Comparative And Historical Linguistics

Comparative And Historical Linguistics
Before 19th century scholars were not very much interested about historical linguistics and were remained
unnoticed that language has gone through many changes. Since the starting of the 19th century, historical
linguistics have undergone many changes with time it has led to major revisions and modifications to the theory
and practice in this field. Historical linguistics investigates and describes the language change and how
languages maintain their structure during the course of time. Those changes are still in progress and were
noticed by the work of the William Labov who has dealt with the social, linguistic study of 'New York City' in
1966 where his investigation included 70 individual interviews– in the public places. These studies lead to the
definition of the major phonological variables which were to be studied include (r) historical linguistics, the
presence and the absence of the consonantal {r} in postvocalic position (as in car, card, four, ... Show more
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This is counter distinguished with 'synchronic linguistics' which deals with language in a single point of time.
Historical linguistics dates back from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology.
1.2. The rise of comparative method: Comparative and historical linguistics were often treated as a single
discipline. Firstly the main concern of historical linguistics was to study about Comparative Linguistics in
which linguists were concerned about how two languages are related to one another when they are derived from
a common ancestor. This notion of comparative linguistics was given by Sir William Jones a British judge in
India who studied 'oriental languages and literature' delivered a lecture in Calcutta entitled "The Third
Anniversary Discourse, on the Hindus" on the 2nd February 1786 where he noticed that; "The Sanskrit
language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than
the
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The Social Changes And Political Revolutions
To begin with, " The social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in men 's brains, not in man 's
better insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the modes of production and exchange" by Engels.
Basically what Engels's means by that is the materialist formation of history starts from the scheme of the
production and how exchanges of things are produced, and that is the basis of all social structure.
Fundamentally, as in every society it has emerged in history and it still is happening that the manner in which
wealth is distributed and how the society is divided into classes or estates is dependent upon what is produced,
and how it is produce, and how the products are exchanged. And this is what that needs to be sorted out.
Therefore, the mode of production is playing a big role in today's society and also as it did back in the days.
Everything is dependent; one person is dependent on other in this society. Moreover, society is divided into two
groups; one group is whom who are ruling over the other group by taking his/her rights; capitalism is playing its
role. Moreover, changes in the productive forces are more powerful cause of revolution. In conclusion, Engels
takes an historical materialist approach. He indicates that the capitalist mode of production is fundamentally
contradictory and from this he traces a series of social and economic conflicts that follow inevitably from this
basic contradiction by establishing Historical

How Language Changes Start and Spread Essay
Language change happens every day. New words are constantly being added and new dialects are forming.
People have always argued about the causes of language change and tried to control the changes that occurred
but ultimately they accomplished nothing. Languages changes and spread as a result of the people who use it
daily. African American English and California English are both examples of the different ways language can
change. People try to resist the changes in their language because they do not want to see it change. Language
change is a natural process that can be affected by others but never stopped. This course has done an excellent
job explaining how language change starts and spreads.
Language change can be caused by numerous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As different dialects of a language develop they are shared with the people of the area. People often use the
dialect of those that they interact with most. To explain this simply, a person who only speaks Chicano English
is fine in their daily interactions with other speakers of the dialect but they may have trouble speaking with a
Northern Dialect. The spread of language change depends on the factors that are causing it. The natural change
in language over time smarts in a small area and spreads to everyone that it comes in contact with.
This course focused on a numerous languages that were undergoing change. The simplest and most relevant for
many Americans are the changes that are occurring in English. America is a great melting pot of different
people and as such English's multiple dialects reflect cultural diversity. One of the most studied and still not
understood dialects is African American English. The point of contention between the ideas for the origin of
African American English is whether it was based on an existing dialect in the south or if it was creole of
English and different West African languages. Either way this is an example of a rapid language change that has
persisted over time. It is illogical to believe that the slaves who were forced to learn English did not incorporate
some of their own language. How else could they have communicated before they fully understood English. An
example of slower language

Friedrich Engels : An Historical Materialist Approach Essay
In the excerpt from Anti–Dühring titled "Theoretical" Friedrich Engels criticizes capitalism through an
historical materialist approach. Through declaration of a fundamental contradiction within the capitalist mode
of production, Engels characterizes a cascade of economic conflicts that inevitably paralyze capitalist society.
Following critique of contemporary capitalist thought, Engels envisions a future for capitalism in which the
fundamental contradiction will lead to a revolution in capitalism. To understand Engels' declaration of the
fundamental contradiction in capitalism, one must understand the lens through which he views society. Engels
views society through a lens of historical materialism, which in his words is that "the ultimate causes of all
social changes and political revolutions are ... changes in the mode of production and exchange" (292). He
argues that society's progress is not driven by the evolution of human insight, but rather the economic
conditions of the era in question. Engels also emphasizes that classifies social hierarchy and overall structure as
dictated by the distribution of the means of distribution and exchange.
In medieval society, the modes of production were chiefly controlled by the peasantry and craftspeople; small
units based around individuals that produced enough goods for the survival of their families, along with small
amounts of surplus that could be traded for goods or services. Especially within the system of feudalism, such

The Limits Of My Language Are The Limits Of My World
History of Language
It is argued that the human species are a class of animal. However, the distinctive characteristic that makes us
unique, which makes humans different from all other species, is our ability to use complex language. Language
is thought of as multi–sensory, containing not only the verbal and writing, but also touch, smell, sound, and
body elements. As humans are very social beings, people have the natural instinct to connect and communicate
with others, to share our emotions and ideas, and as a result, learning a language becomes an instinct for each
individual. Language is the device used for communication, Ludwig Wittgenstein, an Austrian philosopher on
language, said, "The limits of my language are the limits of my world". By this Wittgenstein implies that people
use just one language and therefore live in just one world, and if someone is not capable of using the language,
their world is narrowed. However, Albert Einstein had a conflicting opinion, he cheapened the importance of
language and said, "The words of a language as they are written and spoken do not seem to play any role in the
mechanism of my thought." His quote shows that a scientist's mind works ... Show more content on
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But before the creation of any writing system known to its speakers, the Indo–European language had died out.
As Indo–Europeans moved on from their ancestral homeland and brought forth new generations, their language
evolved, first into contrasting dialects, and then into equally complex daughter languages. Ten "proto–language"
families are recognized today. In the centuries that followed the Indo–European proto–languages themselves
grew, each giving birth to its own family of languages. Each family is recognized with the proto–language from
which it came

Contemporary Issues Of Accounting : Take Home Final Exam
Samah Alshaikh ACC680– contemporary Issues in Accounting Take Home Final Exam 1. Managers use cookie
jar reserves to smooth earnings by creating excessive reserves in good periods so that they can use them to
offset losses in bad periods. In order to determine whether this practice is considered an ethical violation or not,
an ethical decision model should be used. Graham Tucker offers five–question approach for ethical decision–
making. The model can be used to examine and challenge a proposed decision in order to reach a clear decision.
All of the five questions should be asked to consider the proposed question. The answer should be positive for
all of the five questions, and any negative answer means that the decision maker should review the proposed
decision in order to reach an ethical decision (Cargill, 2006). The first question, which is "Is it profitable?"
would be answered with a positive answer. Adjusting reserves to smooth earning could be profitable if it is used
to accomplish the company continuity. Since not meeting expectation would have significant consequences on
the company's share prices, using reserves to help achieving the expectation would reduce this impact and reach
the required profitability. Asking the second question, "Is it legal?" would give a negative answer. Under U.S.
GAAP, companies are not allowed to maintain any cookie jar reserves for income smoothing purpose. Any
company using this type of reserves to manipulate its earnings might be

Factors And Mechanisms Of Chain Shifts
Q:What.are.the.motivation.and.mechanisms.of.chain.shifts,and.what.kinds.of.evidence.can.we.use.to.study.them?
Chain.shifts.(870/1000)
Definition.(206/100)
According to Labov (2010:140), chain shifts is a series of sound changes, affecting group of phonemes, which
are causally linked in way that preserve the number of distinctions. Chain shift is a balance system, and the
phonemes within are interrelated. This means that in order to maximized the difference among phonemes, a
change in one part will automatically leads to a change in another. This series of reactions is called chain shifts.
A famous example of chain shift is Grimm's law.(examples?.grimm's.or.any.one)
(handout.page.3.&.find reference)
There are two kinds of chain shifts: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Labov (2010) states that the chain shift is a mechanical result of the language learning process; and this process
includes three stages.
In stage one, there is a tendency of misunderstanding between the pronunciation of phoneme B and A, due to
the fact that some outlying realizations of phoneme B appears to be similar as A. This will make phoneme
tokens of B less likely to be recognized by language learners.
In stage two of a push–chain, B encroaching on A, causing a major overlap. In this stage, A tokens in turns will
be mis–recognized as B tokens. In this stage, language learners generalize a position which A is pushed to, and
leads to the output in stage 3.
In stage three, the distinction between phoneme A and B is restored, and the system remains balanced.
With the same stable starting point as push–chain in stage one, phoneme A in a pull–chain shifts away from B in
stage two, leaving a more distinct gap between A and B. As a result, the previously mis–recognized tokens are
more likely to be recognized as tokens of B instead of A. Then phoneme B is dragged to fill the position vacated
by A. As a result, restoring a stable boundary between A and B in stage three.
However, this mechanism only describes how chain shifts might work, without explaining the reason behind
this phenomenon. For

Personal Reflection Of Gender And Language
I first got my start in linguistics by accident. I did not foresee that one introductory linguistics class taken on a
whim would change my life. What caught my attention the most was our unit on pragmatics and semantics.
From that class, I've gone on to major in linguistics and even conduct my own research in the field. I was given
the opportunity to participate on a research team analyzing children's acquisition of resultative adjectives. Our
team ended up presenting at Eastern Michigan University's Undergraduate Symposium. We also submitted an
application to the 11th Annual Cornell University Undergraduate Linguistic Colloquium, and were accepted to
do an oral presentation. Since I am working on a senior thesis at the moment, I have also been conducting
research of my own. I am studying the usage of the construction yeah, no and no, yeah. Though the process, I
have learned a lot about how to conduct research and also how to write an academic thesis.
My plans for graduate study are heavily influenced by the classes I have taken during my time in undergrad. As
I mentioned before, I fell in love with pragmatics and semantics. Along with that, I found a passion for
sociolinguistics. There are two classes in particular that have sparked my interest. The first was a class about
women and language. Though it was titled women, it was really about the relationship between gender and
language. We talked about linguistic stereotypes based on a person's gender and how they are

Karl Marx 's Influence On Society
Karl Marx emphasized conflict in the society due to consumerism, religion, intersectionality. He saw this
conflict and determined that hidden structures can benefit him and others by using the term of ideology which
can rely on true or false consciousness. Marx was a unique sociologist who expressed his own ideas in various
ways. Applying to Marx's Theory towards slavery, it showed how the society use to be and how it impacted the
slaves to be part of their culture to manifest the society. Slavery was based on consumerism through religion,
capitalism, culture, and community to enrich the economy. Slavery had an huge impact towards the society due
to their production of goods which were dominated by merchants and were being paid a certain sum per
finished piece, once they had the item they sold to a distant market. For example: During the market Revolution
, American merchants goals were to think big and risk their money towards the American nationalism which
they decided to invest their money in the "putting–out system." The putting–out system helped merchants to
increase wealth by managing the labor cost, numbers of workers, production goals, and shoe styles to fit certain
markets. (Ch. 12 pg 287; Industry and the North) Based on Marx's theory Materialism is exposed to negative
outcomes which distinguished the study of the real economic and social life between humanism and naturalism.
In Marx's opinion each individuals were motivated to gain wealth and

Analysis Of Ian Mcewan 's Atonement
California State University, Fullerton
Atonement
Topic 1
Khanh Dinh Le
LBST 401
Professor Tobias
March 7th, 2015
While it is widely accepted that historical or descriptive narratives produce knowledge, is the same true of
fiction? Can fictional narratives such as novels produce knowledge, and if so, what kind? Consider this question
in relation to Ian McEwan's novel Atonement.
It would be very difficult for anyone to find a person who stated that historical or descriptive narratives did not
produce knowledge. Can the same thing be said for the genre of historical fiction? In an analysis between
historical narratives and historical fiction, we will see what do these two topics share, and what kinds of
knowledge does historical fiction produce. What is it about historical narratives that give readers a sense that
going into it, that they will become knowledgeable about a certain topic? What is considered knowledge in a
historical narrative? I would say what a makes a historical narrative is that it contains facts such as dates,
accounts of events, and information about the lives of people. These types of things can be measured through
various forms of tests. (we know how much emphasis is put on what a person can recall). As a result, a reader
may say that historical narratives are much more objective. Also, the writers of these historical novels are able
to make connections to the modern day with the readers. But aside from the obvious

Historical Cost and Fair Value
Abstract
This paper is written for the accounting theory course as a course project.
This paper discusses the differences between the historical cost accounting approach and the fair value
accounting approach. The discussion will focus on the debate on using which accounting approach. We begin
by stating the definitions of both concepts and discussing them thoroughly, then we state the main advantages of
the two approaches followed by comparison between them.
The last section of this paper discusses the disadvantages of each approach, including the main criticism points
against them.
In the end, we draw a conclusion on the best approach to be used in the Accounting profession based on the
previous discussion.
Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When fair values are estimated using unadjusted or adjusted market prices, they are referred to as mark–to–
market values. If market prices for the same or similar positions are not available, then firms must estimate fair
values using valuation models. FAS 157 generally requires these models to be applied using observable market
inputs (such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals) when they are
available and unobservable firm–supplied inputs (such as expected cash flows developed using the firm's own
data) otherwise. When fair values are estimated using valuation models, they are referred to as mark–to–model
values.
Advantages of Historical Cost
Supporters of Historical Cost Accounting argue that this method has several advantages that make it popular.
Some advantages are discussed below. * Historical cost is based on actual, not merely possible, transactions. It
is the acquisition price of the assets. The managers only have to record all the assets and liabilities at their
acquisition price. Hence they are measured and reported objectively. Historical cost is therefore basically
verifiable. Thus, this minimizes the risk of manipulation of figures by the managers. * Historical cost has
survived the test of time. Most users of accounting data believe that accounting income is useful and that it
constitutes a determinant of the practices and thought patterns of decision makers. * Historical cost is an easier

A Dead End For Humanity
A DEAD END FOR HUMANITY
WADE DAVIS
Melwin George Shiboo
COMM 171 section 102
Professor Sanjoy Banerjee
15th April 2016
According to Paterson and Rentein ancient languages to mankind as it is the way history is trying to
communicate with the future; also it grants us with the source of the origins from where languages embark on.
There are various research carried out every year for the extinction of different languages from different part of
the world which usually giving us a big number of extinct languages. The effect of this can be clearly seen on
the academic clique which is a major topic of argument these days, but on the other hand some argues that it's a
natural thing is happening as we move forward in life. All individual are known for the language he or she
speaks that represents individual from which region, which state or which country he belongs to therefore loss
of a language will lead to identity crisis of the speaker. With the loss of academic knowledge there is also a loss
of culture; different communities have different culture which is passed to the next generation majorly through
their native languages so with the loss of languages there is loss of history, traditional songs and poetry. All kind
of forms which are reliant on the language
The first and the premier target to spare our imperilling minority dialects and social customs are to urge our
relatives to talk their primary languages. So they will then go on to their youngsters the

The Mayan Languages of Guatemala and Mexico Essay examples
FIU
Data Analysis Essay
The Mayan languages of Guatemala and Mexico can be called a "linguistic area" (Study Guide, 2014, p. 102)
because they are geographically in close proximity and the "languages" of the speech communities there would
"have been spoken side by side for many generations" (ibid). Due to long–term contact between speech
communities in this linguistic area, bilingualism and language mixing in the speeches of the close–knit natives
are sure to have existed due to demographic movements. (Winford, 2003, p. 19). However, when language
contact involves foreign and native languages, communicating in a common language becomes an issue.
Therefore, to overcome language barriers, lexical items are borrowed from the former into ... Show more
However, this is not the case with the Mayan speech communities. It is evident from the data that "casual
borrowing" took place. The natives of Guatemala and Mexico appeared to have borrowed lexical items in
relation to their occupations. For example, some of them were farmers and house servants. For the purpose of
daily discourse, borrowed words were mainly common nouns that named a type of animal, a bird and items that
the Mayan FIU languages may not have had a word or exact translations for. Social standing in the community
was seen by the Mayans as an important relationship between the Spanish and in order to address a female who
was a non– native, borrowing was essential. Religion as an integral part of Mayan society, a Spanish word
associated with the concept, a closely related Spanish word was borrowed. In order to understand the social
division colonisation created within the Mayan speech communities, the Spanish donor words can be
categorised in simple categories such as: Agriculture & Vegetable Farming: (1), Spanish donor word – nabos
'turnips' (mod. [naβos], col. [naboṣ]); (3), Spanish donor word – jarro 'jug, jar' (mod. [xaro], col. [šaro]); (15),
Spanish donor word – cebolla 'onion' (mod. [seβoya], col. [şebolʸa]); (19), Spanish donor word – cidra 'a
grapefruit–like fruit (mod. [siðra], col. [ṣiðra]); (20), Spanish donor word – vacas 'cows' (mod. [bakas], écol.
[βakaṣ, vakas]); (22), Spanish donor word – rábanoṣ 'radishes' (mod. [ráβanos] col.

Evaluation of a Website Essay
Evaluation of a Website
What has a hippo in common with a feather?" "What is the longest place name in the world?" "Can green ideas
sleep furiously?" "Rim ember us poke in cent tense all mow stall ways con deigns word snot in then did." These
are just a few of the topics you will find under A Web of Linguistic Fun. Phantom Linguist, Bucknell University
Professor Robert Beard, provides a unique collection of "fundamental subdisciplines of linguistics"(1).
The website introduces linguistic terminology such as grammar, morphology, phonology, semantics, and syntax.
If this does not sound like much fun, keep going! There are also pages and pages of wordplays, games, puzzles,
dictionaries, and even a fun poem about the orthography ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each page has at least one additional link to it and in the case of the "Morphology" page, forty–three links in all.
What a vast amount of information!
So what exactly does a hippo have in common with a feather? If you click on the "Historical Linguistics" page
you will soon find out. The Phantom Linguist explains the origin of each word, tracing all the way back to the
Indo–European language. With careful reading you will find that the pot– of hippopotamus and the feath– of
feather share a common origin.
What in the world does "Rim ember us poke in cent tense all mow stall ways con deigns word snot in ten did"
mean? Click on the "Syntax" page, and find out that phrase structure plays a big part in successful
communication.
"Can green ideas sleep furiously?" (1). According to the Phantom Linguist, and the rules of semantics, probably
not. He proves that the structure of sentences and their meaning are two distinct things, representing two
different levels of language processing.
Linguistic Fun is definitely not for someone who does not have time to waste. Once you click on to one of these
links, you will be entranced for hours. Find the original meaning of your first name in "Etymology of Names."
This pages also provides links to related pages such as "Baby Names," "Hall of Names," and "Name Games."
Interactive games, puzzles, and word searches can trap you into spending hours

The Romani Language : The Language Of Inflected Romani
The Romani Language The culture of the Roma, otherwise known as gypsies, encases many cultural values and
traditions separate from that of Western culture. A factor of their culture includes their language, which can be
defined as a system of publicly shared symbols by which individuals share private experiences. The Roma's
language of inflected Romani, created after from linguistic divergence of the Indo–European proto language, is
able to meet all the properties of language as well as being interrelated with their culture. Romani allows
gypsies to be able to preserve their culture when they are dispersed around the world, while upholding their
beliefs because of how they think through the lense of language. Romani, being the language most commonly
spoken by the Roma, is very different throughout Europe. Since the Roma have diffused in many locations,
different dialects have developed based on the languages surrounding them and how they are acculturated or if
they choose to assimilate. Due to the lack of a state committed to the culture of the Roma, many people within
these communities adapt and pick up the language commonly spoken in the country in which they have settled.
Overtime, a shift in values has lead to a cultural view that has western or other european views infused into that
of the Roma's culture. This leads to the need for code switching within their society because of the language
difference between the people of Roma culture and the language of the country

Causes of Genocide Essay
Genocide is an action that is not unique to any one set of specific circumstances. It knows no bounds of time or
location. From thousands or years ago to present day and on every civilized continent, the eradication of entire
groups of people has occurred. The current definition of genocide was established by the United Nations in
1948: "(a) Killing members of [a] group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in
whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring
children of the group to another group" "with intent to destroy, in whole or in ... Show more content on
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Perhaps one of the most relevant examples of genocide denial is in the United States' history. It is estimated that
in 1500 there were some 12 million Native Americans living in North America, but by 1900 this number had
been reduced to 237,000 (Lewy). Yet while mass murders of American Indians were all too common during this
time period, Ward Churchill, in his book A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas
1492 to the Present, explains discussion of these occurrences is limited in early education and the media to only
a few events such as the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre and the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre so they may be
dismissed as anomalies (2). He also explains that this denial is furthered in two more fashions. The first is the
underestimation of the number of Native Americans living in North American prior to European colonization
because "the deaths of people who never existed need not be explained" (2). The second is the image of the
"warlike" and "aggressive" American Indian, which permits the murders of such savages to be portrayed as
defensive and necessary when the true source of Native American aggression was more likely due to settlers
ceaselessly encroaching on their homelands (3). Churchill likens this scenario to a hypothetical German victory
during World War II, "When the Poles, led by sullen Jewish chiefs,

The Theory Of Capitalism And Capitalism
Studying capitalism is an already difficult subject to focus on by itself. However, what makes this subject more
complex is looking at it through a historical approach. Nevertheless, it is important to study historical
materialism in order to fully understand contemporary social structures. The modes of production, as well as
class relations, tie together as they are both important in what Engels was trying to discuss in his paper. He also
discusses the alienation of individuals as well as supply and demand of the market. This paper focuses on
Friedrich Engels paper titled Anti–Dühring while specifically focusing on the chapter named "Theoretical" that
discusses historical materialism and contradictions in capitalism. In this paper, it will be established what
Engels means when he speaks of historical materialism as well as manage to explain the fundamental
contradiction in capitalism and examples of such contradictions.
Historical materialism is a term derived from Marxist ideals. Engels discusses regarding this topic in this paper.
He discusses Feudalism in regards to capitalism as well as capitalism in regards to socialism (PROF). This
includes discussing individual and social appropriation in regards to individual and social production (PROF).
Historically, it was considered that the causes of changes in society were based on the changes in production
and exchange. In Engels' perspective, materialism heavily influenced social structure. He states that the basis of
every

Linguistic Borrowing & Loan Words: Theoretical Considerations
Linguistic Borrowing & Loan Words: Theoretical Considerations One of the fundamental features of language
is that it is always changing. Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic,
syntactic and other features of a language are modified over time. Two linguistic disciplines concern themselves
with studying language change: Historical Linguistics and Socio Linguistics. Historical linguists examine how a
language was spoken in the past and seek to determine how present languages derive from it and are related to
one another. Sociolinguists are interested in the origins of language changes and want to explain how society
and changes in society influence language.
1.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any visitor to India will be amazed as well as amused to find so many English words being used to advertise
Punjabi/Indian products.
1.4.5 Motive of Identification
In the words of Hockett, "People emulate those whom they admire, in speech patterns well as in the other
respects. European immigrants to the United States introduce many English expressions in to their speech,
partly for the other reasons, but partly because English is the important language of the country." Sometimes it
is not the admiration but identification, 'The imitator does not necessarily admire those whom he imitates, but
wishes to be identified with them and thus be treated as they are. The results are not distinguishable and we, and
we can leave to the psychologists the fine shades of sorting out of the differences ." 1.4.6.Need Filling Motive
The most obvious reason for the borrowing is to fill a gap in the borrowing dialect or language Whenever the
people come across an unfamiliar thing, a creature or a phenomenon in a foreign country or among the alien
community they feel curious to know its name. The new experiences, new objects and practices bring new
words in to the language. It does not matter whether the new objects and practices come to the community by
way of what the anthropologists call 'diffusion' or the community goes to the new objects and practices, by way
of migration; the result is the same. Tea, coffee, tobacco, sugar, cocoa,

My Language Are The Limits Of My World
It is argued that the human species are a class of animal. However, the distinctive characteristic that makes us
unique, which makes humans different from all other species, is our ability to use complex language. Language
is thought of as multi–sensory, containing not only the verbal and writing, but also touch, smell, sound, and
body elements. As humans are very social beings, people have the natural instinct to connect and communicate
with others, to share our emotions and ideas, and as a result, learning a language becomes an instinct for each
individual. Language is the device used for communication, Ludwig Wittgenstein, an Austrian philosopher on
language, said, "The limits of my language are the limits of my world". By this Wittgenstein ... Show more
At one point in time it was thought to have originated somewhere in Asia. That assumption has now been more
or less thrown away. The idea itself originated with the traditional notion that all migrations came from Asia.
Throughout the past few decades the trend of opinion has swayed in favor of Eastern or Central Europe being
the original homeland of this language. Some scholars proclaim that this birthplace was someplace close to
Scandinavia and the neighboring parts of northern and central Germany. Most philologists, however, seem to
agree that this homeland was somewhere near the Hungarian plains or the plains around Lithuania or Ukraine.
This idea is based on a study conducted of the Indo–European vocabulary. If specific vocabulary terms were
found to be common to all the branches of Indo–European language, they were presumed to be the vocabulary
terms of the parent Indo–European language. Likewise, if certain vocabulary terms were found in a noteworthy
number of branches and if those branches were extensively removed from each other that there was little chance
to no chance of joint influence, those common items of vocabulary were also taken to be part of the parent

Linguistic Change, Social Network And Speaker Innovation
James and Lesley Milroy's 'Linguistic Change, Social Network and Speaker Innovation' was published by
Journal of Linguistics in 1985. The article is one of several publications by the Milroys which draw upon Lesley
Milroy's fieldwork in Belfast during the 1970s (see, for instance, Milroy & Milroy 1978, 1992, 1993; L. Milroy,
1987; J. Milroy 1992). I will first present a summary of the Milroys' methodology and key findings. Secondly, I
will examine the strengths of the paper, focusing on their appropriation of Granovetter's weak–tie theory and the
correlation between network strength and two different kinds of language change. Finally, I will evaluate the
weaknesses of the paper, with a specific focus on the lack of empirical evidence, ... Show more content on
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The Milroys then analysed phonological variables (in this case /a/ and /ɛ/) in relation to the network structures
and the individual speaker's degree of integration into a network.
Firstly, they found that in Ballymacarrett, the innovative backing of /a/ is associated with men and the Belfast
vernacular, while the traditional front /a/ functions as a network marker for women. In contrast, the innovative
raised variants of /ɛ/ are associated with women and more prestigious outer–city speech, while the traditional
low /ɛ/ functions as a network marker for men. Furthermore, although the /a/ backing innovation is generally
led by East Belfast males, the backing of /a/ among the young Clonard women is unusually high. The Milroys
concluded that while working in a city centre shop, the Clonard women have weak–tie encounters with
customers who use the back /a/ innovation, and they then subsequently adopt this innovation in their own
speech. For the Milroys, this supports the idea that linguistic innovations are diffused via weak–tie connections,
where the true innovators are connected to the early adopters via weak–tie connections.
Secondly, the Milroys observe that Icelandic has changed relatively over the centuries in comparison with
English. Using evidence from the Icelandic sagas, they argue that the strong importance attached to kin and
friendship in Iceland, as well as the relative stability of the

Ethno Semantics : The Differences Of Communication And...
Language is a term that can be expressed and shown in several different ways. From people in normal, everyday
conversation which are face to face, to communication that takes a bit longer to get to one another such as mail
or other social media. Communication and language can differ in the way words are pronounced and the
meanings they show. Language is a part of every culture and is passed down from generation to generation.
Phonemes are an example of something that differs from culture to culture where one word can mean several
different things and simply changing the sound can make a big difference in its meaning. For example, in India,
Hindu people pronounce the letter 'd' multiple different ways, therefore changing the meaning or significance of
the word. Ethno semantics play a big part in these differences as they study the meanings of words, phrases, and
sentences. Some languages are more prominent on having good syntax or grammar while others could use very
simple or primitive forms of speaking (Miller, 2013). I find it fascinating that a child learns the pronunciation of
a word from just listening to it being spoken, but when an adult wants to learn a different language it takes such
a great effort to pronounce each word correctly. It is any wonder that we can communicate to one another across
borders at all.
Non–Verbal communication isn't always shown around the world and often times is a barrier between people.
This way of talking to one another is typically

Karl Marx 's View Of Contemporary Social Ills
Power is present in every relationship and within each individual. Power is defined as a group's ability to make
another group its subject or to make some desired action either by consensus or force. Within any organization
or government, some elite groups make decisions that directly or indirectly affect the lives of the larger mass.
Studies have shown that such decisions in most cases are made to service the elite's value and economic
interests; property ownership or production. Such directions within the society cause resentment and inequality
when the larger mass is not included in the decision making. The inequality makes the elite class to enforce
their wishes and will on the less fortunate (Jessop 174). This essay seeks to give a ... Show more content on
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Between the two classes are small businesses which Marx calls them 'petty bourgeoisie', a group that is subject
to either join the working class or the capitalists if surplus can be accommodated. In the ongoing industrial
revolution the social surplus contributes to conflict where classes exist in the form of struggle for dominance or
control over profits. Marx as a conflict theorist argued that the economy defines and dominates the societal
structural change. He explained that social change and structure is a form of historical materialism that in the
history come in two groups: the oppressor and the oppressed. Marx stated that the society is built on the
exploitation of the oppressed. The struggle between the classes was what brought about the industrial
revolution. This division and the struggle in the society have since never stopped, but instead there have been
reestablishment of new classes, new oppression conditions, and new struggles replacing the old ones. The
ancient societies e.g. the Roman and the Greek was built on slave labor and the two classes in conflict during
those times were the slaves and patricians. The struggle between these classes resulted in the development of
feudal societies that were developed on serf's labor under their opponent, the lords. The end of feudalism
ushered in the capitalism, and Marx called the opposing forces in capitalist societies the

History And Culture Of The Dance
Kayla RadfordAnnKassie TraNikki Morgan
Dance History
Final Paper
Due: 4/20
History of Early Dance in France
The culture I chose to research the dance history of was French dance culture prior to ballet and the different
dances that were popular and possibly developed into ballet. I wanted to learn more about French dance history
because I am half French from my mother's side of the family so I have always been fascinated with the culture
especially the dance culture. I have also danced ballet all of my life starting at age four and have learned a lot
about it and its origins so I thought it would be interesting to see what other dances were popular in France.
Having this connection to my culture and my passion of dance is of great interest to me and I enjoyed learning
so much about the dance culture on France and how it has developed over the years. Also it is fascinating to see
what dances have survived today that are still preformed and danced and how other dances influenced each
other to create new forms of dance. I mostly looked into court dances and what was popular in the earlier parts
of France with higher society individuals and how those dances developed and either are still danced today or
died out and developed into other dances particularly how they greatly influenced what we know today as
ballroom dancing.
The majority of France 's cultural enhancement took place during the crusades. The crusades were 'military
campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic

Language and the Human Understanding Through Time Essay...
If we were time travelers, would we be able to understand our ancestors? Would we even be speaking the same
language? Important questions about the definition of a language arise when temporal shifts come into play.
Where is the line between a new language, and simply a dialect? Were Shakespeare and Chaucer writing in
different languages? Does Barack Obama use a different dialect than George Washington did? The deciding
factor of whether a language has evolved past the point of dialectical variation is mutual intelligibility, which
can apply to linguistic changes based on geography, ethnicity, and, although it is less concrete, time. But this
begs an important question: how can we test this? Because we are relying solely on textual ... Show more
If two dialects of a language change enough–because of the combination of geographic distance and time–so
that the dialect from one region is not understandable by the people using the other dialect, then the two are no
longer dialects of one language. Instead, they have become two entirely different languages. Although it is, for
the most part, impossible to isolate geography from time, it is possible to isolate time from geography. The rule
of mutual intelligibility still applies: when a language changes to the point where its modern users cannot
understand its traditional texts, then the traditional language and the modern one can be considered two separate
languages. Mutual unintelligibility is not the case with the English used today as compared to the English used
in the late 1770s. For example, Barack Obama and George Washington, although there may have been small
discrepancies, undoubtedly would have been able to understand each other's writing and speech. We, as students
at the University of Chicago, frequently read texts written in the 1770s and before, and are able to comprehend
them even if they are unabridged. English has not changed enough in the last two hundred years to constitute
two separate languages. However, when it comes to Shakespeare and Chaucer, it is difficult to say whether they
would have been able to understand each other. Although the time gap between them was roughly the same as
the one between Obama

Historical Materialism : Marxist Materialism
Historical materialism has been reasonably criticized, especially in the past few decades, regarding it's
impractical application to human behavior. Historical materialism proposes that history is nothing more than the
creation and evolution of society through man's own evolution of consciousness. Society is driven by the
economic forces man places on it and inevitably transforms into a higher state of society until it reaches its final
stage, which Marx argues is communism. Most criticism stems from this aspect of the theory and fails to
examine how valid most other parts are. There is clear evidence that historical materialism gives a logical
explanation for the past and that it's ideology for the future could well be plausible. Marx's historical
materialism gives logical explanation to the history of society by evaluating the different transitions of political
turnover. Marx states that there are the "Asiastic, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois modes of production"
that "can be designated as progressive epochs in the economic formation of society" (5). In every transition,
there is the evidence of a 'lord' and 'bondsman' interaction where eventually, as Hegel has theorized, the
'bondsman' overcomes the 'lord' (Hegel 117–119). This is due to the theory that "social character is the general
character of the whole movement: just as society itself produces man as man, so is society produced by him"
(85). Society forms the working class and in turn this class, by

Use Of Language And Communication Usage
Language has affected us throughout decades by progressing and setting limits on the words used and the way
people speak. It has allowed people to express themselves through not only actions, but with words. Also, as
people grow and develop they learn new concepts referring to language and communication usage. For
example, they learn ways to write more sophisticated, the effect of words, and the purpose of language. When
understanding a new concept on language or communication usage important considerations need to be made
the modern English student.
Connotation of words is an important consideration because of the feeling the word may create and the idea of
verbal taboo. When people use words such as "crippled" or "queer" a feeling of uneasiness or shock arose
because those those words aren't socially acceptable to describe people in those situations. This is because the
words are generally perceived as rude or disrespectful. Instead, people use words like disabled or part of the
LGBT community because they are neutral and aren't disrespectful. For example, in the article On Being a
Cripple Nancy Mairs says, "People crippled or not wince at the word 'cripple' as they do not at 'handicapped' or
'disabled' I want them to see me as a tough customer... 'Disabled' by contrast, suggests and incapacity, physical
or mental... I would never refer to another person as a cripple" (Mairs 233). When people use the world cripple
they "wince" because of the negative connotation the word

The Importance Of Language Creation
How are languages created? Why are there so many different languages being created? Some languages are
constantly undergoing changes, and some languages disappear fairly quickly. What determines when a language
will emerge and how it will change over time? While the key factor for language creation is the need for
communication on a small scale among individuals, the pressures for language change mainly come from
societal changes on a broader scale.
The need for communication in a small community is the most important factor for and directly contributes to
language creation. It is worthwhile to consider how human language started to develop initially. When our ape–
like ancestors started to live together in communities instead of scattering themselves in forests, a desperate
need for communication emerged. Besides the fact that they needed feet to walk and hands to hunt for food,
they also needed some special mechanism to understand and communicate with others who lived and worked in
the same community: a language (Cen 16–17). Fast forward in history, new languages are often created under
the same spirit. One of the best pieces of evidence we have for how language emerges is in deaf communities:
homesign and village sign language are two of the examples. Homesign system, "a self–created system of
communication used by deaf individuals who have not been exposed to a sign language" (Brentari 364), is
created uniformly among deaf individuals who are not exposed to any spoken or sign language as a means of
communicating with their parents and other family members. With that being said, homesign is not simply a
system of co–speaking gestures, gestures that accompany speech, because homesigners are not modeling their
gestures after the co–speech gestures their hearing parents provide (Brentari 366). Rather, homesign shows
certain linguistic properties called "the resilient properties of language because they can be developed without
input from a language model" (Brentari 366). Constituent structure, for example, developed among
homesigners from the United States, China, and Turkey despite the fact that "each homesigner is developing his
or her system alone" (Brentari 367). The resilient properties, it is fair to

Who is Leonard Bloomfield?
In Cincinnati and Illinois, Bloomfield worked hard and intensively on his first book before he travelled to
German. While he was in German between the year 1913 – 1914, his famous book An Introduction to the Study
of Language was accepted for publication by Henry Holt of New York in 1913. Accordingly, Bloomfield's life
in German was spent in two cities: Gottingen and Leipzig where he had a chance to correct some proofs in his
book An Introduction. His famous great book was issued in 1914 in the United States, but it did not become that
famousness outside the USA because of the outbreak conflict in 1914– 1918. Similarly, the Course of General
Linguistics book published by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913 ) initiated to influential only after the
appearance of its second edition in 1922.
Bloomfield's book An Introduction to the Study of Language in 1914 is considered as a remarkable and
excellent work for a young man in his twentieth. He specialized his book to the study of the Algonquin
languages, particularly to menomini, as his influential work Menomini Morphophonemic shows this. In
addition, he included two chapters on language change, illustrated with examples from many languages. The
book ended with a chapter on the relation of Linguistics to other sciences, a topic that would increasingly
concern him.
Bloomfield practiced in historical Indo–European, particularly Germanic and philology. Then, he turned to the
study of Tagalog, a Malayo–Polynesian

Explain The Reasons Why Language Change Over Time
There are many reasons why language change over time. Social, cultural and even age factors are some of the
major influences in how language change. Language tells us a lot about each country and holds information that
can be traced back in history and cultural background. Every country has its own way of living, they have their
own rules and regulations. Everything that makes that country what it is, is passed down from generation to
generation. When we learn a language, we aren't only taught that language, we are also taught the culture of the
nation that it belongs to. It's truly difficult to accurately understand a language without understanding the
culture associated with it. Rev SJ du Toit who is considered as one of the
Founding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of migration, we are exposed to different languages and with language always changing a developing
we see the adaptation of the of new words or new meanings of existing words. Learning a new language is also
regarded as a social process rather than an individual achievement. Everyone has their own way of speaking and
communicating with others. Which gives amazing experiences because we all know that the way people
generally think is the same way they generally communicate. When different ethnic society is combined, they
tend to force the development of words that are not frequent. Ethnic diversity and variations are usually the
influence that drives the rule of language. Language variation is affected by ethnic groups because they often
have to learn a language that is specific to their environment. Although they consider their language to be their
identity they are often forced to substitute it with another or combine it. Take for instance an immigrant that
arrives in a new country. They have their own language and their own way of speaking however that have to
quickly adopt the new language however they may still incorporate some of their own language with the new
dominant

Historical Capitalism And The Context Of Historical...
Over time, capitalism has become one of the most dynamic economic systems that have ever existed. Not only
has it been successful in bringing the entire world into a solitary framework, it has also shifted the economic
state, primarily focusing on maximizing profits for the owners. This is evident as presented throughout
Frederick Engels' Theoretical. Engels peers deeper into the fundamental context of capitalism; however, in
order to do this, he must develop a better understanding of its inconsistencies and how it has impact the overall
development of the world. The notion of historical materialism is addressed when further analyzing the overall
context of capitalism. According to Engels, he argues that historical materialism "starts from the principle that
production, and with production the exchange of its products, is the basis of every social order..." (Engels, 1959:
292). In simpler terms, historical materialism is a system of production and exchange which have always been
the driving forces in social and political changes. It addresses that in every society, wealth is distributed and
divided into classes or orders dependent upon what is produced, how it is produced, and how the products are
exchanged (Engels, 1959: 292). However, Engels does not see historical societal changes independent of the
economic system corresponding to it. He believes that historical materialism is not something that only
concerns capitalism, it involves itself with all economic systems, from

Victorian Literature, Characteristics And Description Of...
ORIAN LITERATURE
Victorian literature was produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), so Brontë sisters (Charlotte,
Emily and Anne) are bright representatives of the Victorian period because their famous novels such as "Jane
Eyre" (1847, Charlotte Brontë), "Wuthering Heights" (1847, Emily Brontë), "Vilette" (1853, Charlotte Brontë),
"The Professor" (1857, Charlotte Brontë), appeared during the Victorian period. Other leading novelists of the
Victorian period were Charles Dickens (1812–1870), William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863), Thomas
Hardy (1840–1928), as well as many others. England in the 19th century experienced technological, medical,
scientific and social advance due to the Industrial Revolution. So much of the writing of this time dealt with the
pressing issues of the Victorian period. The following chapter will display main themes, characteristics and
description of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the reign of Queen Victoria England experienced significant changes in science, medicine, transport,
religion and technology such as development of the railways and discovery of the telephone. The following
chapter is going to study notable discoveries and to provide the description of the Victorian period and all those
changes that contributed to the development of the 19th century Victorian England that will help to understand
the general picture of the Victorian period in order to examine the novels by Brontë sisters.
The Victorian period begins in England on 20 June 1837 when Queen Victoria (1819–1901) mounted the throne
after the death of her uncle William IV and ends in 22nd January 1901 with her death (of natural causes) and
succession of her eldest son King Edward VII. King William was the third son of George III (the king of
England from1760 to 1820), but King Edward VII governed the country from 22 January 1901 until his death in

The Watsons Go To Birmingham-1963 Book Report
The topic of Civil Rights is an interesting topic for so many people. This event changed history forever and
allowed some people who couldn't even get good jobs to become president of the United States or even have the
same rights as others. In the book The Watsons Go To Birmingham–1963, the author, Christopher Paul Curtis,
wrote a story about a family that is living in this time. The author mostly focused on telling us a story of the
Watson family and not really any historical events. I really would've liked it if the book gave more information
on civil rights and not just have one historical event happen at the end of the book. Adding some more facts and
history would have made the book more interesting. All in all, the book The Watsons Go ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The only time the book really talks about history or civil rights is at the end with the bombing in Birmingham
Alabama. But for such little information the book actually got it correct. The book doesn't give a date for when
this happens but it gives context clues that tell me that it is in the morning. According to history.com, the
bombing was on September 15, 1963 in Birmingham Alabama right before Sunday morning church service
started. The author gave accurate details when he wrote about that. In addition to that, the book also talked
about people being dead. It talked about 4 little girls being killed in the bombing. This is historically accurate
because on history.com and cnn.com they both state that 4 young black girls were killed that day. The whole
story revolves around the Watson family from Flint Michigan. The history is correct so you don't really know if
the family is real from the book but from research, the family is a fictional family. In conclusion, the book The
Watsons Go To Birmingham–1963 is a historically correct book except for the fact that the Watson family isn't
real.
After all, the book The Watsons Go To Birmingham–1963 was only historically accurate in the end because the
author focused on the fictional part of this historical fiction story. While the author did talk about the bombing
on the 16th Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, he didn't really tell anything other

What Factors Played A Role In The Death And Life Of A...
What factors played a role in the death and life of a language?
There are roughly 7.4 billion people in the world, with over 6000 diverse cultures and societies. Within these
cultures lies languages and dialects. Sadly, there are serval hundred languages that have faded away from a
cultural society. This research paper analyzes the factors that lead to the death and life of a language.
Origin of language
There are two different views on how human beings we were able to begin communicating with language.
Historians believe that the first known communication between man was cave paintings. The paintings consist
of signs and drawings of human hunting animals. Evidence suggests that the paintings were used as a story
liner. They 're also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These areas of Egyptian safe havens are modern day middle eastern countries. The Greeks did not last very long
for the Romans invaded and took over the Egyptian lands. So just for the Egyptian land alone faced language
changes from Egyptian/Hebrew, to Greek, to Latin.
Where did these languages come from? How did mankind go from paintings on caves to speaking so many
different languages?
Ever heard the story the Tower of Babel? The story begins with a nation of people speaking One tongue coming
together to build a tower to reach the heavens to escape the possible coming of the second flight. However, God
saw how powerful mankind can be when united togeather as one nation speaking the same language. So, He
created a confusion in the languages and spread people out. The original language spoken by the people of
Babel was Hebrew. In Genesis 11:18 states that the world had one language and a common speech. In verse two
one can find the name of the land the Babel people settled in was Shinar, Babylon. And the word Babel Is the
Hebrew word for confusion. So, if a Siri was already named the Hebrew name it must imply that he was the
main language before the confusion. And if we go further back to Genesis chapter 1 in the creation of Adam and
Eve there is a verse where Adam is brought all the beasts of the earth to mean name. And that Adam talked with
God.
Changes within languages
A major change within a language would have been

It 's It Of The Problem Essay
Actuality it of the problem. The given theme of the diploma paper is of current importance, because it deals
with the following interesting notions: why there is a language, why people speak in different languages, though
the speaker can meet various words from any language in his speech. These words are called borrowings, and
the present work will observe how they came into our language. When speakers of different languages interact
closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Languages normally develop by gradually
accumulating internal differences until one parent language splits into daughter languages. This is analogous to
a sexual reproduction in biology. Change due to language contact, in this analogy, is skin to the recombination
that happens when separate organisms exchange genetic material." We don't just borrow on occasion, English
has pursued other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new
vocabulary" Borrowing words from other languages is characteristic of English throughout its history and more
than two thirds of the English vocabulary are borrowings. Mostly they are words of Romanic origin (Latin,
French, Italian and Spanish). Borrowed words are different from native ones by their phonetic structure, by their
morphological structure and also by their grammatical forms. It is also characteristic of borrowings to be non–
motivated semantically. English history is very rich in different types of

The Importance Of Language Creation And Language Change
Language creation and language change have long been topics that genuinely interest linguists. They apply their
knowledge to different disciplines all across the spectrum of linguistics, from sign language to vowel changes.
Sign languages, which convey meaning through complex hand gestures and facial expressions, are relatively
young languages that emerged among deaf communities across the globe. On the other hand, vowel shifts are
changes in language pronunciation that have been taking place throughout human history. Despite all the
research that has been done, linguists are still uncertain about factors that contribute to language creation.
Nevertheless, it is reasonable to infer that language creation is fostered by communities where communication
is hindered, and that the size of the community is a determining factor. Language change, on the other hand, is
mainly driven by the ways in which people interact on a daily basis.
The desperate need for communication in small communities is the first step toward creating new languages.
One of the best pieces of evidence we have for how language emerges is homesign, which is also an example of
how language creation is influenced by size. Homesign system, "a self–created system of communication used
by deaf individuals who have not been exposed to a sign language" (Brentari & Goldin–Meadow, 2016, p.364),
is created uniformly among deaf individuals who are not exposed to any spoken or sign language as a means of
communicating

The Integration Of Officially Integrating Borrowings Into...
The integration of loanwords
With the purpose of officially integrating borrowings into the host language and for speakers to casually use
them in their conversations, all borrowings and creations undergo linguistic changes based on the features of the
recipient language. The following words will analyse the phonological and morphosyntactic strategies used in
French language contact situations.
Phonetical change
Every language has its own phonological system and therefore reproducing foreign sounds is usually a great
linguistic difficulty. The most common strategy to deal with the acoustic reproduction of loanwords is to treat
them as native words, thus, speakers approximately re–interpret the sounds in loanwords following the familiar
phonological framework of the hosting language. Phonological changes can be minimal or perhaps greatly, to
the extent that speakers of the donor language may struggle to identify the loanword as a word of their own .
The result of the adaptation of loanwords creates a certain uncertainty in the speakers. However, this instability
and incertitude contribute to maintain the foreign feature alive in foreign words, in comparison to the fixed
pronunciation of autochthonous words.
In situations where French is the recipient language, loanwords are phonologically restructured to fit the French
syllabary system. Considered being one of the most purist languages French speakers have a strong loyalty
towards their native language. It is for this

Gender Roles Of Female Characters
Throughout the eras, literature has mirrored the social changes taking place in English society specifically in
regards to gender roles of female characters. The Elizabethan era, which lasted from 1558 to 1603, is often
referred to as the golden age by historians where many transitions in English society regarding marriage and
gender took place (Ivic 110). It was a time in which wives were viewed as the property of their husbands (Ivic
110). However, every woman was expected to marry and be dependent on her husband or male relatives
throughout her life (Ivic 98). Conversely, the Victorian era, which lasted from 1837 to 1901 was an era with
similar social customs regarding marriage and family relations; however, there were slight ideological shifts in
society which allowed for more independent women (Ledbetter 25). The Victorian society placed a greater
emphasis on proper attire and etiquette of a woman. The ideal marriage still remained one in which the woman
stayed at home, took care of the household and made preparations until her husband came home from work.
The difference between the two eras lied in the fact that the Victorian era was an era in which it was more
acceptable to value a woman's opinion (Ledbetter 30). Both the Elizabethan and Victorian era held similar
beliefs about marriage and family customs, however slight differences regarding social etiquette and increased
autonomy for women played an important role in the literature written in both eras. Examples of

Al 1050 English Essay
In AL 1050 Languages in the Pacific I have learned many different concepts that has to do with the Pacific Rim.
It all has to do with languages and how each island or country speaks their own tongue, but all are similar in
some way. In class I have examined historical and contemporary language use throughout the Pacific Basin, as
well as in Hawai`i. Through exploring topics such as the effects of language contact, pidgins and creoles, and
stories of language loss and preservation, and different cultures. The first concept I am going to talk about is
language borrowing. Language borrowing is basically when you loan a word that is imported into a certain
language called loan form. These forms now function in the grammatical processes, with nouns taking plural or
possessive forms of the new language receiving native morphemes. An example would be the English word
alligator. Alligator came from the Spanish which is el largato. El largato in Spanish means lizard. Loanshift
another process that occurs also known as calque is when adapting native words to the new meanings. "The
verb bad mouth . . . is a calque or loan translation: it seems to come from Vai day ngatmay (a curse; literally, 'a
bad mouth '). The second concept I am going to talk about is language endangerment. Language endangerment
is basically when the language is at risk of becoming extinct in the near future. Every language face a different
level of threat. There are many different levels of endangerment which

Fever Book Report
Fever is a wonderful historical fiction by Laurie Halse Anderson. She has written many historical novels and
Fever is one of her greatest works. This story took place in Philadelphia in 1793, when yellow fever just began
to strike and kill thousands of people . Matilda Cook "little Mattie" is a daughter of a coffee shop owner. She's a
fourteen– year– old girl who works for her widowed mother. She works with a girl named Polly and a kitchen
cook Eliza, a woman from the Free African Society. Mattie always tries to make her family's coffee shop the
finest in Philadelphia. In this book, she encounters a monster known as yellow fever. It kills many innocent
people and gives sorrow to those who are left. Mattie has to learn how to survive this horrible ... Show more
Like Mattie, Anne lived in a frightful time of the World War II, when the Nazis killed many Jews, blaming that
they were the reason why Germany was defeated in the World War I. Both Mattie and Anne had to leave their
homes and hid somewhere else in order to survive. Both of them had to watch people die at very young ages.
But they had one good thing in common. Mattie and Anne did not give up their hope and courage even in
heartbreaking moments. They tried to look at the bright side when many people only saw the opposite. This
book might have focused mainly on yellow fever and Mattie's survival at that time, but I think the change that
occurred inside her was important, as well. I wasn't really a big fan of historical fictions because I didn't like
reading books that looked like social studies textbooks. I especially didn't want to read this book because there
was a huge '1793' written on the cover. But lots of people recommended this book to me and so I decided to
give it a shot. After I read the first 2 chapters, I couldn't get my hands off of it. The story was fantastic and
inspiring. I liked the way how the author included direct quotes from that time in every chapter, since it was fun
trying to predict what would happen while reading them. I highly recommend this book to everyone around my
age. By reading this book, they will also realize that historical novels are as good as fantasy

Comparative And Historical Linguistics

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