foundation of democracy. Kofi Annan acknowledged the importance of creating partnerships between the UN and civil society to achieve 'a new synthesis
between private initiative and the public good, which encourages entrepreneurship and market approaches together with social and environmental responsibility.' ECOSOC
negotiates the agreements that define relations between the UN and the more than three thousand NGOs that have 'consultative status,' which gives them the right to participate in
meeting, studies, and projects and to submit reports to ECOSOC." (8) “Nongovernmental organizations have become important in helping implement many UN efforts and
programs such as those related to human rights, literacy, health care, and economic development."(8) Thus the formation of bodies like the European Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC) for integration of organizations into the UN as executive administered communitive bodies capable of managing affairs of the globe in an earmark fashion is essential
to the implementation of the three principles for global governance and bringing forth a connected integral political society founded in a common market with united standards for
the functioning of international relations and global governance.
The global development of peace and economic prosperity is attainable with a unified system similar to the European Union where "institutions have the power to
make laws and policies that are binding on the member states, and… the EU" like the United Nations, where the general assembly "has authority" to "override national law" or
state law by agreement of the EU constitution or in the case of global affairs the UN charter which has the authority as a consensus body to recognize validity of sovereignty (7).
The concept of instrumental organization of multinationals like the European Union but across the globe is a form of "supernationalism that has a united identity founded in human
rights and civil rights for all members. "A style of decision making in which " 'the participants refrain from unconditionally vetoing proposals and instead seek to attain agreement
by means of compromises upgrading common interests' (Haas, 1964, p. 66)(7)
A common market is key to the development and attainment of a collective society that cooperates internationally for the three principles of global governance.
To insure that a common market is successful the three principles listed above are necessary and are to be acknowledged by the international community. Thus on the grounds of
humanitarian intervention IGOs who administer NGO's in an network of communtive bodies need to have a righteous indignation towards nations that violate treaties and charters
like the Bill of Human rights and the United Nations Charter and the violators must be swiftly handled by the ICJ which is founded in principle three: the inshrinement and
protection of human rights. For peace building and international justice these elements are necessary to attain the first principle of the three principles of international governance .
As Vandeginste, Stef and Sriram, Chandra Lekha indicate to achieve justice,"The establishment of multiparty democracies, the introduction of market economies, and the transition
from conflict to peace are seen as three interdependent and mutually reinforcing transformation processes. The protection of human rights and the promotion of the rule of law are
considered to be one of the stepping stones in order to attain this overall goal. The contemporary concepts of transitional justice," the goal of international justice and regulatory
reform administrated by IGOs.(12)
IGO's have a duty and responsibility to the individual but also to the first and second principles of successful international governance for social, ecological, and
economic prosperity. International treaties, regulations, legislation, and reforms are meant to preserve the peace and prosperity in conjunction with progress of the globes nations
especially in regards to environmental protection, the guarantees of civil and human rights, and the development of economic and social progress, which is why regulation and
administration and implementation of international law is of the utmost importance.
The three principles are in accordance with the United Nations Charter. Thus the United Nations is obliged to uphold the three principles and any democratic consensuses
that the UN mandates. The Charter of the United Nations and branches and bodies thereof decree all nations equal in the issuance and validification of sovereignty and there by
sovereigns nations by consensus as does the United Nations by majority pass legislation, treaties, and reforms for global implementation. Therefore to achieve the three principles
and for peace to be adhered to the UN has the authority and ability to regulate and administer global affairs and international law whether they be states, NGOs, or grouping of
individuals by virtue of being an Intergovernmental Organization that functions by consensus of the general assembly and the participants of international relations.
Therefore to enable proper governance foreign portfolio investment and direct foreign investments from global bodies like the Organization for Economic
cooperation and Development (OECD), the international monetary fund (IMF), international development association (IDA) and the world bank (WB) are requisites to
accomplishing a united common market that is regulated and prosperous without any overspills from crisises in certain regions of the globe. Regulation and structured loans to
nations, businesses, and firms with hiring quotas are essential to economic and social progress, the distribution of the economic pie for global development, and the second
principle of the three principles to international governance and standards: regulated centralized banking system of finances that is oriented towards planned structured investment
that raises living standards and social progress; like a committee or executive board would do when attempting to reign in profits but in the case of globalization the incentive
would be to create higher prosperity and a larger flux of goods and services, which would in turn cause a greater distribution and circulation of finances like a living organism that
has blood flowing to every extremity of the body.
The authority presented to the judicial branch of the United Nations is pertinent to the security of sustainable development and the security of property rights both
intellectual and physical. That being principle one of the three principles which makes the regulation and administration of principle three and two a realization. Therefore to
actualize unified standards and secure the three principles of global governance the authority of the United Nations as an IGO body has the power of humanitarian intervention by
decree of the UN Charter which is a viable path for administrating global affairs and international relations amongst the states, NGOs, and individuals; whether they be for human
rights, civil rights, intellectual property rights, economic development, or environmental protection.
ICJ jurisdiction, which I present in principle one of the three principles to international standards and global governance, is necessary for protection of individual
rights both sovereign human rights, and property rights; whether intellectual or physical.
Thus effectively promoting the principles of global governance will bring forth higher prosperity in regards to productivity, health, and social progress; which

3. !3
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
includes infrastructure of transit and infrastructure of social institutions that build and maintain the development of civil society. Infrastructure for international trade is key to
promoting global growth inconjunction with protection of intellectual property rights. An international tax such as the financial and monetary currency transaction tax which has
been proposed to the UN is applicable to the international monetary system for funding international trade routes like trains of the evacuated transport tube design, which are
environmentally safe and a more efficient means of transportation and could integrally connect the globe on a scale previously unthinkable.
IGO authority and power can be utilized to control the funds of global commerce to bring forth global educational standards, which in turn will bring about more
organized civil societies that can orchestrate health, social, and facilitated infrastructures. Developed entities and agencies like the World Health Organization and doctors with out
borders can be used to increase health levels around the globe. As economics dictates more healthy people equate to lower poverty, lower overall health expenditures in the long
run trade off, and higher productivity rates which all together equates to higher prosperity (Greg Mankiw); thus a more healthy society with more educated minds enhance
civilizations ability to develop and apply more resources towards growth, sustainability, and research and development that can preserve the sanctuary within which humanity and
the delicate ecosystem resides.
IGOs via global consensus with the UN can assimilate national differences to strengthen the three principles of international standards and global governance. The
microcosm of the commonwealth states of the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the European Union are models of interconnected trade and
custom unions that have and are assimilating the diverse cultures of the globe. The gains of these organized unions have been internationally recognized like the Nobel peace prize
having been awarded to the EU and its conglomerates. Education in these unions are reducing culture barriers and strengthening diplomatic relations. The ability for nation states
to provide higher education to the people of the globe is imperative to the success and development of global progress and prosperity. Education in international standards can and
will improve the relations of the globe and the geopolitical needs of all humanity. Actualization of global standards is a mechanism for peace, environmental sustainability, and
social prosperity. Institutional infrastructure designed to cater to the needs of a complex interconnected globalized civilization is pertinent to the actualization of global standards
like health, infrastructure, commerce finances, and education for development. Treaties like the International covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR), the human rights
declaration (UDHR) are pivotal and signify the acquiescence of global institutions and global standards that promote a preservation of peace and prosperity. Human right bodies
such as the Human rights council, the commission on human rights, the office of the High Commissioner on human rights and the treaty bodies like the Human Rights Committee,
(CESCR) Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural rights, (CERD) Committee on elimination of racial discrimination and (CEDAW) Committee on elimination of
discrimination against women, (CAT) committee against torture, (SPT) subcommittee on the prevention of torture, (CRC) Committee on the rights of the child committee on
migrant workers, (CED) Committee on enforced disappearances are necessary and purposeful in achieving the safety and security of all individuals and the institutions that protect
and maintain the basic rights and freedoms that all people are born with much the same in regards to purpose with institutions like the International Justice system and global
monetary system. Guaranteeing these bodies and institution guarantees individual sovereignty and welfare including social infrastructure that promotes and maintains research and
development in all global spheres.
Therefore IGOs as a moderator and institution of globalization are indeed pertinent to supporting the three principles of international standards and global
governance: one judicial guarantees and protection for the rule of international law including but not limited to intellectual property rights, two a regulated central bank with
practices focused and geared towards structured and balanced reinvestment of capital and marginal profits into the economy for standard of living improvement, infrastructure
facilitization, economic progress, environmental protection, and civil organisation, and three to guarantee the inshrinement of individuals, their human rights, and their
sovereignty.
The United Nations General Assembly adopted of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 December 1948.(2)
International Law when legitimized by a majority of UN members can be enforced and implemented with arbitrary powers of the majority. The trend of
international intervention in recent history for protection of global nationals and their human rights is setting a new international order in which states adhere to the global norm of
respect for international laws and the freedoms they guarantee for all humans regardless of statehood. Crimes against international law are committed by individuals but are
condoned by entities, which makes the entity resoponsible for the actions of the conglomerate, failure for a governing body to protect rights granted to individuals by international
law consequentially allow those crimes to befall against themselves as an entity or state and are therefore responsible and accountable to the international court of justice;
especially when a political group with its leaders is deemed or designated as a threat by the international community. The entity or group or state is accountable for the actions of
its members much like when a soldier enemy combatant or terrorist that is affiliated with a larger group commits a crime; which is why certain organizations are considered hostile
to states and the international community. Therefore the orchestration of state sponsored terrorism to dissolve a sovereign state by insurgency is a war crime, a war crime that
undermines international law and states that adhere to the conduct of tthose laws. “Many condemned the U.S ivasion (Iraq) as a breach of international law (paust 2007) calling the
United States a “Rogue Nation” and an outlaw state (Gureau 2004, Hathaway 2007)(2012 Kegley;Blanton chapter nine)(11)
“The international Court of Justice (ICJ) and most international legal authorities currently construe the UN Charter as prohibiting any use of force not sanctioned by
the UN Security Council” or UN collective consensus “ with the exception of actions taken in self denense against an actual or imminent state-sponsored armed attack(Sofaer,
2010, p. 110) Military necessity – the legal principle that a violation of the rules of warfare may be excused for defensive purposes during periods of extreme emergency(Kegley,
Blanton chapter nine p. 313, 2012)(11) Thus in the case for human rights and defense of those rights humanitarian intervention for the nationals of a state is reasonable.
"Liberal paths to the control of armed conflict embrace the conviction that war and international instability are primarily caused by deep rooted global deficiencies
that reduce incentives for international cooperation (Barrett 2007) “Thus liberals advocate institutional methods to pool sovereignty in order to collectively manage global
problems with the expansion of global norms that support collective solutions to conflicts in world politics. Constructivist envision greater possibilities for the peaceful resolution
of situations that might otherwise lead to armed aggression” (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine p. 313, 2012)(11)

4. !4
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
“International law has revently begun to fundamentally revise its traditional prohibition against military intervention in the wake of the recent wave of terrorism by
states against their own people” (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine, 2012) “For humanitarian purpose, the belief that governments have a right, even an obligation, to intervene in the
affairs of other states under certain conditions has won advocates” (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine p. 313, 2012) “ Responsibility to protect” (Gareth Evans) and “To institutionalize
the idea that all states have an abligation to shield their own citizens from mass atrocities, and if a state fails to do so, it falls to other states to take on theat obligation”(Malcomson,
2008 p. 9 ; Doyle, 2011) (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine p. 313, 2012) (11) Today international law has defined military intervention as a right and a duty to alleviate human
suffering, stop genocide and ethnic cleansing, and prevent the repression by states of basic human rights and civil liberties (Feinstein and Slaugter, 2004: Finnemore, 2003).
(Kegley, Blanton chapter nine p. 314, 2012) “Over the last fifty years, new universal support has emerged for endorsing intervention as a legal right to protect human rights-
political rights and civil liberties now recognized by the global community as inalienable and valid for all individuals in all countries.. This includes even the right to military
invasion and occupation” (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine, 2012) “The rising frequency of global crises has pushed efforts to rewreite international law so as to facilitate diplomatic
negotiations that bring about nonviolent settlement of disputes” (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine, 2012) “Marxism ;when equal rights collide force decides’ (Carty 2008 p.
122)” (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine p. 313, 2012) (11)
"Universal values… all human beings have certain basic humanrights such as the freedoms of religion, speech, association, and thought. Mary AnnGlendon
emphasizes how Eleanor Roosevelt took up this mantle in espousing and shepherding the development of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR), the single
most seminal document legitimizing the universal perspective. 1Larry Diamond has prolifically articulated the universalist perspective on the applicability of democratic principles
globally, for example, in Developing Democracy: TowardConsolidation. 2 Nobel Prize winner Amyarta Sen argues not only that personal freedom and individual rights are global
in nature, but that they are also inextricably linked to economic development. 3(McMahon and Ascherio)(9) Thus the transformation of the three principles of global governance
are integrally related to human progress and prosperity, social and economic development, and environmental and infrastructure sustainability both ecologically and socially in
regards to the eco biosphere, which we inhabit, and the structures and institutions of society respectively. Those who argue against universal human rights are essentially in
violation of the UN Charter and therefore have no sovereignty as far as global recognition by the collective democratic consensus body the general assembly. The Universal
Periodic Review has quintessential in beginning to make recommendations to the Human Rights Council for human rights progress according to the research presented in
McMahon, Edward, Ascherio, Marta, Global Governance article. But recommendations do not serve the needs of global human rights demands, which is why the UN as a global
authority and interventionist power as an Intergovernmental Organization is responsible to the humans of earth and for the guarantees of human rights that the United Nations
Charter promotes and recognizes as essential to global peace and prosperity.
The goals of many internationals is to obtain more distributive power for those outside the UN Security Council. Francois Hollande and many others have put forth
recommendations and decrees calling for reform to the UN Security Council.
“I would like to get progress made on Security Council reform to allow there to be seats for new permanent and non-permanent members alike.” François Hollande, President of
the French Republic, 27 August 2012(4)
Thus, for the implementation of international standards and the three principles of global governance for a better more connected international society that works for
development and sustainability both for social progress and environmental protection, humanitarian intervention the new trend in World Politics is a concept of action that must be
recognized as legitimate since it is legitimate in the context of international law and what the UN Charter permits as a living source whence the idea of humanitarian intervention
and protection of humans rights came from. Therefore the power of the UN Charter enables intervention in state affairs for the three principles of international relations and global
governance and I present the below information as to why the UN can sovereign nations and intervene for people of nations who'se governments violate the UN Charter and
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
"Some see the phenomena of internationalization of human rights and relating human rights to International Safety and Peace Insurance as resulting in making the
use of armed force an ethical and legal justification in case of human rights violation"1
"The increasing change in the global vision of human rights has led
to crystallization of many legal laws that grant individual rights to face states, equipped with many legal insurances and surveillance mechanisms on states that aim to protect the
human being and his dignity from any violation, as for example are the International Announcement for Human Rights, the Two International Covenants for Human Rights and
other international and regional conventions that assure the globalism of human rights without exception.1This means that states recognize the idea of internationalization of
human rights protection and its globalism, and also value the international considerations when treating her citizens and residents, based on the international commitments
guaranteed by international conventions.1the strong and direct relevance between respecting human rights and the international guarantee of the peace and safety have expanded
human rights issue from the internal level to the international one (1) especially after states gave up their responsibilities in many fields, resulting in the deterioration of internal
and external sovereignty of the states, and changing the nature of the relationship between individuals and states, having the legitimacy of governments, laws and regulations
evaluated on the basis of how committed they are to the international legal rules and principles, and how satisfied are the governed from the governor(1)"the phenomenon of
individual humanitarian intervention has become very significant in human history."(1)"The phenomena of human intervention is not a new one in the international law, but has
become majorly eminent in the world after the cold war, since the diversions witnessed by the international law as a result for the collapse of the Communist Countries and the
outbreak of the internal conflicts and in many countries have lead to enforce human intervention to cease human rights violation , protect minorities, provide humanitarian aid and
spread democracy, in a way that the right to intervene has become a replacement for the principle of not intervening… and an introduction to a new pattern in the international
politics. Take for example what happened in northern Iraq after the war of 1991, Somali, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995, Kosovo in 1999, Macedonia 2001 and Libya in 2011.

5. !5
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
The basic rule for human intervention was the principle “For Peace”, announce by the United Nation General Secretary Boutros Ghali in 1992, which expanded the authorities of
the United Nations in this field by specifying ready-to-intervene military units under the United Nations flag. This took place in the assembly of the United Nations Security
Council Summit on 31 January 1992, when democracy and human rights were recognized as the only Ideology in the international relationships."(1)
"The General Assembly for the United Nations followed the path of the United Nations by adopting decisions that permit the principle of human intervention" (1)
Therefore, the High commissioner of the human rights committee has the authority to authorize international intervention of state affairs on behalf of humans.
"human intervention is internationally accepted in the era of the United Nations taking in consideration that the intervention acts for humanitarian purposes are imposed by ethical
and humanitarian commitments in the international community, because leaving victims without humanitarian aid poses a threat on human life and an insult for his dignity, and
an unjustified disregard both legally and ethically, a fact that imposes on the international community immediate intervention not only to stop these acts but also to bring to justice
its committers, especially in cases of severe violations for human rights and dignity. Therefore, it has become something given for granted for many Law men that it is legitimate
and legal to use force, to ensure the respect of the United Nations purposes like human rights protection and spreading democratic values. (1)--6
Also to insure the protection of human rights the "direct supervision of the United Nations through Peace Keeping Units" is needed for "both the protection of the
civilians and the humanitarian aid." and the basic freedoms inshrined by the declaration of human rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two
Optional Protocols, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, whence the bill of human rights.(1)--7the main target which the international law
assume its fulfillment is the organization of human rights protection(1) a set of international legal rules for human rights is considered as “Jus Cogens” , which is the minimum
level of human rights 25, therefore they cannot be violated because they are “Erga Omnes”; having all countries committed to them and respect them even in the absence of
a signed agreement because they are part of the general international system, a fact that makes violating it a legal and ethical justification for human intervention
because such action would threat international peace and security. (1) Borchard sees that when a country overlooks the basic rights to its citizens, other countries have
the right to intervene under the principles of the international law in the name of the international group, even if it had to dominate the violating country as long as it is
for humanitarian reasons and in order to stop continuous outrageous violations
28 (1)
Ayman Abu AL Haj indicates that we must look beyond the texts and restrictions of many charters and treaties and prize the most respectable and pivotal rules of
international law those being most sacred, human rights, "especially when it is about the political systems that violate democratic values and rights individually or collectively."
29 (1)
"Regardless of the nature of the political system
and economic system, the Western countries adhered to the flexible interpretation to the principle of non-intervention, on the grounds that States and international
organizations have the right to protect human rights in any country, given that the idea of human rights itself calls for unity of humanity regardless of religious or racial
differences as well as and the legal system to which humans belong by nationality rights. Humanity is one unit that includes individuals who have the same rights and
thus each member has a duty and enforces respect and protection"
34(1)"The United Nations and by the contemporary legal concepts adopted the protection of human rights as an international issue that is not confined to the domestic
jurisdiction of the States only by virtue of association with the international public interest, because the idea of human rights is based on a set of considerations that are
based on the idea of international interest, on the grounds that these issues affect the the interest of the international community and living in peace and security, and
therefore sovereignty may not be an obstacle standing in the face of these rights."
(1)
The United Nations Charter has made the principle of sovereignty equal for its members as a basis for international relations, which means that no state of
the Member States is entitled to the power to qualify for the exercise of extraordinary powers to achieve superior manifestations of prejudice in human rights and intervention force
to protect these rights."50 (1)This relates to the notion that no state is above any nation and any state that attempts to violate international law or violate human rights is susceptible
to expulsion from the UN and loss of sovereignty.
"This is illustrated by the report of the responsibility to protect issued by International Committee of the intervention and state sovereignty of the United Nations for
the year 2001, when it stated that humanitarian intervention is based on modern understanding of the principle of sovereignty, which includes a dual responsibility to respect
human rights at home and respect the sovereignty of other countries abroad. The Charter of the United Nations, which admitted to membership sovereign states at the same time
commits itself to respecting the responsibilities of membership on the grounds that it sovereign States and the most important of these responsibilities to protect human rights
internally and externally."41(1)
Thus to preserve sovereign status all states and nations must be in compliance with international law and the UDHR.
“ the quest for international security involves the unconditional surrender by every nation in a certain measure, of its liberty of action, its sovereignty that is to say, and it is clear
beyond all doubt that no other road can lead to security. (Albert Einstein) (Kegley, Blanton chapter nine, 2012)(11)
"The international humanitarian intervention of the United Nations is considered legal, while the humanitarian intervention by a state or group of States is not legal
according to the contemporary international law, and if humanitarian intervention justifies the use of force legally, politically and ethically to prevent gross violations of human
rights that threaten international stability, it is not entitled to any one state to intervene to address human rights violations in another state, but must be done to intervene in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, which represents international legitimacy and the system of collective security, but the lack of an independent military of the
United Nations undermines the collective security system, so that the dominant major states have right of international intervention, which causes it to lose the element of
neutrality, and it becomes subject to misjudgment and abuse."(1) Which is why administration of the three principles of international standards and global governance are so
pertinent and essential to bringing forth security, peace, and standards for the global community.
Thus to remove the bias motives of the security council, democratic consensus by a majority like in the EU council of ministers is necessary to accomplish a
democratic premise for humanitarian intervention via military might. There are reform procedures being called for by European governments, South Asia governments, East Asia
governments, South American governments and some African governments. Recently October thirteenth Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey called for security council reform to address

6. !6
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
the issues in Syria.
“I would like to get progress made on Security Council reform to allow there to be seats for new permanent and non-permanent members alike.”François Hollande, President of
the French Republic, 27 August 2012(4)
Thus agencies like the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (EUROFOUND) and Food and Drug regulation like the U.S.
FDA and reforms like the proposed adding of security council members or a complete overhaul via a democratic general assembly consensus are needed for the utilization of a
democratic social consensus. Reforms like the financial currency transaction tax FCTT that enable administrative powers and the international telecommunications ITU that
enables regulation and promotion of international exchanges including cyber safety for networks of monetary systems and transit infrastructure are also necessary for a collective
body to function. A body that essentially uses majority vote for new legislation which is pertinent to the achieving the three principles of international governance and the
development of global economic and social progress. International dividend and capital gains taxes for multinational corporations along with derivative trading regulations and
taxes could also be a measure for funding administration of UN bodies. IGOs ability to govern and regulate NGO's and their activities is necessary for the attainment of
international standards and peace. Thus to further and hasten the speed at which social, technological, and civil development occurs around the globe IGOs and panels thereof like
those on agriculture, environment, infrastructure, and finance must acquiesce the role of international moderators who can intervene as a humanitarian force with delegation from
the UN which the United Nations charter dictates and allows. Therefore consensus by UN members who retain their sovereignty by decree from the UN bodies must permit
diplomatic and military administration by the UN for global peace and security, otherwise the anarchical system that has persisted for generations will continue to desecrate
freedoms and human rights inconjunction with sovereignty violations which are the main guises of war.
Kofi Annan “A new broad definition of national interest is needed” that would unify states to work on common goals that transcend national interests (Kegley,
Blanton chapter nine, 2012)(11) Thus multilateralism is more propense of global politics rather than unilateralism. (Alan Dixon)
Bibliography

7. !7
Alan Dixon
Dr. Paul Mego
International Relations
November ninth 2012
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