Precipitation presentation

Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Light I = 2.5mm/hr Moderate I = 2.8-7.6mm/hr Heavy I > 7.6 mm/hr

Snow ,[object Object],[object Object],Density of freshly fallen snow varies between 125-500mm of snow required to equal 25mm of liquid water Average density (specific gravity) = 0.1

Hail ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dew ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mist / Drizzle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Diameter range between 0.1 and 0.5 mm/hr

Glaze ,[object Object],Specific gravity may be as high as 0.8-0.9

Rime ,[object Object],Specific gravity may be as low as 0.2-0.3

Lapse rate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Altitude (m) Temperature (C)

Formation of precipitation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Necessary mechanism to form Precipitation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Lifting mechanism to cool the air ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cyclonic Precipitation (Frontal/Non frontal ) Frontal precipitation results when the leading edge( front) of a warm air mass meets a cool air mass. The warmer air mass is forced up over the cool air. As it rises the warm air cools, moisture in the air condenses, clouds and precipitation result.

Convective Precipitation Convectional precipitation results from the heating of the earth's surface that causes air to rise rapidly. As the air rises, it cools and moisture condenses into clouds and precipitation

Orographic Precipitation It results when warm moist air of the ocean is forced to rise by large mountains. As the air rises it cools, moisture in the air condenses and clouds and precipitation result on the windward side of the mountain while the leeward side receives very little. This is common in British Columbia.

Formation of cloud elements (Droplets/Ice crystals) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Growth of cloud elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Growth of droplets and ice crystals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Measurement of Precipitation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Measurement Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of rain gages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Non recording rain gauges ,[object Object]

Recording rain gauges ,[object Object]

Types of recording Rain gauges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Tipping bucket gauges ,[object Object]

2. Weighing type gauges ,[object Object]

3. Float recording gauges ,[object Object]

Errors in precipitation measurement by Rain Gauges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Measurement of snow ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Depth of snow ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Depth of snow methods ,[object Object],[object Object]

Equivalent water in snow ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Measurement of equivalent amount of water in a snow pack ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. By Heating ,[object Object]

2. By Weighing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

c. By scratching snow packs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Radar Measurements ,[object Object]

Satellite Measurements ,[object Object]

Interpretation Of Precipitation Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Estimating missing precipitation data at a station ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Arithmetic Mean Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Normal ratio method (NRM) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Checking inconsistency in a particular data record at a station ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Double Mass Curve Analysis ,[object Object]

Averaging precipitation over area ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Methods for computing Average precipitation over an area ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Theissen Polygon Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Theissen Polygon Method ,[object Object]

Isohytal Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Isohytal Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Precipitation presentation

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Precipitation presentation