Federalism On Marijuana
Federalism is a government system in which sovereignty is divided and often shared between a
national government and or more sub–national government. In America, we have and still have
debates about conflict about sovereignty in American politics between a state government and the
federal government. A current day example would be conflicting state and federal laws on
marijuana. Marijuana has been decriminalized and even legalized in states such as Alaska,
California, Colorado, Oregon, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, and Washington State (Governing).
Although some states have legalized marijuana, it still remains illegal according to federal law under
the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (Law–Cornell). This creates a conflict in policies in
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FRQ On Federalism
FRQs
2007 Question 4:
A) Federalism is a way a nation may be organized by dividing power among two or more levels of
government can both have formal authority over the same people/land. Federalism is a system of
units of government sharing power.
B) Federal mandates have been used to increase the power of the federal government over the states
as with a federal mandate, the nation government (federal government) tells the state government
which policies to carry out and the state government(s) have to follow through with the mandate.
With this, the federal government does not always give the state government(s) the necessities for
the mandate to be carried out. Despite this, the state still has to carry out the federal mandate.
Selective incorporation has also been used to increase the power of the federal government.
Selective incorporation is that most but not all of the protections within the bill of rights apply to the
states due to the fourteenth amendment. Though this gives certain rights to the states, federal courts
can still overturn the practices of the states.
C) Block grants are federal grants which are given automatically to the states in order to support
broad programs as the development of the community or social security. Block grants have been
used to increase the state's' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under the Articles of Confederation, the state governments were stronger than the federal
government as we had a weak central government, therefore the states were sovereign under the
Articles of Confederation. However, with the Constitution, power of the government has been
divided with federalism. Under the Constitution states share power with the federal government, and
have limited power. Therefore under the Constitution states are not

Australian Federalism
An appropriate recommendation for reform cannot occur without an understanding of the operation
of federalism and its strengths and weaknesses in the Australian context. In considering this, the
suitability of a federal system to the Australian environment both socially and geographically firstly
warrants acknowledgment. In a final report to the Council for the Australian Federation, it was said
that "Australia's large land–mass, remote locations, disparate regional areas and localised
preferences mean that a federal system of government is suited to the Australian context." It is
important to note that one of the key motivations behind the introduction of federalism to Australia
was securing the independence of states and autonomy in legislating. ... Show more content on
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The overlapping and duplication of policy responsibilities across governments, and these issues that
emanate from such disorganisation in the division and distribution of powers, evinces the reality that
federalism's flaws lie in its application, not its principles. While the limitations outlined above
clearly convey a need for reform, it is for this reason that any suggestion of upheaval of a system
that has the potential to enable "a geographically large and diverse country such as Australia to
maintain national unity and meet the pressures of globalisation while at the same time
accommodating regional difference" should not be adopted without consideration of smaller–scale
reform that can improve its operation. The limitations outlined above will thus serve as criteria for
analysing the aptness of Option 2, as presented in the Terms of Reference, as the most viable
proposal for federal

Federalism Vs. Cooperative Federalism
Federalism is a critically important concept in helping to understanding the American political
system. The Founding Fathers of the United States had to answer important questions on how to
handle power and responsibility between the states and national government. They did not want to
have a situation where the federal government had all the power. They had just fought a war against
Britain because of that idea. However, they did not want each individual state doing essentially
whatever they wanted. There are differences between dual federalism and cooperative federalism.
However, it is important to fully address and understand what federalism is and why it was created.
Federalism is a concept that refers to a system of government in which power is shared between the
national and non–national governments (Federalism, 2014). Dual federalism is a term used to
describe a circumstance in which national and state governments are sovereign and equal within
their constitutionally allocated spheres of authority (Federalism, 2014). Cooperative Federalism is a
model of federalism in which all governments are linked and participate in the administration of
programs. It is now referred to as New Federalism. Creative Federalism was a term used to describe
the Great Society program of Lyndon Johnson (Federalism, 2014). President Johnson sought to
devolve powers to the states using creative federalism. The devolution of responsibilities to the
states began under President Nixon, but were

Picket Fence Federalism
Federalism is a form of government in which the power to make laws and other specific
responsibilities are divided across the national, state, and local governments. How that power is
divided has been a constant source of conflict as each level has some degree of autonomy. That is,
each level has the capacity to carry out some policies without interference from the others. The
national government is responsible for things of national common interest such as, national defense
and foreign policy, as well as, responsibilities through implied powers that are inferred in the
Constitution. The national government also has the power to declare war, coin money, control
interstate commerce, borrow money, manage the postal service, and anything else ... Show more
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The United States certainly has the picket fence structure of all three levels of government working
together in all areas of political policy, probably more now than ever before in the history of
Cooperative Federalism. Our Federal government funds many state programs as in Fiscal
Federalism and uses those much needed funds to coerce state governments into complying with
federal policy as in Coercive Federalism. In 2009, the United States, under President Obama, began
participating in what his administration calls Progressive Federalism. Although this is not mentioned
in our text, it has become the policy of the current administration and allows the states to have a
greater control over issues normally reserved for the national government. In various instances,
states have been able to enforce more regulations on government decrees than necessary. This type
of federalism is used in different situations, such as California imposing stricter regulations on the
emissions of greenhouse gases in vehicles. This allows the states to still comply with government
orders, but add their own additions as well. Allowing states to experiment with different variations
on the same government mandate can inform the national government on which type of changes are
most effective, and can allow the national government to tailor their

Role Of Federalism In Mexico
Prior to gaining independence, Mexico was a thriving colony that was beginning to find its footing
in international trade, but inner conflicts within the government structure which had been increasing
dramatically, caused a great divide among citizens. Fueled by the disagreement between staying
under the tight restrictions of Spain's bourbon reforms or creating their own nation to which Mexico
would govern itself, a 'tug–of–war' ignited as each side argued for their respective policies to be put
in place. Mexico gaining their independence in 1821 was the main cause which created the standoff
between centralism (eventually conservatism) and federalism (soon evolved to liberalism) as the two
main contenders for government policies. For three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these new factions "for the most part incorporated the followers of their predecessors" and
the general ideologies remained the same. The change to conservatism and liberalism came about
because of the increase of lower class participation in politics, learning that they could have a voice
in the laws that dictated their professions gave them a reason to be vocal. Being the majority of the
population, both factions had to comply with the poor as they feared revolt it they continued to
ignore their wishes. This was one aspect that both groups had the same goal which was to keep the
lower class, but still out of powerful political

Differences Between Dual Federalism And Cooperative...
What are the differences between dual federalism and cooperative federalism? Be sure to fully
address what federalism is and why it was created. 1000 words.
Dual federalism is a term used to describe a circumstance in which national and state governments
are sovereign and equal within their constitutionally allocated spheres of authority.
Federalism is a concept that refers to a system of government in which power is shared between the
national and non–national governments. Cooperative Federalism is a model of federalism in which
all governments are linked and participate in the administration of programs. Creative federalism
was a term used to describe the Great Society program of Lyndon Johnson. President Johnson
sought to devolve powers to the states using creative federalism. The devolution of responsibilities
to the states began under President Nixon but were accelerated in the 1980s under President Reagan.
Ronald Reagan 's brand of new federalism dramatically decreased the use of categorical grants.
Federalism under President Obama is still in the development stage, but the 2009 Federal Stimulus
Plan can best be described as new federalism, creative, federalism, and general revenue sharing.
There are four controversial examples of federalism at work today.
A good example of federalism is usage of marijuana. Federalism, with its dual sovereignty, can
create a patchwork of conflicting laws between the states as well as between the states and federal
government.

Federalism Essay
Federalism
The Constitution of the United States was drafted at a time when our country was in dire need of
many answers to political and social questions. In addition to many other things, the drafters of the
Constitution were concerned with solidifying our central government and the Constitution was
intended to provide a solid structure from which our burgeoning nation could grow. The
Constitution gave explicit powers to the federal government and provided the states with the Tenth
Amendment which states ,"Powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the states,
are reserved to the states respectively…" Of the enumerated powers given to the federal
government by the Constitution, the interpretation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Dual Federalism also relies on the notion that in a court of law, the Tenth Amendment gives the
states enough support to declare unconstitutional any act of the national government that infringes
on the reserved powers given to the states. Cooperative Federalism provides an entirely different
view of the relationship between the federal and state governments. Federal supremacy is the
hallmark of this ideology. Supporters of the cooperative federalist view prefer to employ a broad
interpretation of the Constitution. The legal basis on which cooperative federalism has been argued
is threefold: (1) Enumerated powers (e.g. Commerce Clause) should be interpreted in light of an
expansive Necessary and Proper Clause (2) The Supremacy Clause, as prescribed in Article 6,
paragraph 2, gives federal actions supremacy over state laws when made in pursuance of the
Constitution and when they are made using implied and enumerated powers (3) The Tenth
Amendment does not give states the power to contest federal laws. To suggest that that these two
ideologies are contradictory is an understatement. To understand which theory best identifies with
the correct interpretation of the Constitution, it is necessary to understand the circumstances that
created the necessity for a Constitution and the political circumstances that motivated decisions
contrary to the correct interpretation of the Constitution. The

Examples Of Dual Federalism
Federalism was originally meant to divide the power of state and federal government within the
United States, protecting rights of the state level governments and preventing a majority from
receiving total control. Federalism has existed in many ways over the course of American history.
The balance of influence between state and federal government has had many shifts. Dual
federalism is explained by how the constitution originally outlined federalism. National government
dealt with our foreign policy, commerce and national defense, the states were left to individually
deal with economic and social issues. This was effective in insuring the needs of smaller groups of
citizens from being ignored and unfulfilled. The flaws with this system arose ... Show more content
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If state and federal government reach an agreement on goals to improve the economy the state
would be provided federal funds to reach this goal. The construction of interstate highways, states
constructed highways using federal funds and standards is an example. States turned their policies to
the federal standard in order to receive restricted treatment when funds were distributed. States
choose to comply with a federal drinking age or speed limit policy in order to receive funds. Grants
were now offered for a greater area of policies. Grants began to be handed down to smaller units of
government taking power away from the state governments. Leading to problems concerning
management, cooperation, and accountability. President Nixon attempted to fix this by compacting
small grant programs into larger consolidations, for the state to decide on. By the eighties President
Reagan corrected federal spending, his goal was to alleviate the power that the federal government
possessed. He implemented tax cuts and rises to lower the availability of grant–in–aid programs, in
order to return power to the states; this is new

Federalism In The United States
Federalism in the U.S shows a constitutional association among the United States governments and
the Federal government. Additionally, federalism was a solution to the political problem which gave
less authority to the federal government. The essay will elaborate on how the introduction
federalism played a role in shaping the Supreme Court and the government of the United States.
Federalism provided a solution to the political problem that had affected the nation. Notably, the
views were to eliminate the problem with the Articles of Confederation. Indeed, the article had
given the federal government less power than the national government. Also, the section permitted
Continental Congress the authority to sign treaties and declare war. However, the Congress could
not raise taxes, which were to be used to pay the army. Also, the federal government was not in a
place to pay for their outstanding loan from the American revolutionary war. Thereby, there was the
need for this federalism to help solve this political problem. Sharing of the power between the
national and state government assisted in developing the country. In fact, the parties would work ...
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The court was under the rule of John Marshall the chief justice. The Supreme Court explained the
issues in New York, and this expanded the power of the national government. Seemingly, the court
was able to settle the problems during the cases of McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden.
The Marshall's push for the federal government was to help in the development of his court and the
nation. The Marshall argued that it was the responsibility of the Supreme Court to define the law.
Thereby, giving the Supreme Court more meaning in the decision making of the judicial department.
Consequently, strengthening the legal authority of the nation helped in the improvement of the

Dual Federalism
1. What is federalism?
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and
several regional governments. An example of federalism in the United States is the division between
the national government and the states.
2. How are these systems of government different: unitary, federation, and confederation? Unitary
government is a system of government in which a single government holds the power to govern the
nation. Authority is centralized with state and local governments administering authority delegated
from central government. The United States had a unitary government when the British government
imposed a central, unitary authority to tax and administer the subordinate colonies. Examples:
United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a block grant which is a broad grant of money given by the federal government to a state
government. The grant specifies the general area in which the funds may be spent but leaves it to the
state to determine the specific allocations. There is also a matching grant which is a grant of money
given by the federal government to a state government for which the federal government provides
matching funds, usually between one and two dollars, for every dollar the state spends in some area.
The major difference between a block grant and a matching grant is in a block grant the federal
government usually states spending levels, while in the matching grant allows for major program
expansion but creates a "moral hazard" in which people behave differently and often take more risks
when they do not have to pay all the costs of their

Federalism In The United States
Federalism is the idea of having more than one level of government affecting one group of people
over one land at one specific time (Ln, 3–2). A federalism system of government is broken down
into two levels, central and regional governments. Federalism is when the central government gives
direction to the regional government and the same thing vice versa. This differs from a Unitary
System which the central government gives direction to the local and a Confederal System which is
when the local government gives direction to the local (Ln, 3–3,4). In the U.S. we have a federalism
system of government, and our central government is the national government and the regional
government is our individual state government. An example is how the national ... Show more
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A charter was made for the state of Georgia in 1730, and Georgia became the thirteenth British
Colony in the new land (GA–1). James Oglethorpe and the group of people that he led did not
believe in the practice of slavery, but that did not stop slavery from entering this new state (GA–1).
Georgia's land was very fertile, so it was a great area for farmers to yield crops. The new large farms
in Georgia lead to many slaves being brought over to work the land. The invention of the cotton by
Eli Whitney increased the production of cotton, Georgia's most profitable commodity, and thus the
amount of slaves needed increased.
Georgia decided to secede from the Union on January 2, 1861 (GA–1). During this time Abraham
Lincoln, a Republican, was the President. Georgia joined its surrounding southern, slave based,
states in creating the Confederate States of America. The southern states lost the Civil War, so
Georgia was forced to abolish slavery and ratify the 13th and 14th amendments of the United States
Constitution. After the Civil War Georgia would not vote another Republican into the governor's
office until 134 years later

Federalist And Dual Federalism
The United States under the Articles of Confederation had a Federalist nation in its truest and basest
sense. Originally, the Articles united the separate states together under an extremely weak central
Congress with few powers. That left most of the powers of government with the states, which
caused many problems in terms of regulation and protection of rights and liberties. Most states had
different currencies, taxes, protections of rights (in the individual state constitutions), and other
policies that made it difficult for the states to coexist, however, with the power in the individual
states, most policy more closely reflected the peoples of the region. When it became clear that the
Articles of Confederation were no longer working ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also argued that the federal courts would be too far away from the average citizen to provide
justice, something they extended to the other federal branches of government as well. When
debating the content of the Constitution, Anti–Federalists called for a clearer articulation of the
rights of the people and government, which brought about more compromises and content in the
ratified Constitution. Delaware was the first state who voted, unanimously, to ratify the Constitution
on December 7, 1787 and Rhode Island was the last state to ratify it almost three years later on May
29, 1790 (archives.gov, 2016). The document was able to go into effect earlier because ratification
only required nine votes for it from the states, which only took 10 months through New Hampshire
(archives.gov, 2016). Many states who approved ratification later did so under the requirement that
the Framers added a declaration of rights to the Constitution. Throughout the ratification process,
before the first state even ratified the Constitution and through 1790, several people wrote The
Federalist Papers under the pseudonym "Publius." They were a collection of papers supporting the
ratification of the new Constitution and the formation of a more democratic republic. Federalist
Paper #10 was written by James Madison in 1787 and contains one of the best arguments for the
formation of the new

James Madison wrote an essay called, "The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles." He
wrote a section called, "Federalist 39," which talked about publicizing the Constitution, "partly
federal and partly national ." James Madison argues with his claim because it was reliable with Dual
Federalism.
John Kincaid stated that dual federalism is, "when the governments and federal governments
exercise powers independently." When both state governments and federal governments split they
each have their own unique functions, by creating different kinds of laws. For instance, if the United
States are going through a tough time the national governments has the powers over tariffs,
currency, internal improvements, public land disposal. Some state government policies that they
handle are educational laws, local government laws, civil services laws, commerce laws, criminal
laws, and public healthcare laws. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The federal government began to gain power, and in Article I section 8 says, "The Congress shall
have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imports, and excises, to pay the debts and provide the
common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imports and excises shall
be uniform through the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United Staes; to regulate
commerce with foreign nation, and among the several states, and with the Indians Tribes... to
establish post offices and post roads ." The following quote describes how the national government
has different kinds of power compared to federal government. Article IV section 1 says, "full faith
and credit shall be given in each states to the public acts, records, and judicial proceeding of every
other state. And the Congress may general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records,
and proceedings shall be proved... " In simpler words, the state government has to follow laws just
like a ordinary

Disadvantages Of Federalism
Federalism is a type of government where the power is divided between local governments and
federal governments. The U.S., India, Australia, Russia and Brazil are some examples of federalist
countries. While this type of practice has its upsides, it has downsides as well as alternatives. One
alternative to a federal system would be a unitary system. While a federal government (such as the
one in the U.S.) divides power between national governments and local governments, a unitary
government does not and all the power is in the national government ex– if the U.S. used a unitary
government, marijuana would either be legal or illegal in the whole country compared to in the
current federal government where various states have marijuana legalized such as; Washington,
California, Colorado, and others haven't legalized this drug; Texas, Idaho, Utah. A common
misconception about a unitary government is that it is a dictatorship, which is not the case at all,
they can still be democracies like France, question is would the people be more comfortable with all
the power in the central government or a division of that power to local or state governments. The
balance of power between the federal and state government has had some changes over time, with
laws being put in place to ensure each has a 'fair' area to control. In the U.S., the Civil War took
place because the south believed that the state had the right to make its own decision on slavery
while the north disagreed and

Essay on Federalism
Federalism
Federalism is a widely accepted system of government in North American cultures. To many North
Americans it seems to be the obvious choice for all world governments, but this is not the case. In
all honesty, federalism is a fairly unique form of government. Out of approximately two hundred
nations on the earth one hundred and eighty states practice unitary forms of government, leaving
only twenty or so as federal nations (Winchester, 1999). Unitary forms of government consist of
only one level of government. These are very popular in modern day politics as they are much
cheaper to run and to maintain, while still fitting the needs of most countries. Examples of countries
which use unitary governments include France, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Federalism has a rich and influential history in North America as well as in many other parts of the
world. While it is widely believed that federalism as a principle was the brainchild of the founding
fathers of the United States of America, reference to federalism in an unrefined form was
documented in the early 1600's. It was in this time period that the Jewish convenant in response to
social and religious persecution created "a new doctrine of "federal theology" based on the idea of a
mutual obligation between the ruler and the ruled" (Wijemanne, 1999). Essentially this was the very
first division of powers, and shared control over an area by two levels of government, all be it in a
very crude form. A more contemporary and widely accepted approach regarding the birth of
federalism is that it was essentially created with the Declaration of Independence and the gradual
confederation of the American states in the late 1700's and early 1800's. The United States fits the
mold most common with Federal states. Federalism was first implemented in the United States
because America contained a large plot of land which was filled with a very diverse population.
Typically the only way to unite a heterogeneous population is through a federal government because
it is the only way to articulate and protect regional interests. As the United States evolved so did
federalism as an ideology and as a political practice. Constant amendments to the

Anti Federalism Government
The government impact lives daily by determining how each state operates individually meaning
they have direct influence on several aspects of life. There are different levels of government that
create laws to make sure citizens follow the rules. The levels of government include local, state, and
federal. Local governments govern counties, cities and towns. State governors rule over states and
federal governors rules the country. Local officials include mayors, city council members, city
planning commissioners, and school board members. Each state has its own public officials. The
citizens of the public have great influence on local governments. The conduct of local officials is
said to be corrupt when it damages the public interest; public opinion regards it as corrupt; it flouts
legal norms; it deviates from the formal duties of office; officials abuse their ... Show more content
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The framers did not want the government to have control thus federalism was created. Federalism is
the sharing of power between national and state governments. In their attempt to balance order with
liberty, the Founders identified several reasons for creating federalist government: to control
conflict, to allow citizens rights and responsibilities, and the distribution of resources (Synnott).
There were some who were against federalism, they believed the state should have the right to
decide its own laws. Anti–Federalist did not want a national government to have the power over the
states. Federalism today differs from federalism created by the founding fathers. The national
government has become too powerful but more and more state governments are taking their power
back. Today people still argue about which laws should be federal and which should be for states.
When the national government creates a law not all states agree with that law therefore they believe
they should decide if the citizens of that state should follow that

The Federalism Of The United States
Americans utilize the Federalism idea as putting into effect the Constitution for Federal, State, and
Local governments. These areas are served as different areas with different needs and goals within
the federalist theory. The National Government has expressed powers over the nation and subjects
that effect our nation. The State has limited powers that are involved within the State's boundaries.
The local government is expressed to help regulate the states. All together the governments make
one unitary system that can metaphorically be described as a cake. The breakup of federalism started
out being broken up in layers, like a layer cake, with distinct separated powers of National
government and State. Accordingly, as the New Federalism ... Show more content on
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The arguments resembled that the Federalist held the upper–hand since they were wealthy
landowners to take charge of the democracy. Conversely, Antifederalist were afraid to give into
signing the constitution in favor of the Federalist ideas because they felt it would grant too much
power to the National Government instead of the States. The dispute between the Federalist and
Antifederalist lead to, what is known today, as a breakthrough of famous Federalist Papers that lead
to the greater understanding of the Constitution. The Federalist Papers appeared as persuasive
writings developed by what we know today as historical figures that make up the founding fathers of
the ratification of the Constitution. The writings of the Federalist argued that they held the privilege
to secure the government to favor the economy. The Federalist wrote to convince the public in the
newspapers that their views and actions would create a perfect balance and protect the Nation's
people. On the other hand, Anti–Federalist opposed ratification of the Constitution in favor of the
federalist ideas. The Antifederalist persuaded that the Federalist would favor slavery, and people's
rights would be in danger. The two groups feuding created an important factor in the U.S.
Constitution. Like so, the Federalist considered the Antifederalist ideas and managed to compromise
a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution in favor of absolute security to people's rights

Essay On Dual Federalism
Federalism is a division of power in a central government and their regional governments.
(Learners.org, Federalism US vs. The States). The first system of federalism is dual federalism. Dual
federalism is the state government has their own responsibilities and the national government has
their own responsibilities. Dual federalism was mainly based around the Tenth Amendment which
states that anything that isn't in the Constitution are reserved to the states. It is kind of like a tug of
war, the state governments are on one side and the federal government on the other. The rope is
pulled back and forth, and at one time one side sees to be winning, but then the rope gets pulled
back to the other side. In the dual federalism, each government ... Show more content on
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In the past, the Congress and the House have forced the state governments to meet in certain
enviromental standards. (Sparknotes Editors, Federalism, page 2)
In the early 1970s, the US knew that they needed a change in federalism so they called it new
federalism. New federalism gave the states some power while knowing that the federal government
is the highest power. At this time, the state government regained some power. Richard Nixon started
to support this type of federalism during his presidency, and every president since Nixon has
continued to support new federalism.(Sparknotes Editors,Federalism,page 1)
Examples of when the National Government has withheld funding to the States to making them
comply was in World War II when the people were relying on the federal money and when the
government was relying on the states to follow federal policies. ( Sparknotes Editors, Federalism,
page 1). Another example is when the government gave out block grants to give money on a fairly
good purpose with no excuses. (Sparknotes Editors, Federalism, page

Federalism is a type of government structure that involves governments on all levels. It is how these
different governments interact with each other. Three different types of federalisms include dual,
cooperative, and centralized. Dual federalism differs from the other two in its form. Dual federalism
has clear lines that divide the different types of government. Federal and state governments do not
collaborate with each other but rather enact their own laws as they see fit. State government's have
the freedom to enact certain laws within their respective borders. If they are ever faced with a
problem that is beyond their scope, the federal system will become involved. Some examples of
problems that would necessitate the federal governments

Pros And Cons Of Federalism
Federalism is the separation of prevailing powers between the national government and the state
government. Proposing that the states could not over power the national government and the
national government could not over power the state government. Due to the former existence of the
states, federalism was created to protect the states and was a required settlement. The states already
had their own governmental past dating back to the colonial era where they previously had their own
constitutions. The framers believed that they created a well thought out system that they believed
would prevent threats to individual liberty and controlling the power of government (Patterson, pp.
64–67). Federalism had the greatest dispute that it would resolve the imperfections in the Articles of
Confederation. Those defects included: "the national government had neither the power to tax nor
the power to regulate commerce among the states resulting in the government lacking in funds to
maintain a strong enough army. Then without commerce, the national government could neither
promote the general economy nor prevent trade wars between the states" (Patterson, pp. 65). An
example would include, the states have the control over public education and the police protection
and the national government is responsible for national decisions, such as military defense and the
currency. Together, the national and state governments, for example, have the power to borrow
money and raise taxes. This is known

Dual Federalism Essay
a) Federalism directly addresses relationships that deals with the division between national and state
governments. There are two types of Federalisms, one of them is called dual federalism. This means
that the states and national governments remain in their own spheres and is known as a "layer cake".
The second type of Federalism, is the cooperative federalism. Which is that powers and policy
assignments are shared between the states and national governments and is known as the "marble
cake".
b) Two types of powers used to increase federal government relative to the states are as following.
Categorical grants were specifically designed for a particular purpose. The states have to spend their
money according to government wishes. Also the

Federalism In Montana
Our United States Constitution used federalism to divide the powers to govern. Federalism was
established in the constitution supremacy clause, providing that each state in the U.S. is a sovereign
entity and has the power to create and ratify laws according to the needs of the state and make
public policy. All states have different characteristics such as demographics of its citizens,
geography, natural resources, and different types of businesses and industries. Federalism enables
the courts and legislatures in a state to act on the needs and public policy. There are advantages and
disadvantages to this form of government. The apparent advantage is the authority granted to
legislatures and policy makers to address the needs of the state because ... Show more content on
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Sahlberg's philosophy and approach to education has had unbelievable success. I will introduce
Sahlberg's philosophy to Missoula, Montana, gain support to change our current education policy
and adopt the Sahlberg's approach to education. First, I need to initiate a campaign to gain support in
the community. In order to raise the level of education to a superior level additional income is
needed. Two policies are needed to capture and change the perspective on education fostering and
titled, Equality in Child Education, (ECE). The first policy addressed, incorporates a "Kids Tax" on
all candy, snacks and soda's purchased within the city. The revenue generated from the "Kids Tax"
would be used to additionally fund salaries and implement an academic program mirroring the top
preforming schools in the United States. The second policy, to incorporate all children in Montana;
Montana's Best, a statewide tax on all outdoor recreation, licensing, and weapons purchased to fund
the schools statewide with the latest technology and academic

Advantage Of Competitive Federalism
The principle of federalism was introduced to ensure the government did not possess too much
power over a nation. The implementation of federalism allowed for a compromise to be made
between the states and national government. This compromise ensured that power was divided
among the states and the national government. Federalism remained very limited, much like
boundaries to ensure overstepping did not occur. The overall explanation for the principle of
federalism and its origin dates back to the need of a strong centralized government. Of course,
federalism corrected the decentralized powers and created a fair system to abide by that focused on
the importance of division of power and centralized government. There are various forms of
federalism, one of which being competitive federalism.
According to Dr. Michael Greve, competitive federalism seeks to discipline governments. It seeks to
discipline governments by allowing each government to 'compete' for their citizen's business. The
concept of competitive federalism enables choice and change. Competitive federalism is not
confined to one government at all. Conversely, it allows for citizens to pick and choose which
government they wish to live under. There are benefits associated with competitive federalism
which can include various forms of innovation, product differentiation, choice of the consumers, and
other services.
Federalism definitely empowers citizens because ultimately, they have the most say in what they

Cooperative Federalism In Texas
Federalism has evolved throughout American history. At different points in time, the balance and
boundaries between the national and state government have changed substantially (resulting in the
dual federalism, cooperative federalism etc.). Dual federalism which can also be referred to as
divided sovereignty draws a clear distinction between federal and state governments, with the state
government exercising the powers given to them without the influence of the federal government. It
can further be supported by the Tenth Amendment which states, "The powers not delegated to the
United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States,
respectively, or to the people." Cooperative Federalism is defined as the cooperative functioning of
the state, national and local governments. The American ensemble functions according to the New
Dual Cooperative Federalism.
Federalism makes most policies lean more locally. States could tailor policy to fit their specific
needs. For example, Texas has a very different social welfare system even under the supervision of
the central federal system. As the state has populations, wealth, resources, etc.,
Texas is a prime example of the state constitutions in general. Ever since the integration ... Show
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Although currently the percentage of Republicans is slightly higher than the Democrats, due to
immigrants and their favor leaning towards the Democratic Party there may be a rise in the overall
involvement of the Federal Government. Because the Democratic Party favors more government
involvement and the Republican Party favors less governmental involvement. At the same time, the
Constitution does say The Republic of America. Due to all these reasons we cannot say what the
future

The Impact Of Federalism
Federalism can be said to be the defining feature of all forms of American politics. Even as a literary
characteristic feature, America was the first nation to adopt federalism as a concept. Federalism is a
system of government whereby political power is divided between a national government and other
smaller political constituents such as states (Platt, 2014). Federalism, although not mentioned
exactly in the constitution, was supposed to be a concept that addressed the errors of the
confederation (Platt, 2014). It was also supposed to be the lay the groundwork for what the future of
American politics by defining the type of government to be practiced. As it was expected to be,
federalism has had an impact on the American politics even in ... Show more content on
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Another example of this would be the election and in particular, the Electoral College. The system
of the Electoral College is one that portrays federalism i.e. share of power between state and
national government. The Constitution provides the framework of the system. Federal statutes
stipulate aspects of the process and give directions to states regarding the time of the election and
certification of the electoral vote. Federal statutes also give directions to Congress concerning the
counting of the electoral vote, and they provide a process for objections to the vote. Since each state
is important because it has to conduct its own election at the same time with other states, the laws of
each state specify the time and place of the meeting of the electors as well as other election
provisions. Together, these two governments, together with the constitution, create the Electoral
College system (Edwin C. Kisiel, III, page 12–13). Since laws at both the national as well as the
state level govern the Electoral College, it can be said that its foundation is rooted in

Federalism Is Considered Centralized, Or Contrarily...
Federalism can be perceived as quite complicated although, when explained can be quite simple. Its
basic definition is that it is the share of powers between national and subnational governments.
Canadian federalism was born along with the country in 1867 and has prospered ever since. Canada
as a federation has evolved tremendously since its early years where it mostly started as a
centralized state. After the World Wars, Canada progressed to become the decentralized country we
know today. The results of said succession make it evident that for this country to thrive, a
decentralized federalism is ideal. Federalism is a concept best described when discussing whether a
country's government can be considered centralized, or contrarily, ... Show more content on
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In a decentralized country, "each type of government is... free to delegate its powers to other bodies
if it so desires" and does not focus all responsibilities upon one form of government. Nonetheless, a
federation being centralized or decentralized is not black and white; "what is not centralized is
decentralized" is not necessarily true in many cases. To achieve perfect decentralization, one must
assure that the non–federal governments obtain enough autonomy so that, in result, neither becomes
subordinate to the other. Additionally, fiscal decentralization is brought about through arriving at a
certain level of economic autonomy at both levels of government . The main idea behind
subsidiarity is that of the division of responsibilities in an equal manner and that the lowest,
qualified levels of government are likewise given powers . Canadian federalism can be considered
as quite unique in proportion to others and has vastly changed since its original form. Its evolution
can be traced back to the Confederation of 1867 and centralization and decentralization have come
and gone throughout Canadian history.
Federalism in Canada pre–World War One can be described as a purely centralized system. In 1867,
Canada was born and along with it, a federation. The early years of the country show Canada's first
Prime Minister's, John A. Macdonald, focus towards a Unitarian state

"American federalism was the embodiment of political tolerance and decentralization of – the
expression of the liberal conviction that society can manage itself and needs no central plan," said
Llewellyn H. Rockwell. Federalism is the most important principle because it helps build a better
foundation for a better government while also creating a division of powers. In this essay, I will be
explaining what federalism is, how this newer type of government ideal has been incorporated into
the U.S. and the advantages and disadvantages of federalism in the U.S. government.
Federalism is defined as the idea that power is divided by the Constitution between the national
government and the state governments. Before this, governments were either confederacy or unitary
models of government. A confederacy is when the member states make decisions, whereas in a
unitary government the national government makes the decisions. That being said, federalism
contains both unitary and confederacy governments. The Constitution, treaties and the federal laws
are the supreme law of the land. Some powers, though, are delegated to the national government
while others are reserved for the state governments. Still, other powers are concurrent, or shared, by
both state and national governments. For example; Mexico has 31 states and 1 federal district the
immigration laws are decided by the national government while many criminal laws are decided by
the state government.
Federalism today is based upon

Dual Federalism
Federalism is the federal principle or system of government. The framers who were worried about
the government having too much power mainly because Government can pose a threat to individual
liberties. The constitution then provides a division of powers, which means it assigns certain powers
to the National Government, such as Dual federalism, cooperative Dual federalism is based on the
relatively optimistic belief that a clear division between federal and state authority. Dual federalism
lasted from 1789–1901 and then came back into play in 19060's When the depression came the
president came and made government more of a cooperative system. The article on Dual Federalism
on Study.com says "Dual federalism has been nicknamed 'layer–cake ... Show more content on
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Cooperative federalism was ued primarily during the time of the depression to make government run
better. Through cooperative federalism it almost gives the bigger government the power to make
smaller government comply. For example, the works progress helped put millions into work during
the 1930's. Regulatory federalism is a term used to describe the emergence of federal programs
(started in the mid 1960s).Regulatory federalism also includes congresses legislations on states to
meet their standards. An example of regulatory federalism happens to be the no child left behind act.
Which is an example of how all states and government must make sure that every kid gets the
correct education. "New Federalism typically involves the Federal government providing block
grants to the states to resolve a social issue" says Business Dictionary. New federalism lasted from
1937–1997 when the supreme court did not void an act. New Federalism started when a "Plan
implemented under the Nixon administration that transferred some powers previously held by the
federal government back to the state level. Under Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal some powers were
removed from the state level, so the states regain some of its authority" Says

Even though the current political scene on planet earth has seen better days I will give my best
efforts to distinguish the pros and cons of Federalism. In my opinion I believe that federalism works
in many first world countries, but it would have a harder time working in third world countries.
Federalism comes with many advantages and its own unique disadvantages. Federalism provides
basic security to its citizens and provides government security with all the dispersed levels of
government to spread out power. The cons that follow federalism are the protection of the power and
laws may also reinforce bad and unjust laws depending on the country. This all ties together with
recommending federalism to a non–federal country. So lets get ... Show more content on
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This point is further confirmed by Kincaid as well, "greater responsiveness to citizen preferences,
especially insofar as regional and local governments have the authority and ability to respond to
those preferences" (Kincaid 2001), this is excellent because rather than feeling your opinion does
not matter in the grand scheme of things, your opinion in local side government feels much more
relevant. Not only does this give you as a citizen more authority and confidence; but, it also makes
you more intensive and focused on local community affairs and policies. These are the some of the
most prominent positive effects that come out of a federal government. Now for the bad news and
you might be wondering how could federalism be bad after all the positive effects it reinforces. Well
to start off federalism is the reason it was so hard to get rid of slavery in the late 1800s. It was a hard
state issue to overcome and ended in a civil war. Not only this but nationalist who oppose certain
laws and bills can go out of their way to delay or fight these bills and laws, "States can fight against
the existence of certain national laws by challenging them in court, or going out of their way to not
enforce those national laws, or even deliberately obstructing enforcement of national laws.(Wiseman
2017), giving citizens this power is important but it also can be easily taken advantage of. These
types of deliberate blockage can slow down innovation and progress which is another

Federalism In Australia Summary
In the article, 'Federalism in Australian Constitutional interpretation: signs of reinvigoration?',
Chordia and Lynch explore the constitutional interpretative approach used by the majority in
Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920). The article discusses the
key factors in the majority's decision in Engineers that disadvantaged the states by significantly
increasing the power of the Commonwealth.
Tension between the principles of responsible government and federalism was anticipated by the
framers of the constitution, predicting that the one of the two will eventually cancel the other one
out. This tension surfaced in the majorities decision in Engineers and is explored using the historical
evidence of the framers intentions, the ideas that influenced them, and Justice Gageler's critique of
the Engineers decision. Chordia and Lynch argue that the majorities decision in Engineers focused
on responsible government, while completely ignoring the principles of Federalism. This is evident
in the delivery of the majorities decision, declaring that the two fundamental features of the
Australian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, Gageler argues that the people of the Commonwealth and the people of the states are
members of a unified sovereign nation rather than members of opposing groups. As such, the
principles of responsible government hold that the laws of the commonwealth hold government
accountable to a unified Crown and to the Australian people. The third argument is that federalism
should only function within situations that directly involve an interference between the
commonwealth and the states. In particular, this third argument corresponds with the nationalist
model of federation that supports a single unified head of

Federalism And The Separation Of Powers
Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal
authority over the same area and people, ensuring that one does not become too powerful and aids in
the separation of powers. Liberty is a state of freedom within a society from oppressive restrictions
imposed by authority on one 's way of life, behavior, or political views. Although these two political
science terms are different, they correlate and interact with one another in the American Government
and are still relevant to contemporary policy issues faced today. James Madison 's The Federalist
No. 47 doctrine exemplifies this: "In order to form correct ideas on this important subject, it will be
proper to investigate the sense in which the preservation of liberty requires that the three great
departments of power should be separate and distinct."
Madison based the concept of federalism on the French lawyer Montesquieu 's theory of the
separation of powers. This theory states: "Were the executive power not to have a right of restraining
the encroachments of the legislative body, the latter would become despotic; for as it might arrogate
to itself what authority it pleased, it would soon destroy all the other powers." Madison, along with
the other Founding Fathers, took heed to this warning and created the three branches (executive,
legislative, and judicial). Although this system does provide a distinct separation, it does not call for
absolute separation. Instead, the

Federalism And The Other Federalism
In this paper I've researched different texts and different information on the topic of federalism to
have a good understanding and knowledge of it. I found many sources of great information to learn
about federalism and how it influences many countries in the world that we know today. My goal in
this paper is to give a good understanding to what I've learned and give great detail on federalism
and the other Federalism is when two or more levels of governments share the same power over the
same region. Usually the higher national government governs the issues that concern the entire
country, and smaller subdivisions govern issues of their local concern, but both have the power to
make and enforce laws. Good examples of federalist countries would be Canada, Germany, France,
and the United States. The federal government is granted power to mint money, declare war,
establish post offices, and punish piracy. Any action that the federal government may have must
stand by the constitution. While the state government has all the powers that are not granted to the
federal government or forbidden to them under the constitution, because the state power is not
limited to express grants of power( Federalism Information Institute).
Every person that lives in the U.S. has to abide by the laws from the city, county, state and federal
Government of which they live. The founders of federalism where James Madison, George
Washington, and Alexander Hamilton. There

Evolving Federalism Essay
Evolving Federalism
Pre–Class Assignment
Federalism by definition is the division of power between a central government and its participating
members. How that power is divided is the subjective aspect of federalism that was before the
framers of the United States. Through compromise and necessity the seeds for a strong central
government were planted alongside already strong state governments. Over time the seeds for strong
central government grew; wars, economic fluctuations and national growth established a strong
central government. As America's idea of federalism changed the central government grew more
powerful, the state's government gave more power away, and local governments were established. ...
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Schreiber's fifth and final stage is the post–World War II era. Here, "creative federalism" is born.
Creative federalism points to a strong centralized government that initiates federal programs to fight
poverty, hunger, crime, and other social issues. This stage sees a noticeable increase of power given
to the national government by the Warren Court.
Schreiber concludes by describing a struggle between cooperative federalism and creative
federalism. He sees these two models of federalism in competition with one another on how power
will be distributed between the three levels of government. This is best described by Russell
Hanson, in Governing Partners, as "competitive federalism", which is the idea that the three levels
of government must compete for power in a "zero–sum" game.
It can be argued that we now are in a sixth stage that can be defined as competitive federalism.
Recent struggles involving gay marriage, education, tax reform, and anti–terrorism funding prove
that a struggle for power between the three levels of government is ongoing.
The issue of education best exemplifies the changing nature of intergovernmental relations. State
and local governments run their own school systems, and for the most part, fund them as well. States
differ from one in another

The Doctrinal Cycle Of Federalism
Federalism is when states or provinces share power with a national government. The United States
government functions by applying the principles of federalism. The doctrinal cycle of federalism is
when the state gain power for a while and then the power is disbursed to the national government for
a while. The power is given back and forth between the states and the national government creating
a cycle of federalism. The ideology of the Supreme Court is an important factor for determining
what level of Congress will hold the power. A liberal Supreme Court is more likely to let the
national government hold more power, while a conservative court is more likely to let the states hold
more power. There are three types of federalism which are cooperative, dual, and new. The ideology
of the Supreme Court affects what type of federalism that the country will live under.
Cooperative federalism is when all three levels of government collectively interact to solve common
problems. In cooperative federalism there is a strong national government and the Supreme Court
allowed Congress to grow and become more powerful. The court's ideology during this time was
more liberal, which impacts how the court will decide on cases that are presented to them. The
McCulloch v. Maryland case was about Congress creating The Second Bank of the United States, in
the state of Maryland. Maryland at the time passed legislation that would impose a tax on the bank.
James W. McCulloch, a cashier at the

Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION:
The question of an acceptable formula for revenue sharing among the component tiers of the
Nigerian nation is one of the most protracted and controversial debates in the political and
macroeconomic management of the economy. This debate has its foundations in the history and
evolution of the Nigerian federation.
"Revenue allocation or the statutory distribution of revenue from the Federation Account among the
different levels of government has been one of the most contentious and controversial issues in the
nation's political life. So contentious has the matter been that none of the formulae evolved at
various times by a commission or by decree under different regimes since 1964 has gained general
acceptability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(e) Principle of Fiscal Equalization: In order to ensure a minimum level of public goods and services
same degree of fiscal equalization is required. This is as a result of differences in resource
endowment.
(f) The Efficiency Principle: This principle implies that efficiency must be applied in the allocation
of resources
(g) The Principle of Derivation: The component units of a system should be able to control some of
its own resources as they desire.
(h) The Principle of Locational Neutrality: Interregional fiscal differences tend to influence location
choices of individuals and firms. Therefore, policy should focus on minimizing distortions due to
some interference. Hence, differential taxes which create locational distortions should be avoided as
much as practicable.
(i) The Principle of Centralized Redistribution: This principle states that the redistribution function
of fiscal policy through progressive taxation and expenditure programmes should be centralized at
the federal level. That is, if the redistributive function is decentralized, it can result in distortions in
location decisions. It should be noted that the above principles are not mutually consistent.
. CHAPTER 3
THE CHALLENGES AND RECCOMENDATIONS: There are several challenges and contending
issues

Arguments Against Federalism
Federalism is defined as Congress must be kept within the limits of the enumerated powers of the
Constitution. As long as people have the right to leave political jurisdictions they find undesirable,
states or smaller government units have to bear the costs of their mistakes. Individuals who prefer
freedom to government order should be encouraged because although federalism does not ensure
freedom, freedom fares better under federalism than under a completely centralized politics.
An example of conservatives and liberals stand on federalism is on Death Penalty. From the Liberal
side, death penalty should be abolished because It is cruel and an unusual punishment.
Imprisonment is the appropriate punishment for murder. From the Conservative

New Federalism Essay
Two rudimentary stratums exist in the U.S legal system: state law and federal law. Federal laws
apply to the entire nation, whereas state laws affect only said states. Currently, the age of "New
Federalism," is upon the U.S. This can be traced back to Nixon in the late 1960s. The era of New
Federalism is described as the transfer of powers from the federal government back to the states.
This "transfer of powers" seems to be outweighed by the initial power of the federal government
when assessed closely. First, let's get down to the facts. After the tragedy of 9/11, Homeland
Security was implemented. Around fifty billion U.S. federal dollars are being provided to state/local
governments yearly to meet Homeland Security requirements. The president and congress work
together to form a budget that determines federal spending each ... Show more content on
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Much more allocation betwixt the state and federal government to improve homeland security was
carried out. Bettering communications between state and federal authorities brought forth the idea to
educate government officials on what each sector can expect from the others. FEMA (Federal
Emergency Management Agency) was created to make communication run smoothly between the
federal, state, and local governments. Having one main correspondence at the federal level eases the
distribution of power to the states and local authorities. FEMA recently asked state and local
authorities for input on how it should spend $3.5 billion. A meeting took place with over fifty
representatives in first responder positions. Resulting, the weight of mobility ultimately falls to the
political leaders of each state and city within the United States. Leaders such as those in New York
as well as Baltimore have taken the duty of increasing security for the citizens of which they
represent. In this process, they have noted that many federal tools are available to help them when

Federalism Vs. Cooperative Federalism
Right now the current form of Federalism that the United States uses today is called New
Federalism, or Cooperative Federalism. Cooperative Federalism was created as a political model
around 1937 that emphasized "teamwork" between the National and State governments. This was
created to ensure that both governments would work together in order to provide services more
efficiently in the Nation. This is why Cooperative Federalism is appealing to this day and still
exercised, because the U.S. has still retained those elements of regional supremacy, and States'
rights. The current form of Federalism is well–suited for handling policy issues in the United States
because our current form of Federalism (Cooperative Federalism) revolves around the idea that the
National and State government are one team.
So the question is, is Cooperative Federalism beneficial? And if so how? The best example to prove
that it is beneficial is the No Child Left Behind law that was discussed in class. This was passed by
congress in 2001 during President George Bush's presidency, and this law made it mandatory that all
States provide the appropriate education for their kids. Under Cooperative Federalism the National
government required all States to provide the best quality of education for the children. In this case
this form of Federalism was very effective because it allowed the Federal government to intervene
when States were not enforcing the idea as they should have been. So the Federal

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