Analysis Of A Dot Of Ink Chromatography

Analysis Of A Dot Of Ink Chromatography
During the first part of the experiment a dot of ink was placed onto chromatography paper to
separate the mixture by pigment. This chromatography paper was place so that a portion of the
paper below the dot was in water, so that the water could travel up the paper and separate the ink.
The paper was suspended using a toothpick that was put through the top of the paper, which was
held by the neck of the bottle. The second part of the experiment dealt with the separation of a
mixture of iron, sand, and salt. To measure the mass of the original mixture a glass plate was placed
on scale and the scale was zeroed. The mixture was placed onto the glass plate. The mass was
recorded. A magnet was used to separate the iron from the mixture. The magnet
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Paper Chromatography Lab Report
Paper Chromatography and Spectrophotometry Used to Identify Amino Acids and Concentration of
Protein in Solution
Introduction: Paper chromatography was used to characterize known amino acids in solution with
an accordant Rf value. These Rf values were then used to identify a solution with unknown amino
acids and observed Rf values. An Rf value is calculated using the following formula:Distance
Traveled by solute (cm)Distance Traveled by solvent (cm), where the distance traveled by solute is
measured from the origin line to the center of the solute spot (Lombard, p19). A polar matrix,
composed of cellulose, was utilized in tandem with a nonpolar solvent (Ammonia:Ethanol:dH2O)
during paper chromatography (Freeman, et al. p113). This diversity ... Show more content on
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Unknown Y had two observed Rf values of 0.305 and 0.634. The primary Rf value deviated only
0.001 from the calculated Rf of Histidine while the secondary amino acid deviated 0.036 from the
nearest Rf value of 0.598 for Valine. The percent error for this set of Rf values is only 6.02%, which
we find to be within reasonable ranges. Despite the more significant error present in the secondary
amino acid identification, Unknown Y is still believed to be a solution of Histidine and Valine.
Unknown X had two observed Rf values of 0.147 and 0.529; of which, only the latter devotes form
a calculated amino acid Rf value. The former Rf matches exactly to Aspartic Acid while the latter
deviates 0.005 from the accepted Proline value. Given this close adherence to calculated values,
Unknown X is hypothesized to be a solution of Aspartic Acid and Proline. This is concurrent with
the stated hypothesis as charged amino acids such as aspartic Acid, Histidine, and Lysine had Rf
values ranging from 0.147 to 0.306 while those acids with nonpolar tendencies reported values from
0.524 to 0.776 (Freeman, et al. p80). The average value of polar/charged amino acids was 0.228,
which was 0.405 less than the average value of non polar groups 0.633. Clearly, the nonpolar amino
acids were interacting with the matrix in a way that decreased their travel distance over 1 hour,
therein supporting our hypothesis that adsorptive behavior will result in an increase Rf value relative
to amino acids with polar or charged R–groups. The second procedure performed was two parts
wherein we both optimized the wavelength for spectrophotometry and established a standard curve.
We established an absorption spectrum based on the incremental increase in wavelength by 10 nm
from 490 nm to 570 nm

The Effects Of Pesticides And Cause Degradation
Introduction:
From history until date, many studies are continuously exploring presence of pesticides and cause
degradation. The degradation comes in action when due to industrialization, there are many
chemicals in environment directly attack at plant. The wide variety of chemicals means wide variety
of problems in agriculture, residential and even public recreation areas when it showed its worst
face. The eradication from these after effects can come in reality with increase importance of
pragmatic solutions against any problems associated with previous said. Malathion is a pesticide and
it helpful in agriculture and other said paradigms to lowers effects of chemical in external
environment.
In United States, importance of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vegetables and fruits like capsicum, cucumber and even carrot selection is best one because it is
widely used on regular basis. The sample preparation comes in to being when it is being cooled until
4 degree centigrade. The sample is being selected with all kinds of risk assessment from internal
climate change to external one. There is proper need of sampling and scattering issues and those
issues are being established with efforts of researcher.
The sample is being prepared with use of aqueous extract that is most needed for quality of fruits
and vegetables. Those fruits and vegetables are actually allowing incubation so that they can use for
welfare of human. The human welfare is necessary in developing any model about human that can
affect directly and indirectly human community at large scale. The affect of vegetables and fruits is
glaring in cellular tissues. The selected way of sampling in costly but can best in future perspective.
The future of best quality food and vegetables ate large scale can acquire considerably through
sampling matters.
The sampling technique can get big filtering plants and those plants are costly according to finance.
The research purpose is to develop two kinds of process that may assure that absorption and
exudation are two ways of same authority. The absorption method is best that can initiate change
according to change environment. The environment has come with bio degradation methods

Paper Chromatography Lab
The objective of this "Chromatography Lab" is to determine the number of substances and their Rf
values present as dyes in different markers/inks.
Chromatography deals with physically separating a mixture into it's very own components.
Chromatography is used for keeping compounds from mixtures. The process that is involved in it, is
separating out a mixture of chemicals, that are most likely either in a liquid or gas form. This
process allows the chemicals/substances, to past each other, which is either a liquid or solid. The
main type of chromatography process is paper chromatography. Paper chromatography process was
what we used for/during this lab. Paper chromatography is used to separate the components of ink,
dyes, plant compounds (chlorophyll), make–up, and other substances. The other chromatography
processes include: Liquid, Thin–Layer, and Gas. Liquid chromatography is used for identifying
unknown plant pigments and other compounds. Thin–layer chromatography uses thin plastic or
glass trays to identify the composition of pigments, chemicals, and other unknown substances. Gas
chromatography is used to figure out the chemical composition of unknown substances, like the
different compounds that are in gasoline. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The procedures for this "Chromatography Lab" include eight steps, which are talked about down

Chromatography Procedure
1. Two pieces of chromatography paper are trimmed so they are exactly 20.5 cm by 11 cm. The
paper is handled by its edges only to avoid contamination from finger oils.
2. The mobile phase is prepared by dissolving a pinch of salt in 50 mL of room temperature distilled
water. The salt is stirred until completely dissolved and set aside to use in step 12.
3. Enough mobile phase is transferred to the 400–600 mL beaker so that the liquid level is no more
than 5 mm above the bottom of the beaker. The beaker is covered with a watch glass to allow the
liquid and vapor to come to equilibrium.
4. 1 cm is measured from the bottom of the paper on both sides, and a light line is drawn using
pencil carefully so the fibers of the paper are not broken across ... Show more content on
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The columns are labeled above each mark at the top of the paper with a descriptor to identify which
spot is which sample or standard. All of the standards need to be included on each paper so that the
components of the unknowns can be identified.
7. A few drops of each dye standard solution are transferred into the well plate to avoid
contamination.
8. A clean toothpick is used for every standard to place a small spot of the dye on the cross mark of
the paper in the appropriate column. The spot cannot get too large, or the chromatogram may be
streaky and difficult to read. Spots should not be greater than 2 mm in width. The spot may have to
dry and more sample will have to be added to get a dark spot without the spot becoming too diffuse.
9. To prepare the food samples, a small amount of water is used to dissolve the dye and a clean
toothpick is used to transfer the sample. It is important that the food samples are as concentrated as
possible so that the dyes can be visualized after they have spread out during separation.
a. For solid candies, place a drop of water on the candy, and let it sit for a few minutes so that the
water can dissolve the dye in the candy shell. Alternatively, you can wet your toothpick and scrub
on the surface of the candy to pick up some of the color and then transfer directly to the
chromatography

This experiment demonstrated the separation of pigments based on relative polarity and proved to
be a substantial way to separate compounds. The results were much like that of an experiment
performed, which separated carbohydrates in a very similar method with the use of paper
chromatography (Inome, Y., & Yamamoto, A.). Proper pipetting technique, which is described by
John Husler, was also demonstrated in this experiment. The technique was followed as to prevent
contamination and deliver the right amount of solution each time (John Husler: 1983).
The use of paper chromatography to separate plant pigments from spinach leaves worked very well.
The pigments were separated into five distinguishable groups and were then placed in solution. As
past experiments have shown, the most polar pigments would stay near the bottom of the paper, and
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It showed us which wavelengths of light each pigment was able to absorb. However, the pigments
did not have much variation in their absorbances. All pigments except pigment five were able to
absorb large amounts of light in the four hundred to five hundred nanometer ranges and then
increased absorbance slightly around six hundred sixty nanometers. The pigments had minimal
absorbance between the five hundred and six hundred sixty range. All of the pigments followed the
expected absorbances from Figure 7.13 in the laboratory manual except pigment one which is the
anthocyanidins. The absorbance values and graphs can be matched to the same pigments in a similar
experiment performed when separating carbohydrate groups through chromatography (Inome, Y., &
Yamamoto, A.). Since pigment one is supposed to reflect a blue or violet color, it would have been
expected to transmit the ranges that it absorbed, and reflect those that were transmitted. Chlorophyll
a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and xanthophylls all followed their hypothesized

Candy Chromatography Research Paper
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of study
Candy–coated sweets come in different colors and sometimes even vary in flavor in association with
the colors. These colors provide a creative display for children to easily get attracted to the
particular treat, leaving those tinted marks on their mouths and a happy, satisfied grin on their faces.
The reason for conducting the research is to know how the colors of our favorite candy–coated
sugary rewards came to be and that method of knowing is what we call "Candy Crhomatography".
Chromatography by definition according to Webster's dictionary means " a method for separating
the constituents of a solution (gas or liquid) by exploiting the different bonding properties of
different molecules". In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are terms brought about like the "capillary action" which pertains to the capillary property of
water in reaction to the substance. There are also terms like "Retention factor value" meaning the
distance run by a component spot, divided by the distance run by the solvent in thin layer
chromatography. Also "hydrophilic", meaning something that is easily absorbed in water. They
should be interpreted well and understood as the concept and terms. III. Methodology
A. Design of Experiment and Experimental Values
The flow/design of the experiment starts with these materials:
A. Color–coated candies
B. Filter paper; enough to make thirty 2.5 cm x 8 cm strips.
C. Scissors
D. Ruler; metric
E. Pencil
F. Petri dish
G. 150 mL beaker
H. Disposable pipet
I. Wooden coffee stirrers or other similar wooden splints (4)
J. Measuring cup; 4 cup volume
K. 1/8th teaspoon (tsp) measuring spoon or 1/4th tsp measuring spoon
L. Salt
M. Water
N. 400 mL beaker
O. Mini binder clips (2)
P. Food coloring; red, green, and blue

Q. Lab notebook
2. The independent variable is thewater. The dependent variable is the candy. The controlled
variable are the other materials used.
B. Samples Information 1. The samples were very clear in what they were portraying and was very
easy to understand. I tried my best to follow the references and to make the experiment running as
smooth as it seemed to be in the reference material.
2. The samples were gathered through the

Paper Chromatography: Inorganic Fluid
Oparina/Miller hypothesis theorized was because of absence of free oxygen, chemicals, and so on
could shape inorganic mixes for emerged on this planet.
B) I don't believe it's conceivable to emerge another life in this day and age's reality same way since
cells keep running by its own particular components and can't recover as a similar way, DNA
assumes control as the hereditary material.
Question #2.
A) The technique I will use to isolate the individual mixes in the blend is paper chromatography.
B )The way I will gauge the amount of each hued compound was in the blend is by utilizing paper
chromatography, the most remote the shading goes on the paper is the littlest and the closest is the
higher sum.
Question #3.
A) I figure the inflatable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question #4.
A) The part of the mitochondria in cell digestion, glucose oxidation comes upon in the mitochondria
and is isolated into two parts. Cell breath is additionally partitioned into the Krebs cycle and
terminal electron transport, which occurs in the essential laminae and the type of the mitochondria.
The part of the chloroplasts in cell digestion, carbon obsession happens in the chloroplast and is
isolated into the light retainer and light autonomous conservatism then it produces ATP and
NADPH. Additionally, it drives the light–free into the responses of Calvin cycle where CO2 gets
lessened to glucose.
B) Proteins improvements up to the phony results that occur in cells which help in, for instance,
supporting in assimilation and absorption. Mixes are proteins and they are created utilizing long
chains of different amino acids. Chemicals are proteins and they gave into various well being that
empowers more diminutive particles to fit into them. The change in the gleam impacts impetuses
particles to work speedier, however, a modification in the PH level differentiation, the qualifications
in mixes which impacts proteins.
Bonus

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is an extremely useful technique for monitoring reactions. It is
also used to determine the proper solvent system for performing separations using column
chromatography. TLC uses a stationary phase, usually alumina or silica, that is highly polar
(standard) or non–polar (reverse phase), and a mobile phase, some solvent whose polarity you will
choose. In 5.301, and in most lab applications, you will use standard phase silica plates. You will
apply your reaction mixture in solution to the plate then "run" the plate by allowing a solvent (or
combination of solvents) to move up the plate by capillary action. Depending on the polarity of the
components of the mixture, different compounds will travel different distances up the plate. More
polar compounds will "stick" to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3) Fill TLC chamber with 1–2 mL of the desired solvent system. Place a large piece of cut filter
paper in the chamber as well. 4) Spot the compound on the baseline of the TLC plate. We will use
commercial spotters, but spotters can be pulled from hot Pasteur pipets –you may see this in your
UROP. If you are monitoring a reaction, make sure to spot the starting material, the reaction
mixture, and a co–spot of both. 5) Run the TLC. Let the solvent go about 90% of the way up the
plate. 6) Remove the plate from the chamber and mark the solvent front immediately with a pencil –
you will use this to calculate the Rf. 7) Let the solvent dry off of the

There are a variety of methods that may be performed when interpreting the different food dyes that
are used when creating colored candies such as paper chromatography. For instance, if one wants to
know how M&Ms get their different colored shells would it be valid to use paper chromatography
to come up with a reasonable solution? The purpose of this experiment is to physically separate the
different dyes that are used to create the variety of M&M colors while using paper chromatography.
Lastly, the experiment results were satisfactory, but were not 100% accurate. Paper chromatography
does indeed separate mixtures, but this method is not the most reliable technique.
Introduction: What exactly is chromatography and how does it relate to ... Show more content on
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Adapted by Lary Sanders, Wright State University from supplemental online material of
Birdwhistell, K.R; Spence T.G. A New Glow on the Chromatography of M&M candies J. Chem.
Edu., 2002, 79 (7), p 847 DOI: 10.1021/ed079p847 Publication Date (Web): July1, 2002
Supplemental Information online. http://pubs.acs.org (accessed Oct 3, 2014)
The first step of the procedure was to take a large 600 mL beaker and pour 10 mL of the mobile
phase (NaCl in H2O solution) into it. Immediately following, the beaker had been covered with
aluminum foil instead of Parafilm. Next, we took the chromatography filter paper and drew a
horizontal line with hash marks to represent where the dyes would be spotted. The paper and hash
marks were labeled properly. Only pencil could be used because the ink from other utensils would
have dispersed throughout the paper when it touched the mobile phase. In order to make the spots,
we had to make a well plate of the different dyes. Once that had been completed my lab partner and
I spotted our chromatography paper using broken toothpicks as our dotting tool. We let each spot
dry before adding more dye to keep its small size. A new toothpick had been used for each
individual dye to prevent mixing of the dyes. After each spot dried the chromatography was stapled
without the edges touching and placed into the 600mL beaker restraining from coming into contact
with the sides of the beaker. Now we had let the paper sit to absorb the solvent and as it nears the
top, the paper was carefully removed. Then, the paper had been placed into the oven to dry.
Afterwards my partner measured the appropriate distances to calculate the Rf values

Gas Chromatography Lab
Results When observing the gas chromatography curves, it was evident that there were two pentenes
in the unknown mixture, GC_7. This is due to the two peaks on the graph with retention periods
(minutes) of 2.802 and 2.883 for the first and second peaks, respectively. The area under the first
peak was 36 (m2) and the second was 164 (m2). The compound affiliated with the first peak was
18% of the whole mixture. The compound affiliated with the second peak was 82% of the whole
mixture. The theoretical plate for the first peak was 7.851 and the second peak was 8.312. The
resolution of these two compounds was 0.0205. Ultimately, the data collected gave a result to
indicate there was clearly two prominent compounds that compose the unknown mixture.
When observing the thin–layer chromatography, it was evident that two compounds from
experiment 5 expressed no impurities. There was one yellow band from the ferrocene dot, one red
band from the acetylferrocene dot, and two yellow and red bands from the standard consisting of
both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two pentenes were trimethyl–1–pentene and trimethyl–2–pentene. The methods to reach this
conclusion were different, then those used in the thin–layer chromatograph. A gas chromatograph
consisted of a gaseous mobile phase, carrier gas, and a non–volatile liquid as the stationary phase in
a heated system that collected its results from a flame ionized detector. A thin–layer chromatograph
consisted of a volatile liquid mobile phase, and a silica layer on an absorbable paper as the
stationary phase. The results of the TLC was observable on the TLC plate after the separation, as a
graph was needed to physically see if the compounds in the gas chromatograph were separated.
These differences in procedure relates to the type of chromatography that was needed to separate
specific compounds based on their unique or similar

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab
Thin layer chromatography is the separation of substances using different solvents that run up the
TLC plate to find different materials and colors in the sample. Three solvents in this test were one
hundred percent acetone, one hundred percent isopropyl, and distilled water. In this test we timed
the speed of each solvent and recorded the best color content.
PACE Introduction
Thin Layer Chromatography is a commonly used experiment in forensics, and is the separation of
substances using different solvents. What I want to find out is what the fastest solvent is, but keeps
the best color on the TLC plate. The three solvents in the experiment are one hundred percent
acetone, one hundred percent isopropyl, and distilled water. Acetone is nail polish remover and
isopropyl is rubbing alcohol. In the experiment, it required distilled water because it is purified and
is always the same substance in the container. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TLC was invented in 1941 for forensics, but wasn't perfected on paper until 1944(chromatography–
online.org). Schaiber was the one who invented TLC and he was a German scientist. Some other
facts are that there are many other ways to do TLC and that it's not a very old process.
Forensic scientists use this in cases dealing with a lot of drugs or explosives. They use much more
complicated equipment though to perform their tasks. Many explosives can be tested and most
common drugs can be tested too. Some reasons to test these substances are, one the government
doesn't want people to have drugs or explosives, and two, and people might find out and get really
concerned. All in all this is very important to society. The hypothesis is what would be the fastest
solvent that will keep the best color

Analysis of the Absorption of Green Light Versus Red...
Analysis of the Absorption of Green Light Versus Red Light Absorption in Spinach Leaves
The goal of the experiment was to determine if green light had less ability to absorb than red light in
spinach leaves. This was done by separating the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll
b, carotene and xanthophylls) from one another using paper chromatography. The separated
pigments were then analyzed for their absorption spectrum using a spectrographometer. When the
data was graphed it clearly showed the higher rate of red light absorption over green light. These
results along with previous research indicate the importance of red light in photosynthesis and the
minor role green light plays.
The majority of life on Earth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These wavelengths correspond to the wavelengths of visible light. Overall blue and red light works
best, while green in least effective in the photosynthesis process (Nishio, 2000). The wavelengths
that a pigment absorbs, absorption spectra, are determined using a spectrophotometer. In order to
obtain the photosynthetic pigment's absorption spectra the pigments are separated using paper
chromatography. Paper chromatography is an analytical technique that separates a mixture based on
the individual pigment's size, polarity and solubility (Lewis, 2004). The separation of the mixtures
involves a stationary phase (the chromatography paper), which a mobile phase (solvent) moves up
through. When the mixtures is applied to the paper and allowed to flow with the mobile phase, the
different pigments move at different rates (Campbell, 1996). This means the pigments that absorb
the strongest to the stationary phase (the chromatography paper) will move the slowest, while the
weakest will move the fastest. The rate of the pigments movement will separate each pigment
individually from the mixture (Maitland, 2002). This natural separation shows that each pigment is
chemically different and plays different roles in photosynthesis (Maitland, 2002). To analyze the
separated pigments a spectrophotometer is used to obtain an absorbance spectrum. This spectrum is
a graph that shows a pigment's light absorption versus wavelengths

The Decomposition Of Organic Matter By Utilizing Heat Essay
Pyrolysis is the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing heat. Pyrolysis is a chemical test,
meaning particles go through a process of being dried by increasing heat to extremely high
temperatures which finalize the result for identification or specific findings. Pyrolysis aids in
analyzing paint, but other components can be determined through this process. Ultimately, the
concept of pyrolysis is that it can be broken down into multiple chemical properties, which also
means that the advantage of using this process is versatility. However, sometimes the particles can
be too broad or complex for the machine to comprehend. This unique action helps to simplify the
complicated matter so that scientists can receive an accurate reading of a material to solve a case.
Pyrolysis has been in existing for many years, but people tend to confuse this process with oxidation
or combustion. Specifically, in Criminalistics, the primary unit that handles pyrolysis is the Trace
Evidence Unit, this unit uses pyrolysis in several different cases such as; accident investigations,
evidence collections, hit and run cases, shoe print and tire tracks, traffic accidents, comparative
analysis, forensic paint analyses and vehicle identifications (Remy. J). Furthermore, although it has
not been presented often, the process of pyrolysis is not new or current. The principals were
primarily discovered in 1958 at Bell Laboratories in the United States (Corp. B). The appropriate
term for Pyrolysis

Separation of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll B, and Beta...
Abstract
Pigments extracted from different greens have different polarities and may be different colors.
Mixed pigments can be separated using chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is able to
separate mixed pigments due to their polarity and solubility. Pigments of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll
b and beta carotene will be separated on chromatography paper because each has its own polarity
and solubility, which results in different distance traveled up the paper. Beta carotene is non–polar
so it travels the highest distance, followed by chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is the most polar;
therefore, it travels the shortest distance. The separated pigments on the chromatography paper can
be eluted in acetone and absorbance spectrum is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beta carotene is orange, and its graph created by spectrophotometer shows that it mostly absorbs
blue and green light and reflects orange.
Figure 1. The absorption spectrum for leaf pigment, wavelength in nm.
Discussion
During the separation of the pigments by chromatography paper, chlorophyll b traveled the shortest
distance, chlorophyll a went above it, and the highest went beta carotene. This

Lab 04
Student Name: Melissa Tatum
Student ID: 4593119
Date: 7 Dec 2014
Course and Section Number: SCIN131 A004 Fall 14
Lesson 4 Lab: Chromatography and Ionic versus Covalent Bonds
PART 1
Begin by viewing the following Thinkwell video
15.1.3 CIA Demonstration: Chromatography
After you watch the above video, answer the questions below in sufficient detail:
(a) (3 pts.) This video discusses 3 different types of chromatography. List each one mentioned, and
describe their differences in as much detail as possible (your points earned will be proportional to
the level of detail in your discussion). Which one was used in this lab demonstration?
Answer: Gas chromatography (GC) – utilized by scientists in order to be able to separate the volatile
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stationary phase will absorb or slow down different components of the tested solution to
different degrees creating layers as the components of the solution are separated. Chromatography
was invented by the Russian botanist, Mikhail Tsvet. Chemists use this process to identify unknown
substances by separating them into the different molecules that make them up.
(c) Suppose I melted a grape (purple) popsicle and ran a chromatogram of the resulting substrate.
[i] (1 pts.) In the simplist case, what would I expect to see? Include as much detail as possible.
Answer: Once the chromatogram has been completed and is ready to be measured and calculated,
on the plate that was used to perform the chromatogram you should see where the red and blue have
completely separated. The red food coloring dye should be lower on the plate than the blue food
coloring dye.
<– example of results

[ii] (4 pts.) Suppose that the dot/area representing the longest wavelength of color in this situation
was located 21 mm from the baseline, and the dot/area representing the shortest wavelength of color
was located 36 mm from the baseline (see Figure 9.4 on page 288 for help). If the solvent traveled
57 mm from the baseline, what was the Rf for each of these two components of the sample? [SHOW
ALL WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT]
Answer: Rf = distance sample moved from

Lab 8: Investigation 5
Lab question: How do you separate molecules that are attracted to one another?
Procedure: Place a small amount of solvent in separate beakers. Then place the mixture on
chromatography paper and put the paper in each beaker.
Controls: The chromatography paper used for each of the beakers would have to be the same
because different chromatography papers may contain different amounts of cellulose, which would
vary how attracted the solvent is to the paper. The amount of time allowed for the dyes to travel also
has to be the same for each solvent in order to obtain accurate Rf values for comparison.
Conclusion: Molecules that are attracted to one another are best separated by water (solvent). The
Rf values were 0.813 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solvent moves through the stationary phase by capillary action (it is attracted to the thin layer of
water in the cellulose) and picks up the molecules that are attracted to it. To determine the level of
separation of the mixture, Rf values are used. Rf values are given by the ratio of the distance the dye
travels divided by the distance the solvent travels. The farther the dye travels, the more attracted it is
to the solvent and the greater the Rf value. Water is the best solvent to separate the dyes because it is
the most polar of all the solvents and it is attracted to ions (forming an ion dipole moment.) The
sulfate groups in the dyes have strong interactions with the water because of their charges. Because
the dyes are polar, they are attracted to more polar solvents (water). Blue 1 had the greatest affinity
for water because it has the most sulfate groups, a place for H bonding to happen, and it is the
largest–meaning it has more LD forces and is more polarizable. Yellow 5 has several sulfate groups,
H bonding, and a carboxylic acid group. The red traveled the least because it has fewer sulfate
groups, is the smallest, and has less LD forces (less polarizable). Water would be the most green
solvent because it is not

Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of substances into their components^2. It
can be used to various activities such as separating different pigment of dyes and inks all the way to
analyzing DNA sequences. Chromatography works on the basis that different molecules have
different polarities. By allowing molecules to travel through a polar surface, it is not surprising that
molecules will different polarities will travel a different amount. The substance, or stationary phase,
that the molecules will be traveling through in this experiment was water. The water was bonded to
the paper via hydrogen bonding, so it appears as if the paper acts as the stationary phase^3. The
mixture that we were interested in separating travels through the stationary phase via the mobile
phase. The mobile phase is a liquid that travels though the stationary phase through capillary action.
The mobile phase carries components of the mixture we want to separate while it travels up the
stationary phase. These components travel though the stationary phase at different rates. This is due
to the polarity of both the mobile phase and the stationary phase and the mixture. In the case of
paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However far the molecules in the mixture travel up the stationary phase is dependent of how long it
remains in the mobile phase. In the case of a non–polar stationary phase and a non–polar mixture,
the mixture will readily dissolve in the mobile phase and will feel no attraction to the polar
stationary phase, so the mixture will travel to the top of the stationary phase. In another scenario of a
non–polar mobile phase and a polar mixture, the mixture will have a high attraction for the polar
water molecules, so it will dissolve in the stationary phase rather then travel up the stationary phase
with the mobile

Fischer Esterification Of A Carboxylic Acid And...
NAME: _______Amy Hua____________________________
Experiment 6a: Fischer Esterification of a Carboxylic Acid and Identification of the Product By GC,
Micro–Boiling Point and IR Spectroscopy
Experiment 6b: Synthesis of Biodiesel
Summary of Points for Experiment 6:
Item Possible Points Actual Points
Pre–Lab 2 Notebook: N/A N/A
Purpose/Table of Reagents 2
Corrections 2
Blank Spaces 2
Signatures 2
TLC (1 in notebook) 2
Coherent 2
Conclusions (absent here) 1
Sub–Total = 15 multiply Sub–Total x 3 = 45 Report: N/A N/A
Introduction 2
Data and Calculations 7
Less Points–Missing Data 0
Unknown Identity 12
Data Analysis / Conclusions 5
Less Pts–Missing Attach 0 TOTAL 71 minus any page overage 0 minus for late reports 0 minus for
TA points 0
FINAL TOTAL POINTS 71
INTRODUCTION
In the first part of this experiment, an ester product will be isolated and purified from unknown
alcohol. Then the product ester will be identified through analysis of boiling point, gas
chromatography, and IR spectroscopy. In the second part of the experiment, Biodiesel will be
synthesized from vegetable oil by transesterification.
DATAAND CALCULATIONS

FISCHER ESTERIFICATION UNKNOWN ID:
UNKNOWN NUMBER: ___F________________________
UNKNOWN ID (name): ___Octyl Acetate__________________ (10 points)
UNKNOWN STRUCTURE: (2 points)
MASS OF PRODUCT ESTER: ____0.4599g_______________
% YIELD: ___97.44%_______________________
Yield Calculations:
Theoretical

Lab Report Chromatography
Procedure: First, we began the lab with the chromatography strip positioned 152 mm tall and 19 mm
wide. Using a ruler and pencil, we drew 15 mm from the bottom of the paper across the width. We
measured 9.5 mm from the edge and placed a dot with the pencil on the line to mark the starting
point. The, we measured 20 mm from the top of the strip and folded across the width of the strip.
These few steps were repeated with a second strip. Next, the red and purple dyes were obtained.
Using 2 clean toothpicks, the chromatography strips were spotted by placing the toothpick into a
dye and then touch the tip gently onto the designated pencil dot. The sample was allowed to dry. The
spotting steps were repeated 2 to 3 more times to increase the concentration of ... Show more
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While the samples are drying, two 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks and watch glasses were obtained.
Then, we poured 20 mL of 2% chromatography solvent (isopropyl) into each flask. We covered each
flask with a watch glass. Once the chromatography paper is dry, the watch glasses were removed.
Next, the strips were carefully hanged into the 2 flasks with the sample side down. We made sure to
keep the sample spots above the level of the solvent. Afterwards, we placed the watch glasses back
on top. The chromatography was allowed to develop. We recorded observations of dye samples as
the solvent traveled up. When the solvent was within 1 to 2 cm of fold in strip, the run was stopped
by removing strips from flasks. With a pencil, we lightly drew a line to mark the distance the solvent
has traveled, which is called the solvent front. Using a ruler, we measured the distance from the
pencil line at the bottom of the strips to the solvent front and recorded our observations in mm.
Lastly, the shape of each dye bands was traced with a pencil to mark its locations on the strips. The
distances in mm that each dye band traveled were measured and recorded. we made sure to measure
from the bottom of the strip to the center

Adsorption Chromatography
Adsorption chromatography involves a solid stationary phase and a liquid or gaseous mobile phase.
Depending on the partitioning coefficient value the least soluble or best adsorbed ones travel more
slowly. This results in a separation into bands containing different solutes. Different adsorbents like
silica gel or alumina is used for this purpose.
Partition Chromatography
In partition chromatography the stationary phase is a non–volatile liquid which is held as a thin
layer (or film) on the surface of an inert solid. The mixture to be separated is carried by a gas or a
liquid as the mobile phase. The solutes distribute themselves between the two phases, with the more
soluble component in the mobile phase reaching the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paper chromatography is used for separation of mixture having polar and non polar compounds.
2. Paper Chromatography can separate minute amounts of substances. This makes it very useful for
forensics investigators.
3. Chromatography technique is used in the identification of drugs identified in urine and blood.
4. Paper Chromatography is used in forensic science and detectives for various investigations.
5. Chromatography plays a significant role in separation of amino acids.
6. It is used to determine organic compounds, biochemicals in urine etc.
7. It is also used for evaluation of inorganic compounds like salts and complexes.
TYPES OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Paper Chromatography can be of various types based on the method of development of
chromatogram on the paper.
1. Ascending chromatography– In this type of chromatography the solvent reservoir is at the bottom
of beaker. The base line with sample just remains well above the solvent. The development of paper
occurs due the movement of solvent in upward direction on the paper.
.
Paper
Solvent Solvent Flow
Figure 3.5. Ascending chromatography
2. Descending chromatography– Here the development of paper occurs due to movement of the
solvent in downward

Abby And Estelle Over Pigments In The Multicolored Coleus...
The argument in the scenario was being made between Abby and Estelle over the pigments in the
multicolored coleus plants. Abby was certain that the green section contained chlorophyll, whereas,
Estelle claimed that both the green and purple parts of the coleus plants consisted of chlorophyll. A
paper chromatography test was conducted to clearly separate the mixture of the pigments in which
the mixture was dropped onto a slip of paper and the end was then placed into a solvent.
After analyzing both the green and purple sections of the leaves, our data affirmed Estelle's
statement who claimed that chlorophyll existed in the green and purple part of the coleus plant.
However, we noticed that the pigment is more prominent in the green section

Spinach Paper Chromatography
In this experiment, the process of chromatography was taken place in order to identify the different
types of pigments present in spinach leaf. This was done by carrying out two types of experiments
which are thin layer chromatography (TLC) and paper chromatography. Both of the experiments
were done using a similar procedure except that they both used a different stationary phase. Paper
chromatography used paper, whilst, TLC used a silica plate. Propanone was used as the extraction
solvent for spinach leaves and chromatography solvent was used as the mobile phase in the
experiment. The results portray that the pigments has rose to different heights through the stationary
phase as they separated into different coloured pigments. The only pigments ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A line was drawn with a pencil approximately 1cm from, and parallel to the bottom of the plate.
Plant material was placed into a mortar with a pinch of sand and was grinded with a pestle, to help
the plant material break down into a liquid form. 1–2cm of propanone was added into the mortar
along with the plant material and was grinded until the liquid appeared to be a dark green colour. A
micropipette tip was dipped into the liquid and a tiny drop of the extract was transferred onto the
middle of the pencil line on the TLC plate. Care was taken to ensure that the spot got no bigger than
3mm diameter. More drops were added each time after the spot dried properly. The drops were
added until the spot turned dark green which took about 5–10 drops. 10ml of running solvent was
added into the chromatography tank (made up of 5 parts cyclohexane: 3 parts propanone: 2 parts
petroleum ether). The chromatography plate was placed into the beaker so that the plate dips into the
solvent making sure the pigment spot was above the surface of the solvent. The beaker was covered.
The chromatogram was left inside the beaker for about 5–10

A Short Note On Food Dye
Chromatogphy of food dye
Conceptual:
The second lab manages the chromatography of nourishment colors which implies you make sense
of what sort of mixes are utilized as a part of an item like sustenance comparing so as to shade and
so forth the outcome to FD&C Food Dyes. You utilize six diverse nourishment colors, four
sustenance hues out of the store, two distinctive Kool Aid powder and four unique shades of sweet
like M&Ms you use for the chromatograph. Toward the end you attempt to discover which
nourishment colors are in alternate items. Test and Observation
Chromatography of Food Dyes:
The primary step was to set up the two channel paper for the analysis so you can quantify the
distinctive sections toward the test 's end. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The word chromatography, which is gotten from two Greek words actually signifying "shading
composing", was instituted toward the start of this century when the system was initially used to
isolated hued segments of plant takes off. Today, the name is somewhat deceptive, in light of the
fact that most types of chromatography don 't rely on upon shading. A few sorts of chromatography
are generally utilized, among which are paper chromatography, slender layer chromatography or
TLC, fluid chromatography, gas chromatography, and superior fluid chromatography or HPLC.
Chromatography is useful to the point that some structure can be found in most logical research
centers the world over. For instance, in measurable science wrongdoing research centers, the FBI
keeps up a library of chromatograms of inks that are utilized industrially. In the first case in which
chromatography of inks were utilized, a man in Miami distorted travel and cost vouchers.
Notwithstanding, the ink pen he utilized had ink that wasn 't accessible monetarily until 3 years after
the outings had occurred. The hypothesis behind chromatography is to permit a blend of diverse
chemicals to be conveyed or divided between a stationary stage and a portable stage (eluent or
dissolvable). The versatile stage may be a fluid or a gas; the stationary stage is ordinarily a strong.
As the portable stage streams over the stationary stage, the parts in the blend are conveyed along.
The more solvent a part is in the

Paper Chromatography Essay
Results: The pigments that were obtained through the use of paper chromatography resulted in four
distinct colors. The very goal of this study was to determine what pigments are present and what
there absorbance is through the use of paper chromatography and a spectrophotometer. These colors
in turn related to pigments that were recognized as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, and
xanthophyll. As for the results related to the observations found within the paper chromatography,
these four pigments had a distinct relational pattern within the filter paper. This resulted in the order
of color from top to bottom of the filter paper being: carotene (orange), xanthophyll (yellow),
chlorophyll a (dark–green), and chlorophyll b (light green). In the methods I recorded the following
results of the paper chromatography experiment (see figure 2). ... Show more content on
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Chlorophyll a had the highest absorbance rate resulting in readings peaking at 0.7. Xanthophyll had
one of the lowest absorbance reading peaking between .2 and .22. Carotene had the second highest
absorbance reading at 0.44 and the wavelength of 460. Chlorophyll b had a very close reading to
that of carotene resulting in a peak between 0.38 and 0.41. Within the data of chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b, one will notice a general pattern of increase, decrease, and lastly a smaller increase.
Carotene and xanthophyll have only one major peak within the absorbance

Analytical Differentiation Of 1 Alkyl 3
Draft 5 Analytical Differentiation of 1–Alkyl–3–acylindoles and 1–Acyl–3–alkylindoles: Isomeric
Synthetic Cannabinoids Jack DeRuiter, Forrest T. Smith, Karim Abdel–Hay and C. Randall Clark*
Department of Drug Discovery and Development Harrison School of Pharmacy Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849 * Corresponding Author: Professor C. Randall Clark, Ph. D. clarkcr@auburn.edu
phone 334–844–8326 fax 334–844–8331 Abstract The 1–alkyl–3–acylindoles and the inverse
regioisomeric 1–acyl–3–alkylindoles can be prepared directly from a common set of precursor
materials and using similar synthetic strategies. The EI mass spectra for these isomers show a
number of unique ions which allow for the differentiation of the 1–alkyl–3–acylindole compounds
from the inverse regioisomeric 1–acyl–3–alkylindoles. The base peak at m/z 214 in the 1–n–pentyl–
3–benzoylindole represents the M–77 cation fragment resulting from the loss of the phenyl group
and this ion is not observed in the inverse isomer. The 1–benzoyl–3–n–pentylindole inverse
regioisomer shows a base peak at m/z 105 for the benzoyl cation. Thus, these two base peaks are the
result of fragmentation initiated at the carbonyl–oxygen for both isomers. The 1–pentyl–3–
benzoylindole is characterized by the strong intensity carbonyl band at 1703 cm–1 while the amide
carbonyl appears as a strong band of equal intensity at 1681 cm–1 in the 1–benzoyl–3–pentyl
regioisomer. 1. Introduction A number of synthetic cannabinoids including

Gas Vs Paper Chromatography
There are four different kinds of chromatography, there is gas, paper, liquid, and thin–layer. Gas
chromatography is mostly used to determine the chemical composition of the unknown substances.
Thin–layer is used on thin plastic or glass trays to identify the composition of pigments and
chemicals. Liquid is used to identify an unknown plant pigments and other compounds. Lastly,
paper can be used to separate the components of inks and dyes. So in this essay i will talk about two
real life cases that involve Gas and paper chromatography and
I think chromatography is beneficial to solve crimes because in my opinion it is more easier to find
the person who did the crime if it had to do with gas, plastic, paper and liquid. One real life case was

The Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation During Photosynthesis...
The Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation
During Photosynthesis 
University of Alabama
I. Introduction: "Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that
is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; it occurs in plants, algae, and certain
prokaryotes" (Campbell, G–16). The formula below is photosynthesis and "the
ingredients necessary to make a plant grow" (KoK, 30).
6CO_2 + 6H_2_0,,³ C_6_H_12_O_6_ + 6CO_2
Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts which are in leaf cells. It takes carbon dioxide and water
"within the chloroplast, sunlight powers the conversion of these ingredients to a sugar called
glucose and oxygen" (Campbell, 37). Pigments are substance ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Materials and Methods To perform the first part of the lab it required: spinach leaves, a crucible,
pipette, acetone, a beaker and chromatography paper. The chromatography paper was rolled up into
a cylinder and stapled to hold it in place. Then a pencil was used to draw a line about 1 cm from the
bottom of the paper. Meanwhile, the spinach leaves were being crushed in the crucible into a
more liquefied state. Once the spinach leaves were done, a pipette was used to place the spinach
extract along the ling drawn around the cylinder. This step was repeated six time, because the darker
the line the better the results of the chromatographic separation. After each application of the
spinach extract, it was allowed to dry for at least one minute.
Once the application of the spinach extract was finished, acetone, the solvent, was poured into the
beaker. Then the cylinder was placed into the beaker to absorb the solvent with a jar top placed on
top of it to hold it in place. The chromatography cylinder stayed in the beaker until the pigments in
the spinach extract had been separated into different colors and was about 4–5 cm from the top of
the paper. After this, the chromatography cylinder was removed to dry for the different pigments
could be observed. To perform the second half of the lab it required: a spectrophotometer,

Non Polar Amino Acid Chromatography Paper
Hypothesis: If a polar amino acid is adsorbed by a polar matrix, then the polar matrix will not move
as far along the matrix as a hydrophobic amino acid. If this is so, the Rf value of a polar amino acid
will be relatively small to that of a non–polar amino acid.
Introduction: In order to identify whether an amino acid is polar (hydrophilic) or non–polar
(hydrophobic), the process of chromatography is used, which separates the amino acids and
identifies them based on specific chemical traits given by the R–groups. The process is preformed
by placing spots of the sample(s) on the origin of a matrix, or chromatography paper, letting it dry,
then placing the edge of the paper with the samples on it into a solvent (in this lab, it was alcohol).

Partition Chromatography Lab Report
Sanger settled instead on partition chromatography that had been developed in the1940s by Richard
Synge and Archer Martin. This technique is that packed a tube tipped with ground up silica gel, then
wetting the gel with water and pipetting in an amino acid solution at the top. Chloroform then
inserted to wash the amino acid solution through and added a methyl red dye. The dye formed red
bands against to an orange background which helped show up the separated amino acids. First tine
Sanger tested methane sulfonyl chloride proved this reagent disappointing. The he investigated an
organic compound of dinitrochlorobenzene, this encouragingly stained the amino acids bright
yellow and making them stand out in a clear band when subjected to partition ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
FDNB is a compound that first prepared in 1904 and was being synthesized by Bernhard Charles
Saunders. FDNB can react with amino acids at room temperature and dinitrophenyl–amino–acids
were also more stable when put into a solution. This was important for the next stage – partition
chromatography. (de Chadarevian, 1996). By 1945, Sanger had treated the protein with FDNB,
subjecting it to acid hydrolysis and separating out the colored compounds. And he had developed a
three –stage method for identifying, quantitatively mearsuring and characterising the terminal amino
acids in insulin. His technique made it possible to estimate the length and number of peptide chains
of protein which was fundamental to determining the structure of a protein. He put the protein with
FDNB, subjected it to acid hydrolysis. Then separated out the color compounds with
chromatography. Sanger had identified two end–group amino acids of insulin: phenylalanine and
glycine. It means there are four peptide chains in insulin and two ended with the amino acids and
two ended with glycine amino acids. He was able to establish that the two chains were linked
together by cysteine, another amino

Introduction Our activity is that we are the forensic scientist to identify and unknown sample at a
crime scene. We have a mission to use the clues provided by the police report and the information
about the suspects to solve the mystery of a dead body that was found in the ditch in Ellen town.
Chromatography overview Chromatography is used to separate mixture of chemicals to figure out
what compound are present in the chemical, the chemical that are suitable to separate is by
chromatography that include inks, dyes and colouring agents in foods. The experiment is carried out
on paper where you put a spot of the chemical near the bottom of a chromatography piece of paper
and the paper is in a solvent which is usually water. When the solvent (water) soaks up the paper it
carries the chemical up with it. Different components of mixtures will move at a different rate as
other, some would move faster or slower than others which separates the mixtures from each other.
They all have a stationary phase that is a solid or a liquid supported on a solid. A mobile phase is a
liquid or a gas. The types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment is carried out on paper where you put a spot of the chemical near the bottom of a
chromatography piece of paper and the paper is in a solvent which is usually water. When the
solvent (water) soaks up the paper it carries the chemical up with it. Different components of
mixtures will move at a different rate as other, some would move faster or slower than others which
separates the mixtures from each other. Paper chromatography works because some of the colours
are better at dissolving in liquid than they are bonding with the paper so that means they will travel
further up the chromatography

Research Paper Chromatography
1. Vapor pressure
The boiling point of a compound is often related to its polarity (see also polarity chapter). The lower
the boiling point is, the higher the vapor pressure of the compound and the shorter retention time
usually is because the compound will spent more time in the gas phase. That is one of the main
reasons why low boiling solvents (i.e., diethyl ether, dichloromethane) are used as solvents to
dissolve the sample. The temperature of the column does not have to be above the boiling point
because every compound has a non–zero vapor pressure at any given temperature, even solids. That
is the reason why we can smell compounds like camphor (0.065 mmHg/25 oC), isoborneol (0.0035
mmHg/25 oC), naphthalene (0.084 mmHg/25 oC), etc. However, their vapor pressures are low
compared to liquids (i.e., water (24 mmHg/25 oC), ethyl acetate (95 mmHg/25 oC), diethyl ether
(520 mmHg/25 oC)).
2. The polarity of components versus the polarity of stationary phase on column ... Show more
As a result, polar compounds have long retention times on polar stationary phases and shorter
retention times on non–polar columns using the same temperature. Chiral stationary phases that are
based on amino acid derivatives, cyclodextrins and chiral silanes are capable of separating
enantiomers because one enantiomer interacts slightly stronger than the other one with the
stationary phase, often due to steric effects or other very specific interactions. For instance, a
modified –cyclodextrin column is used in the determination of the enantiomeric excess in the chiral
epoxidation experiment (Chem

In this lab, paper chromatography will be used to separate the components of known and unknown
mixtures and then used to identify those components. Paper chromatography is a technique where a
drop of solution containing a mixture will be placed on a piece of filter paper. One end of the filter
paper will then be placed into a liquid solvent. The mixture will separate into its different
components as the solvent moves up the filter paper. The filter paper is known as the stationary
phase. The solvent is known as the mobile phase because it uses capillary action to move up the
paper. The mixture will be separated into its different components because each component will
have a unique chemical affinity for the paper and for the solvent. Theses ... Show more content on
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The solvent front is the highest point the solvent traveled up the paper. The origin line is the line at
which the substances were placed. The Dspot is the distance from the origin line traveled by the
spot. The Dsolvent is the distance from the origin line traveled by the solvent. A retention factor
(RF) is the ratio of the distance traveled by the spot to the distance traveled by the solvent and is
characteristic for each substance. The equation for the RF value is RF = Dspot / Dsolvent. In this
particular lab, four known chemicals will be used. These chemicals are cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2),
nickel (II) chloride (NiCl2), copper (II) chloride (CuCl2), and iron (III) chloride (FeCl3). The
known mixture will contain all of these chemicals. The unknown mixture will contain two to three
of these chemicals. The mobile phase will be hydrochloric acid (HCL) and acetone.
Dimethylglyoxime (C4H8N2O2) and ammonia (NH3) will be sprayed onto the paper to react with
the nickel and iron components so that they will be visible. Caution will need to be exercised in this
lab as hydrochloric acid and ammonia can cause

Spinach Paper Chromatography
In this experiment, paper chromatography was used to determine what pigments were present in
spinach extract. From this experiment, we can see that four different types of pigments are present
in the spinach extract used, the following are those pigments: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, beta
carotene, and xanthophyll. The absorption and reflection of these pigments all revolve around the
basis of the electromagnetic spectrum. The form of electromagnetic radiation is released as light and
overall it is a type of energy that travels in waves. Going back to the spectrum itself, all the different
types of electromagnetic radiation combine to form the electromagnetic spectrum, which tells us
which colors can be absorbed and/or reflected. Each wave

Thin Layer Chromatography Essay
Exploring Thin Layer Chromatography
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is used to to identify organic compounds with common over–the–
counter medicine; and the relative strength of the intermolecular forces and how they affect the
compound's polarity within the medications tested. TLC is the physical separation of a mixture into
its individual components by distributing the components between a stationary phase, or silica gel;
and a mobile phase, or movement of sample up the TLC plate to the solvent front. The mobile phase
is considered to be non–polar, the non–polar components of the sample will travel farther up the
TLC plate than the polar components that will stay near the stationary phase. This technique is
mostly used to eluents to see the components of a compound. In this specific experiment we tested
active ingredients that included aspirin, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to our results the "best" eluent was 25% Hexanes and Ethyl Acetate. We decided it was
the best eluent because it was the only eluent that had all five samples appear to have distinct Rf
values, to identify our unknowns. In other words, the intermolecular forces of 25% Hexanes and
Ethyl Acetate easily react with all the active ingredients because it had polar characteristics.
The first column in Table 1 shows the calculated results of the Rf for the eluent Ethyl acetate. This
eluent is a is a polar compound, appropriately polar, because the C=O and C–O bonds are polar and
the bond dipole moments don't cancel each other out. Due to this eluent being polar most of the
molecules remained with the compound as it travelled up the thin layer chromatography paper. We
did not choose Ethyl acetate as the best eluent because most of the Rf , except for caffeine, were
very close together in value. This would make it harder to distinguish which active ingredient each
compound

Paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of substances into their components. There are
different types of chromatography but they are all based on the same principal. Paper
chromatography is an analytical method that is used to separate colored chemicals or substances,
especially pigments. They all have a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The moving substance is
called the mobile phase while the stationary phase stays put. The mobile phase flows through the
stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. The stationary phase is
motionless and is the actual medium that performs the separation. Ninhydren reacts with amino
acids to give colored compounds and detect the location of the amino acids. This is used because
amino acids are colorless. Different components travel at different rates. Each one undergoes
adsorption in a slightly different way and spends more or less time in either the solid or the liquid
phase. Components of the samples will separate readily according to how strongly they absorb on
the stationary phase vs. how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase. Experimental ... Show more
In this experiment chromatographic behaviors of some colorless amino acids were examined. First a
ruler was used on the filter paper to turn it into a graph so it was easier to track where each amino
acid was placed. Next, each substance was placed on the filter paper with a wet spot 3–6 mm in
diameter. When dry, the paper was formed into a cylinder and stapled together. Two staples were
used about 3 inches apart. Next 6ml of 1–butanol, 1.5 ml glacial acetic acid, and 2.5 ml of water
were mixed in a 300 ml beaker. The cylinder paper was then placed in the solvent to where it did not
touch the spots. It was covered with a watch glass and sat undisturbed for about an

Hexane And Toluene Lab Report
Jessie Nalley
24 October 2017
Sailajah Gukathasan
Fractional Distillation of Hexane and Toluene
Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to separate and purify the liquid components of a
mixture with a known composition using a technique called fractional distillation. In order to do so,
a liquid mixture is separated into three fractions in the first distillation; then, one of the fractions
produced is redistilled to increase the purity of the liquid. Since two rounds of distillation occur, the
process is termed fractional distillation. Additionally, it is crucial for students to understand the
principles of gas chromatography so the purity and percent composition of each fraction can be
determined.
Theory: The basis for this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theoretical plates represent the stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phase of a
substance, establish equilibrium with one another. Thus, since the Hickman still has a short column
and a complete separation of hexane and toluene cannot be achieved in one cycle, there are two
theoretical plates in this experiment: one from the original distillation where three fractions are
recovered, and one from the redistillation of one of the fractions to produce more pure portions. This
experiment involves the separation of a solution containing hexane and toluene.
These compounds meet the criteria mentioned above since their boiling points are approximately
40°C apart (hexane: 69°C; toluene: 111°C). During the first distillation, the liquid mixture is
separated into three fractions. These three fractions must be collected at the specific temperature
ranges shown below:
Desired Composition
Temperature Range
Mostly Hexane
60°–70°C
Equal Portions of Hexane and Toluene
75°–85°C
Mostly Toluene
85°–105°C

The phase diagram of hexane and toluene depicts the relationship between temperature and the mole
fraction of the mixture, revealing that as the mole fraction of hexane and toluene changes, the
boiling point of the mixture changes as well. It is important to note that at any given point, the mole
fraction of hexane and toluene must equal 1.0. The graph below displays the changes mentioned
above in regards to the phase diagram and the

Research Paper On Chromatography
Chromatography media selection
By Catherine Shaffer M.Sc.
Chromatography is a technique for separation of mixtures. The name combines the greek chroma, or
"color," with graphein, "to write." The technique was invented in 1900 by Mikhail Tsvet, who used
it "to write the colors" of plant pigments like chlorophyll carotenes, and xanthophylls. He did that
by dissolving the plant mixtures in a fluid, or mobile phase, and allowing it to flow through a solid
material called a stationary phase. The components of the mixture flow through the stationary phase
material at different rates, creating waves or bands. Originally, those bands were detected by visible
color differences. Detection methods are now based on the chemical and physical properties of the
molecules being separated, including but not limited to color, UV absorbance, size, charge, and
hydrophobicity.
In modern chromatographic separations, the stationary phase comes in the form of media, either
pre–packed in a chromatography column, or added by the user to the separation apparatus. The
choice of media depends on the type of molecule being separated, the means of separation, the
purpose and scale of separation, and the desired purity of the separated sample.
Generally, the material used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It separates proteins in a sample based on charge. If a negatively charged resin is used to capture
positively charged molecules, the method is referred to as cation exchange chromatography. The
opposite, in which the resin is positively charged and the target molecule is negatively charged, is
called anion exchange chromatography. An ion exchange resin is made using positively or
negatively charged functional groups on a solid matrix like cellulose, agarose, or polyacrylamide. A
protein sample is loaded onto the column in a buffer of low salt, and then flushed through the
column with a gradient of salt concentration or change in

Analysis Of A Dot Of Ink Chromatography

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