Chromatography is a versatile and widely used technique in the field of analytical chemistry. It is a method used to separate and analyze complex mixtures into their individual components. The word "chromatography" is derived from the Greek words "chroma," meaning color, and "graphein," meaning to write. This technique was primarily used to separate colored compounds, but it has since evolved to encompass a wide range of applications beyond color separations.

4. Affinity: In chemical and physical chemistry,
chemical affinity is the electronic property by which
dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming
chemical compounds. Chemical affinity can also
refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to
combine by chemical reaction with atoms or
compounds of unlike composition.

15. • Biochemical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis:
• HPLC plays a significant role in the analysis of biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. It
is used for characterizing biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, by separating and quantifying different variants
and impurities. HPLC is also employed in the analysis of amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, and metabolites in biological
samples.
• Clinical Diagnostics:
• HPLC is utilized in clinical laboratories for the analysis of various analytes in patient samples, including drugs, hormones,
vitamins, and metabolites. It aids in therapeutic drug monitoring, assessing disease markers, and detecting abnormalities in
body fluids.
• Petrochemical Analysis:
• HPLC is employed in the petrochemical industry for the analysis of petroleum products, such as fuels, lubricants, and additives.
It enables the separation and quantification of different hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, and other chemical species present
in complex mixtures.
• Research and Academic Applications: HPLC is extensively used in research laboratories and academic institutions for a wide range of
applications, including natural product analysis, synthetic chemistry, metabolomics, proteomics, and environmental studies.
Application of HPCL