How to write a scientific

1. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
Hossam El-Din Sallam
2019

2. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
outline
 INTRODUCTION
 ELEMENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PAPER

3. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
‫علمية‬ ‫ورقتك‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫ما‬
‫الجهل‬ ‫ظلمة‬
‫المعرفة‬ ‫نور‬

4. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
BEFORE WRITING
The paper is the work not a description of it.
Start writing the paper as soon as possible – view it
as a tool of your research.
 You have to be a good reader
o Skimming. Skim the paper quickly: headings, figures
o Vocabulary. Go through the paper word by word and line by line
o Comprehension, section by section
o Reflection and criticism. After you understand the article and can
summarize it, then you can draw your own conclusions.

5. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
outline
 INTRODUCTION
 ELEMENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PAPER

6. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
q
Sin(q)
1) Title
2) Abstract & Keywords
3) Introduction
4) Materials and Methods
5) Results
A. Text
B. Tables
C. Figures
6) Discussion
7) Conclusions
8) Acknowledgements
9) References Cited
10) Appendix
ELEMENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PAPER
q 0 0.3142 0.6283 0.9425 1.2566 1.5708 1.885 2.1991 2.5133 2.8274 3.1416 3.4558 3.7699
sin(q) 0 0.309 0.5878 0.809 0.9511 1 0.9511 0.809 0.5878 0.309 6E-16 -0.309 -0.5878

7. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
Title, Abstract, Keywords & Conclusions
• It is best to write the abstract & conclusions AFTER completing a draft of the paper
• Abstract: NOT part of the paper but the whole paper in miniature.
• The abstract is a one or two paragraph condensation (150-200 words)
• Wrap up your paper with a brief summary of your conclusions
•Title: not too narrow and not too broad
•Make the title concise, descriptive, and informative
•Must get the attention of a wide but appropriate range of potential readers
•Title should indicate the nature of the research

8. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
Introduction & References
The introduction, write it first – do it early, revisit often and should address the
following questions.
•What problem did you investigate?
•Why did you choose this subject &why is it important?
•What hypotheses did you test?
•Based upon your reading, what results did you anticipate, and why?
– Last paragraph (objectives) : elaborate on what you’ll be doing in your
paper.
If you include information from other sources to explain what is
currently known about the topic and why you are anticipating certain
results, be sure to cite those REFERENCES in the body of your paper.

9. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
Materials and Methods
Write this as soon as you think that your methods are mature –
the writing process will make you check whether they really are
• Should describe the methods in enough detail
• Provide all important details but omit irrelevant ones.
•Sub-headings can be a useful way to organize the section
• How did you conduct your study?
• What equipment did you use?
• What procedures did you follow?

10. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
Results & Discussion
The function of the RESULTS section is to summarize general trends in the data without
comment, bias, or interpretation. Statistical tests applied to your data are reported in this
section although conclusions about your original hypotheses are saved for the DISCUSSION
section. Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal
summary of the findings. The text should be understandable by someone who has not seen
your figures and tables.
The Discussion should contain at least
• the relationship between the results and the original hypothesis.
• an integration of your results with those of previous studies.
• possible explanations for unexpected results and observations
Avoid redundancy between the Results and the Discussion section.

11. ‫علمية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫تكتب‬ ‫كيف‬
‫أ‬.‫د‬/.‫سالم‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫حسام‬
َ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫وشك‬
‫العاملين‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬‫هلل‬ ‫الحمد‬