Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Ieee institute of electrical and electronics engineers
1.
2. IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
What is IEEE?
International non-profit, professional organization for the advancement
of technology related to electricity.
It is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to
advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
It has more than 419,000 members in around 160 countries. IEEE
members are engineers, scientist and allied professional whose
technical interest are rooted in electrical and computer science.
3. What IEEE do?
• Produces 30 percent of the world literature in the electrical and
electronics engineering and computer science fields.
• Sponsors or cosponsors more than 300 international technical
conference each year.
• Publishes an extensive range of peer-reviewed journals,
• Major international standards body (nearly 1300 active standards
with around 700 under development)
• IEEE core purpose is to foster technological innovation and excellence
for the benefit of humanity
4. IEEE 802 standards
• IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs and MANs which defines an LLC
(Logic link layer ) and MAC (Media access control) sub layers.
• The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs
(802.1), Ethernet Family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and wireless LAN (802.11)
5. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet based networks
• The mac layer uses CSMA/CD ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection) technology.
• Ethernet technologies are used in LANs, but hey can also be used in
the MANs and even WANs.
• Some popular Versions of 802.3 are-
IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5. It
used a thick single coaxial cable into which a connection can be
tapped by drilling into the cable to the core. Here, 10 is the maximum
throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband
transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500m.
Bus topology is used.
6. IEEE 802.3a : This gave the standard for thin coaxial (10BASE-2), this
was the thinner variety where the segments of coaxial cables are
connected by BNC connectors. The 2 refers to the maximum segment
length of about 200m (185m to be precise).Bus topology is used.
IEEE 802.3i: This gave the standard for twisted pair (10BASE-T) that
uses unshielded twisted pair (UTP) copper wires as physical layer
medium. The further variations were given by IEEE 802.3u for
100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 and 100BASE-FX. Star topology is used. It is
more expensive
This gave the standard for Ethernet over Fiber (10BASE-F)
that uses fiber optic cables as medium of transmission.
7. IEEE 802.5 Token Rings
• It was founded in 1985, in which participants were connected
through LAN .
• They were connected in a form a logical ring.
• It has the transmission speed of 4 or 16 Mbit/s.
• Mac sublayers were used in token ring technology.
• In this a special bit pattern called the token circulates around the ring
whenever all computers were idle.
8. IEEE 802.11 Wireless
• 802.11 is wireless LAN family popularly known as WiFi.
• It uses high-frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the
devices in LAN.
• Multiple user can connect to this network at a time.
• Connected users can move around within the area of network.
• provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band
• It uses FHSS or DSSS for the transmission.
• The components of 802.11 are
1. Stations
2. Basic service set
9. • Stations:- Stations are comprises of all the devices and equipment
that are connected to wireless LAN. It can be a router which is a
wireless Access point and clients (the users).
• BBS ( Basic Services Set ):- A Basic service set is a group of stations
communicating at the physical layer level. BSS is of two types
Infrastructure BSS- the devices communicate or share data through
access point.
Independent BSS- devices communicate in a peer-to-peer basis in an
ad-hoc manner.
10. FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
• It is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the
carrier frequency among many different frequencies from large
spectral band.
• It is done by code which is known both at transmitter and receiver
end.
• It also avoid interference between two signal and enables CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access).
• The frequency band is divided into sub-bands. Signals rapidly change
“hop” their carrier frequency in predetermined order.
• It is highly resistant to narrowband interferences , these signals are
difficult to intercept , jamming is also difficult .
11. DSSS (Direct sequence spread spectrum)
• It is a spread spectrum modulation techniques primarily
used to reduce overall signal interference.
• It makes the transmitted signal wider in bandwidth than the
information bandwidth.
• Dispreading or removal of direct spreading sequence
modulation at the receiver, the information bandwidth is
restored.
• Unintentional and intentional interferences is substantially
reduced.
12. 802.11 Family
• There are several specification in 802.11 IEEE family
1. 802.11 :- Applies to the wireless LAN and provides 1or 2 Mbps
transmission in the 2.4Ghz band using either frequency hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS) or (DSSS) Direct sequence spread Spectrum
2. 802.11a:- An extension to 802.11 that applies to the wireless LANs
and provides up to 54Mbps in the 5Ghz band. 802.11a uses an
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather
than FHSS or DHSS. Supports number of users per room . Unaffected
by the 2.4GHz devices. Coverage limited to 1 room.
13. 3. 802.11b :- It is referred as high rate WIFI. It is also a extension to 802.11
that applies to wireless LANs and provide 11 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz
band. 802.11b uses only DSSS . It allows the wireless functionality
comparable to the ethernet. Low price excellent speed and signal range.
Coverage penetrates most walls . Works with the public hotspots.
4. 802.11e :- It is an enhancement to the 802.11a and 802.11b wireless LAN
(WLAN) specifications. 802.11e adds QoS( Quality of service) features and
multimedia support to the existing IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11a wireless
standards, while maintaining full backward compatibility with these
standards.
5.802.11g:- Applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz
band. Better value , provides 5times the speed of 802.11b. Excellent signal
range. Coverage penetrates most number of walls.
14. 6. 802.11n:- It is an technology build upon previous 802.11 standards
by adding multiple-input multiple output (MIMO). It has additional
transmitter and receiver antennas allows for increased data throughput
through Spatial multiplexing. Increases the range by exploiting the
spatial diversity through Alamouti coding.
Its speed is 100Mbps , up to 4-5 times faster than 802.11g. Offers
better operating distance than current networks.
7. 802.11ac (802.11ac wave2 ):- It is 2013 update on the 802.11ac
wireless specification. It utilizes MU-MIMO technology to help increase
theoretical maximum wireless speeds from 3.47 Gbps in the original
spec to 6.93 Gbps in 802.11ac Wave 2. It is increasing the wireless
speed up to 3 times as with the specification of 802.11n.
15. 8. 802.11ad :- It is a wireless specification under development that will
operate in the 60GHz frequency band and offer much higher transfer
rates than previous 802.11 specifications, with a theoretical maximum
transfer rate of up to 7Gbps (Gigabits per second).
9. 802.11ah :- It is a wireless LAN specification developed by IEEE. It is
also known as WIFI LOW because it operates below than 1GHz, it
operates on 900MHz . But the range is twice than previous WIFI.
It is well fitted for the IOT(Internet of things) devices used in smart
homes and smart cities, connected cars, digital health care markets and
industrial and retail environments.
It likely to compete with the Bluetooth technology and products in
many areas.
16. 10. 802.11r:- It is also called Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) , Supports
VoWiFi hand-off between access points to enable VoIP on a Wi-Fi
network with 802.1x authentication.
11. 802.11ax :- It is also known as Wi-Fi 6 . Has improvement on Wi-Fi 5
with more speed, bandwidth and security.
Comparison of IEEE 802.11 Standards
IEEE Standard RF Used Spread Spectrum Data Rate (in Mbps)
802.11 2.4GHz DSSS 1 or 2
802.11 2.4GHz FHSS 1 or 2
802.11a 5GHz OFDM 54
802.11b 2.4GHz DSSS 11
802.11g 2.4Ghz DSSS 54
802.11n 2.4/5GHz OFDM 600 (theoretical)
17. IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
• Wireless Personal are network 802.15 i.e. also known as the
Bluetooth
• Developed by Ericson now managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group
• 2.4-2.48 GHz ISM band is used.
• coverage/ range of Bluetooth is about 10m.
• Bandwidth -2.1 Mbps shared
• Low power Consumption
• Used in mobile phones, laptops, computers peripherals devices,
printers , headphones etc.
18. Bluetooth Applications
Cable replacement :- phone to pc connection can be done without
using the wires/cables. Connecting the computer devices
Multiparty data exchange :- Exchange business cards, photos , music ,
calendar events within seconds. Play multi-player games.
Personal trusted devices :- Reliable e-commerce transaction , Local
value added services ,Locking and access control
19. IEEE 802.15.4
• It is also known as ZigBee created by ZigBee alliance.
• Provides high level communication used to create personal area
network with small, low-power digital radios, such as home
automation, medical device collection and other low-bandwidth
needs.
• Low data rate
• Low complexity circuits and small size i.e. low cost
• Can be used with Star topology , mesh topology and cluster tree
topology
• Range is between 10m-100m
20. IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for microwave Access)
• It used to Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN)
• It specifies the air interface for fixed, portable, and mobile broadband
wireless access systems supporting multimedia services.
• WiMAX provides wireless broadband services with a target range of
50 kilometers at a transmission rate of 100 Mbps.
• Designed to point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topologies but
mainly deployed for point to multipoint topologies.
21. 802.16 versions
it has three major versions
802.16-2001, 802.16-2004, 802.16-2005
1. 802.16-2001 :- Addresses fixed line of sight connections and
operates in the licensed frequency range between 10GHz and 66
GHz. It has maximum coverage of 5km.
2. 802.16-2004 (802.16d) :- designed for lower frequency range ,
supports Non-Line of Sight operations. Operates with a range of
50km with 75Mbps.
3. IEEE 802.16-2005(802.16e):- Supports mobility between fixed base
stations and mobile devices. Provides 70Mbps. Operates on the
frequency range between 2-6 GHz.
22. IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring
• Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) is a protocol standard designed for the
optimized transport of data traffic over optical fiber ring network.
• There were many amendments from 2000 to 2004 , the amended
standards re 802.17a through 802.17d last one was adopted in 2011.
• Provides the packet based transmission to increase the efficiency of
ethernet and IP services.
• The three class os services are class A, class B and class C .
23. • Class A :- class A or High class, its traffic is pure committed
information rate (CIR) and is designed to supports the application
requiring low latency and jitter like as voice or video.
• Class B :- class B or medium class traffic is mix of both CIR and excess
information rate( EIR) .
• Class C :- also known as low class is best suited for the traffic, utilizing
whatever bandwidth is available . Supports Internet Traffic.
24. IEEE 802.20
• Mobile Broadband Wireless Access was a specification by the
standards association of IEEE for mobile wireless internet access
networks.
• It was published in the 2008.
• MWA is no longer being actively developed.
