3. Economics
• What forms of economy have we seen so far?
–Paleolithic/hunter-gathering/nomadic
–Agrarian
–Feudal
–Mercantilist
–Capitalist
• Degree of focus, labor organization (free vs.
slave), and state control depends on the
society under discussion
4. Economic Vocabulary
• Mercantilism
– Cities & markets
• Unit 2 Mediterranean
• Unit 3 Caliphates & Southernization (tariff = تعريفة)
• Unit 4 Europe and “New Europes”
• Particularly for Unit 4:
–Emphasis on trade balance: realizing a profit
• Wealth frequently measured in bullion
– Strong government role
– Behavior in colonies
5. Economic Vocabulary
• Capitalism (1600s-present)
– Focus on individual freedom:
Enlightenment beliefs in equality &
liberty in economics
– Necessitates private ownership
– Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
(1776): laissez-faire.
– Self-regulation
– Measured in growth; no limit
6. Industrial Revolution:
What do you Need to Know?
• How did IR affect people’s lives?
–Within regions (SPICE)
–Between regions (SPICE)
• Previous units: nomads vs. civilizations
[cf. Neolithic Revolution]
• After 1750 it is industrialized vs.
unindustrialized
7. Political/economic ideas that come
out of the Industrial Revolution
• Socialism reaction to capitalism
– Regulation of distribution of wealth
– Economic meritocracy is false: who creates
wealth?!
– Emphasizes the common good over
individual success.
– Varieties of socialism!
16. Major Industrialized Areas: Timeline
• Western Europe
– 1750 on
• United States
– Northern areas: early 1800s
– United States expansion: post-1850
• Russia and Japan
– Post-1860s
17. IR SOURCES
What do these sources reveal about
the Industrial Revolution?
20. Arise, ye prisoners of starvation!
Arise, ye wretched of the earth!
For justice thunders condemnation,
A better world's in birth!
No more tradition's chains shall bind us,
Arise ye slaves, no more in thrall!
The earth shall rise on new foundations,
We have been nought, we shall be all.
(Chorus)
'Tis the final conflict,
Let each stand in his place.
The international working class
Shall be the human race.
We want no condescending saviors
To rule us from a judgment hall;
We workers ask not for their favors;
Let us consult for all.
To make the thief disgorge his booty
To free the spirit from its cell,
We must ourselves decide our duty,
We must decide, and do it well.
(Chorus)
The law oppresses us and tricks us,
wage slav’ry drains the workers’ blood;
The rich are free from obligations,
The laws the poor delude.
Too long we’ve languished in subjection,
Equality has other laws;
"No rights," says she "without their duties,
No claims on equals without cause."
(Chorus)
….
The Internationale by Eugene Pottier (translated by
Charles Kerr)
30. Statue of Liberty,
1886
“Give me your tired,
your poor, your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free, the
wretched refuse of your
teeming shore. Send
these, the homeless,
tempest-tost to me, I lift
my lamp beside the
golden door!”
31. Global long-distance migration, 1840-1940
Destination Origins Amount Auxiliary Origins
Americas (65%
went to US)
Europe 55-58 million 2.5 million from
India, China,
Japan, Africa
SE Asia and
Indian Ocean
rim
India, S. China 48-52 million 5 million from
Africa, Europe,
NE Asia, Middle
East
Manchuria,
Siberia, Central
Asia, Japan
NE Asia, Russia 46-51 million
Going to be provocative here: if Neolithic Revln was a mistake, was IR as well? If founded on greed…?
The forms in green tend to be land-based; wealth is valued at what land can produce in resources
The forms in blue tend to value accumulation of profit and creation of markets: what can you buy and sell?
Throughout history you have different degrees of focus: some societies more land-based (Tokugawa Japan) while others combine land and trade (China) and others depend on trade (Netherlands)
First, let’s define some economic terms to think about what changed
Mercantilism depends on a society with cities and markets; this means it must have strong agricultural surplus.
Governments should regulate trade in order to strictly control wealth (seen as finite)
Reason for forbidding colonies from selling to any other markets
Often stressed the importance of gold and silver (bullion)
Capitalism depended on Enlightenment ideas: one has the freedom to reach their economic potential.
This necessitates that wealth and the means of producing wealth are controlled by private ownership. We should choose what we want to do with our wealth.
See Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776). The government’s role, according to Smith, was in maintaining the infrastructure for economic growth (e.g. roads, safe waters etc.); otherwise it should have a laissez-faire approach.
Capitalism depends on a competitive market and therefore self-regulates through the law of supply and demand. This does a better job of meeting our demands than the state.
We are fully into Unit 5
Consider the extent to which economics can influence other SPICE elements: the way we use resources; how it organizes our social structure; can fund cultural ideas and be a reflection of technological advances
An economic system based on state ownership of capital (i.e. there needs to be regulation of the distribution of wealth).
Many 19th-Century socialists rejected the argument that the wealthy deserve their wealth because they have created it. Instead they believed that wealth is created by the working classes and wrongfully appropriated by the rich who benefit disproportionately from their underpaid labor.
Emphasizes the common good over individual success.
Socialists differ considerably in their ideas about what sorts of political institutions and practices are required to ensure the common good.
Have students write a definition; share with partner; cold call sharing
New techniques of mass production that used innovations in mechanical technology.
List the ways in which SPICE was changed by IR
SOCIAL:
With new forms of profit (NOT JUST LAND), new economic classes are created. Urban wealth becomes more important than landed wealth: farming provides for consuming cities who do not generate resources but provide services/manufactured goods. Businessmen are important (new money). Professions like lawyers, doctors, teachers, journalists are all created: Middle class. Then there were those who were not intellectual: laboring class.
Children form laboring class – reformers make mandatory education
Women in factories – new form of independence
POLITICS:
The Industrial Revolution also caused so many social changes that motivated intellectuals to think about what the government’s role is in taking care of the vulnerable elements of society.
The political revolutions, based on Enlightenment ideals, forced intellectuals to think about how to eradicate social injustice, especially through the State, if it is run by the consent of the people.
Businesses looked for support from (democratic) governments for their global economic capacities
The governments relied on the power of the industrialists and business people to increase their own power politically, diplomatically, and militarily.
Imperialism in the search for researches
INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT:
Environmental problems: pollution
Urbanization
Worse than better health
CULTURE:
Belief in progress intensifies: faith in technology. CIVILIZATION = progress rather than tradition (cf. China)
Middle class architecture and activities: opera; impressionist paintings
ECONOMICS:
No longer land-based economy, but service and job opportunities increase
Capitalism, socialism, communism
Map of industrialized places by 1850
France from 1789 to 1830:
Influence of Roman stories and art: NEOCLASSICAL. Dramatic – humanist
Influence of Roman art but also the focus of the everyday man: result of IR and democratic ideas. Romanticism & emotional intensity
The Internationalie (video and lyrics?)
REALISM: 1850s on. Truthful vision of modern life, everyday figures and object are rendered in a realistic manner. Realism rejects the ideals of classical art, and the emotional drama, imagination of Romanticism. Realism based on direct observation of the real and existing world.
Middle-class leisure activities. Picnicing. Going to the opera. Dancing.
The circus…the average person and average moments become of interest.
(CLICK) Not too long before photography also captures grandeur and the average: first selfie? 1839 USA
London holds enormous exhibition in 1851 in an entirely glass house (amazing in itself).
Crystal Palace: what were they marveling at?
English artist Eyre Crowe, The Dinner Hour. Art critics saw it as unattractive; why pictorialize the working class? Others said it is a truthful statement…
1912 photograph of women and children at work in a vegetable cannery in Baltimore.
Sadler Report
Push scan
1801 English artist Philip James de Loutherbourg, Coalbrookdale by Night. Environmental changes – depiction of ‘dark, Satanic mills’ and nostalgia of earlier ‘green and pleasant land’
IR causes migration of people! (cf. with 1450-1750 trade networks).
Statues as symbol of shared Enlightenment heritage of US and France
Economic purposes: fleeing Europe for the land of opportunity
Imperialistic purposes: what does that mean for use of US land?
Industrialization leads to creation of ‘jobs’: colonialism, markets, and production
American industry, especially with railroads and factories
Plantations and European search for resources
Russian expansion with industrialization
Who does and does not industrialize colonialism
Environmental impact
So in 1750 you have a world that is pre-Industrial. All of the world prioritizes resources; labor organization focuses on circulating wealth for trade balance.
But by end of our unit, the world is divided between the Industrialized and unIndustrialized. In the Industrialized world you have a very consumerist society, struggling to figure out social justice. 1898 Advert for a car: increasing consumerism. Progress!...We will examine what it takes for this consumerist society to function
