This document contains definitions and explanations of various computer-related terms. It defines terms like UPC code, MICR, artificial intelligence, records in a database, robots, operating systems, e-commerce, and keys in a database. It also discusses features of operating systems and different types of buses in computers.

1. Past paper-2021
introduction to computer
subject code: comp-111
Presented by : HAIDER ALI
Visiting Lecturer
Computer science Department

2. What is the purpose of UPC code?
 the purpose of a Universal Product Code (UPC) is
to provide a standardized way of identifying a
product and its manufacturer. The UPC code
consists of a series of bars and spaces of varying
widths that are read by a scanner to identify the
product.
 UPC codes can also be used for inventory tracking,
product identification, and supply chain
management.

3. What is MICR?
 MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition. It is a technology that allows
machines to read and process checks,
deposit slips, and other financial
documents using magnetic ink.
 MICR uses a specialized font that contains
characters made up of magnetic ink, which
can be easily recognized and read by
machines.
 MICR technology is an important tool in
the financial industry that helps to
streamline the processing of financial
transactions and improve the security and
accuracy of the payment system.

4. What is artificial intelligence?
 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to
the development of computer
systems that can perform tasks
that typically require human
intelligence, such as visual
perception, speech recognition,
decision-making, and language
translation. AI systems can analyze
large amounts of data, recognize
patterns, and make predictions
based on that data.

5. What is meant by record in database?
 In a database, a record refers to a single,
complete set of data that represents a
unique item or entity. A record is typically
composed of multiple fields, each of
which contains a specific piece of
information about the item or entity
being represented.
 Records are the basic building blocks of a
database, and they are used to organize
and store data in a structured and
efficient manner.

6. What is robot?
 A robot is a programmable machine that is capable
of carrying out a range of complex tasks
automatically. Robots can be designed to perform
physical actions, such as moving objects, welding, or
assembling parts, as well as more cognitive tasks,
such as recognizing and responding to voice
commands or images.
 Robots are widely used in a variety of industries,
including manufacturing, healthcare, military and
defense, and space exploration. They are also used
for tasks that are dangerous, tedious, or difficult for
humans to perform, such as exploring the depths of
the ocean or repairing equipment in space.

7. How can you use multiple operating system
on a disk?
 Even if you only have a single hard drive, you can have multiple operating systems on that hard
drive. By partitioning the drive into several different partitions, you can have one partition for one
operating system and another partition for another operating system, splitting the drive between
them.
 Dual (or multiple) boot: In this case, we divide the computer's hard drive into multiple "partitions,"
then install different operating systems in each partition. With a dual-boot setup, the computer
must be rebooted to switch from one OS to another.

8. Difference between webpage and website?
Web Page
 A webpage is a single page that is part of a
larger website. It contains information that is
displayed in a web browser and can include
text, images, videos, forms, and other
elements. Webpages are created using HTML,
CSS, and other web technologies, and they
are designed to be viewed in a web browser.
Web site
 A website, on the other hand, is a collection of
web pages that are linked together and share
a common domain name. It includes all of the
pages, files, and resources that are part of a
particular domain. A website can consist of a
single page or thousands of pages, and it can
contain multiple types of content, including
images, videos, blogs, forums, and more.

9. Why ROM is called non-Volatile memory?
 ROM (Read-Only Memory) is called non-volatile
memory because it retains its contents even when
power is turned off or lost. This means that the data
stored in ROM is not erased or lost when the
computer or other device is shut down or restarted.
 The reason for this is that the data in ROM is stored
using a type of memory cell that is designed to be
non-volatile. Unlike volatile memory, such as RAM
(Random Access Memory), which requires a constant
supply of power to maintain its contents, the data in
ROM is stored using a more stable technology, such
as a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor.

10. Define pirated software?
 Pirated software, also known as illegal or unlicensed software, refers
to software that has been copied or distributed without authorization
from the software's owner or copyright holder. This can include
software that has been downloaded from unauthorized sources, such
as file sharing networks or torrent sites, or software that has been sold
or distributed on physical media wit
 Pirated software is often distributed for free or at a significantly
reduced cost, making it an attractive option for those who do not
want to pay for legitimate software. However, using pirated software is
illegal and can lead to serious consequences, including fines, legal
action, and damage to your computer or other devices.hout the
proper licensing or permissions.

11. How computer are useful in weather
forecasting?
 NWS super computers hold numerical modeling data for
weather forecasting models.
 Computers are extremely useful in weather forecasting because
they are able to process large amounts of data quickly and
accurately. Weather forecasting involves gathering data from a
wide variety of sources, including satellites, weather balloons,
radar, and ground-based sensors, and analyzing that data to
create a forecast.

12. Explain the concept of E-commerce?
 E-commerce, short for electronic commerce,
refers to the buying and selling of goods and
services over the internet. It involves the use of
electronic methods, such as online marketplaces,
mobile apps, and websites, to conduct
commercial transactions between businesses or
consumers.
 E-commerce has grown rapidly in recent years,
driven by the increased availability of internet
access and the widespread adoption of mobile
devices. The benefits of e-commerce include
increased convenience, accessibility, and
efficiency for both buyers and sellers.

13. Differentiate multitasking and
multiprocessing?
Multitasking
 Multitasking refers to the ability of a
computer to run multiple tasks or programs at
the same time, sharing the processing time
and system resources between them. For
example, a computer can allow a user to
browse the internet while also running a word
processing program in the background. In
multitasking, a single processor or CPU is
used to handle multiple tasks, switching
rapidly between them to give the appearance
of simultaneous execution.
multiprocessing
 Multiprocessing, on the other hand, refers to
the use of multiple processors or CPUs to
execute multiple tasks or processes
simultaneously. Each processor is assigned a
different task, and they work together to
complete them in parallel. This can
significantly increase processing power and
speed, making it possible to handle large
amounts of data and perform complex
calculations more quickly and efficiently.

14. What is the purpose of network layer?
 The network layer is a layer in the OSI (Open
Systems Interconnection) model of computer
networking that is responsible for managing
communication between different networks. Its
main function is to facilitate data transfer
between devices on different networks by
routing data packets to their intended
destinations.

15. What is the concept of 3D-sheet in Ms excel?
 The concept of 3D-sheet in Microsoft Excel refers to the ability to
work with multiple worksheets as if they were a single entity. In
Excel, a workbook can contain multiple worksheets, and by using
the 3D-sheet feature, you can consolidate data from multiple
worksheets into a single view.
 A 3-D spreadsheet is a spreadsheet that has multiple interacting
sheets and 3-D functions to carry out organization, analysis,
computation and storage of data. The data are arranged in the
form of a stack of tables of the same size and shape.

16. Write a formula to calculate the average of
cell B2 and B3 in Ms Excel?
 Average = B2+B3.
 It is easy to calculate Average : add up all the
numbers, then divide by how many numbers
there are.
 In other words it is the sum divided by the
count.

17. What are the major types of OS? Discuss
features of operating system?
 An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs. The OS is responsible for
controlling and coordinating activities and sharing resources of the computer system. It acts as an
intermediary between the computer hardware and the user applications, providing an environment
in which programs can run and interact with the hardware in a controlled and efficient manner.

18. Examples:
 Examples of common operating systems include
 Microsoft Windows,
 macOS
 Linux,
 and Android.

19. Features of operating system
 An operating system (OS) has several features that make it an essential component of a computer
system. Here are some of the key features of an operating system:
 Memory management: The OS manages computer memory by allocating memory to processes,
managing memory fragmentation, and preventing processes from accessing each other's memory.
 Device management: The OS manages input and output devices, such as keyboards, mice, printers,
and storage devices, and provides a uniform interface for applications to access these devices.

20. FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
 File management: The OS provides a file system that manages files and directories, and provides a
mechanism for applications to create, read, write, and delete files.
 Security: The OS provides security features such as user authentication, access control, and
encryption to protect the system and user data from unauthorized access.
 Networking: The OS provides networking services that allow applications to communicate with
other devices on a network, such as the Internet.

21. Features of OS:
 User interface: The OS provides a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command-line interface (CLI)
that allows users to interact with the system and launch applications.
 Multitasking: The OS allows multiple applications to run simultaneously, sharing the CPU and other
resources.

22. Types of OS:
 There are several types of operating systems, each with its own characteristics and intended use. Here are
some of the most common types of operating systems:
 Single-user, single-tasking: This type of OS is designed to allow only one user to work on one task at a
time. Examples include MS-DOS and early versions of Apple's Mac OS.
 Single-user, multi-tasking: This type of OS allows one user to work on multiple tasks at the same time.
Examples include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
 Multi-user: This type of OS allows multiple users to work on the same computer system simultaneously.
Examples include UNIX, Linux, and some versions of Windows.
 Mobile: This type of OS is designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearables,
and includes features such as touch-based interfaces, GPS navigation, and mobile-specific applications.

23. WHAT IS BUS-INTERCONNECTION? DISCUSS
TYPES OF BUSES IN DETAIL?
 A bus allows different components to communicate with each other by transmitting data and control
signals across the shared communication path.
 There are several types of buses in a computer system. Let's discuss each of them in detail:
 Address bus: An address bus is used to transmit memory addresses from the processor to other
components such as memory or input/output devices. The width of the address bus determines the
maximum amount of memory that can be addressed by the processor.
 Data bus: A data bus is used to transmit data between the processor and other components such as
memory or input/output devices. The width of the data bus determines the maximum amount of data
that can be transmitted at once.
 Control bus: A control bus is used to transmit control signals between the processor and other
components. Control signals can include signals such as read, write, and interrupt signals.

24. TYPES OF BUSES:
 PCI bus: The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus is a type of bus used to connect
peripheral devices such as network cards, sound cards, and graphics cards to the motherboard of
a computer.
 USB bus: The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a type of bus used to connect external devices such as
printers, scanners, and external hard drives to a computer.

25. WHAT IS KEY IN DATABASE? DISCUSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF KEYS IN
DATABASE:
 In a database, a key is a field or a set of fields that
uniquely identifies a record in a table
 Primary Key: A primary key is a field or set of fields
that uniquely identifies each record in a table. The
primary key must be unique and cannot contain
null values. The primary key is used to enforce data
integrity and establish relationships between
tables. A table can have only one primary key.
 Candidate Key: A candidate key is a field or set of
fields that can be used as a primary key. A table
can have multiple candidate keys, but only one can
be selected as the primary key.

26. TYPES OF KEYS:
 Alternate Key: An alternate key is a field or set of fields
that can be used as a primary key if the primary key is
unavailable or unsuitable. An alternate key is also
known as a secondary key.
 Foreign Key: A foreign key is a field or set of fields in
one table that refers to the primary key of another
table. The foreign key establishes a relationship
between two tables,