3. “Why doth solid and
serious learning
decline, and few or
none follow it now in
the university?” he
asked. “Answer:
Because of coffee-
houses, where they
spend all their time.”
- Anthony Wood, Oxford
4. Western Europe, 1500-1750
• Cultural Changes
• Protestantism and Counter-Reformation
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Economic and Social Life
• Mercantilism
• Monarchies…and Challenge to
Monarchies
7. Organization of Medieval Catholic
Church
Pope
Bishops Abbots Missionaries
(regional head) (head of monastaries) (wandering
monks)
Priests
(assigned to local churches)
13. Martin Luther, Table Talk
Let us not lose the Bible, but with diligence, in
fear and invocation of God, read and preach it.
No greater mischief can happen to a Christian
people, than to have God’s word taken from
them, or falsified, so that they no longer have it
pure and clear…
14. Martin Luther, Table Talk
Pope, cardinals, bishops, not a soul of them has read the Bible;
‘tis a book unknown to them. They are a pack of guzzling,
stuffing wretches, rich, wallowing in wealth and laziness,
resting secure in their power, and never, for a moment,
thinking of accomplishing God’s will….
The Gospel preaches nothing of the merit of works; he that
says the Gospel requires works for salvation, I say, flat and
plain, is a liar….But a true Christian says: I am justified and
saved only by faith in Christ…Prayer in popedom is mere
tongue-threshing…; not prayer but a work of obedience.
15. Martin Luther, Table Talk
…Antichrist is the pope and the Turk together….Kings and
princes coin money only out of metals, but the pope coins
money out of every thing – indulgences, ceremonies,
dispensations, pardons…He pretends great holiness…for he
has instituted orders with hoods, with shavings, fasting,
eating of fish, saying mass, and such like…[F]or his doctrine
he gets money and wealth, honor and power, and is so great a
monarch, that he can bring emperors under his girdle…
The state of celibacy is great hypocrisy and
wickedness…Christ with one sentence confutes all their
arguments: God created them male and female…Now eating,
drinking, marrying, etc., are of God’s making, therefore they
are good…
20. The Reformation: Why should we
care?
• Violent conflicts
• Further denominations
• Migration around the world
– (Catholics = missionaries; Protestants =
persecutions?)
21. What do you think of when you hear
the word: ‘SCIENCE’?
• Scientia: Latin for ‘knowledge’
• The world hasn’t always been this
way… so when did it all begin?
22. The History of Science
• Which regions of the world were traditional innovators?
– Chinese (compass, steel, paper, gunpowder)
– India (decimal system)
– Arabs (astrolabe, lateen sail)
• Rise of Europe after 1400 CE:
– Scholasticism (Aristotle + faith) from 12th century on
– Renaissance thinkers discovered Ptolemy (an astronomer),
Archimedes (a mathematician), and Plato through
Southernization
– Age of Exploration
63. “the lord make it like that of New England: for wee
must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill,
the eies of all people are uppon us;” (John Winthrop,
1630)
67. “Rulers…act as the
ministers
of God…on earth….
The royal
power is absolute.”
– Bossuet, French
orator, during the
reign
of the Sun King, Louis
XIV (17th century)
