4. Bilharzial bladder carcinoma
• Bilharziasis results in younger age,
• Higher male:female ratio,
• More squamous cell carcinoma,
• Presents in advanced stage because bilh.
cystitis masks symptoms of the tumor
5. Pathogenesis
• Bilharziasis
• Smoking
• Aniline dyes
• Balkan residency
• Bladder extrophy (adenocarcinoma), all
have strong etiologic relationship to
bladder carcinoma.
6. Spread
Bladder carcinoma spreads equally by all
routes local, lymphatic and vascular.
Bladder carcinoma spreads mainly locally in
bilharzial bladder because of intense
fibrosis that limits lymph and vascular
spread.
7. Staging
T0: Intraepithelial, Tis: High
grade intraepithelial
neoplasia (CIS).
T1: Lamnia propria invasion
T2: invasion of muscle
layer:
T2a: superficial muscle
layer
T2b: deep muscle layer.
T3: invasion of perivesical
fat
T3a: microscopic
invasion
T3b: macroscopic
invasion.
T4: invasion of pelvic wall
or nearby organs.
9. Natural History
• Superficial bladder tumor: Ta&T1 and CIS,
usually recur in other site of the bladder(70%),
but rarely invades bladder wall (10%), solitary or
multiple with mobile fronds long stalk and narrow
base. CIS carcinoma in situ: high grade
intraepithelial carcinoma, appear as velvety
hyperemic areas.
• Invasive deep tumor:T2-4 cauliflower, nodular or
ulcerative with necrotic surface.
10. Gross Types
• Papillary: sea-weed appearance
• Cauliflower mass with stunt fronds, some
necrotic.
• Nodular
• Ulcerative.
15. Clinical Presentations
• Hematuria: Total painless hematuria (papillary
tumors), may be terminal, intermittent or
continuous bright red or with amorphous clots.
• Necroturia: pathognomonic symptom especially
in bilharzial bl. Ca.
• Malignant cystitis: isolated CIS may present by
severe cystitis resisting Rx
• Microhematuria
• Complications: clot retention, anuria, hydro or
pyonephrosis.
20. Diagnosis
• Urine cytology
• Cystoscopy and biopsy: tumor and
tumor bed for proper staging,
bimanual examination under
anathesia to asses the degree of
pelvic spread of the tumor
• Metastatic workup X-ray chest and
bone scan.
21. Urine cytology
Cytology is the detection of cells in fluid,
cells should be viable to take up the stain
Malignant cells have ameboid movement
due to loss of intercellular attachments
(nexi) and according can be seen in urine
frequently especially in CIS and grade 2
carcinoma
22. Voided urine cytology high grade uroth ca: nuclear
hyperchromatism and irregular nucl memb.
23. Voided urine cytology high grade uroth ca: nuclear
hyperchromatism and irregular nucl memb.
27. Transurethral Biopsy: The definitive
Diagnosis
• 1- Tumor Tissue
• 2- Tumor bed biopsy to properly stage
muscle infiltration
• 3- Bimanual examination under
anasthesia to asses clinically infiltration of
nearby organs and pelvic wall.
28. Histopathology
• 1- Transitional cell carcinoma: the commonest
type
• 2- Squamous cell carcinoma: develops on top of
squamous metaplasia due to bilharziasis
• 3- Verrucous Ca: subtype of sq. c. ca.,
hyperkerratotic low grade squamous ca., locally
malignant with no vascular spread.
• 4- Adenocarcinoma: bladder dome on top of
allantoic remnant, or bladder base on top cloacal
remnants.
29. The papilloma is composed of a delicate
fibrovascular core covered by normal urothelium
30. Low Grade urothelial
carcinoma
The low-grade
papillary urothelial
carcinoma group
includes all former
grade 1 (WHO
1973) cases and
some former grade
2 cases (if a
variation of
architectural and
cytological features
exist at high
magnification).
31. High grade Urothelial
carcinoma
High grade urothelial
carcinoma showing
atypical urothelial
cells that vary in size
and shape. The
nuclei are enlarged,
with coarsely
granular chromatin,
hyperchromasia,
abnormal nuclear
contours and
prominent nucleoli
32. High grade Urothelial
carcinoma
High grade urothelial
carcinoma showing
atypical urothelial
cells that vary in size
and shape. The
nuclei are enlarged,
with coarsely
granular chromatin,
hyperchromasia,
abnormal nuclear
contours and
prominent nucleoli
38. Treatment
Superficial Bladder Tumor
• 1- Transurethral resection (TURT):
• 2- In multiple, big,T1, and recurrent
tumors: Intravesical chemotherapy
(thiotepa, mitomycin, adriamycin) or better
immunotherapy (BCG Vaccine) is advised
to reduce tumor recurrence and avoid
tumor progression 6 weekly instillations
followed by maintenance 3 weekly inst.
every 6 months.
39. Treatment Superficial Bladder
Tumor
• 3- Followup Protocol: including US, urine
cytology, cystoscopy and biopsy
• 4- Radical cystectomy in high grade
tumors resisting treatment and rapidly
recurrent.
40. Treatment Of Invasive Tumors
• Radical cystectomy is the gold standard excision
of bladder, lower ureters, as well as prostate,
seminal vesicles in males and uterus upper
vagina and ovaries in females together with
pelvic lymph nodes.
• Radical radiotherapy: less efficient
• Bladder saving protocol using initial
chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy in
responding tumors or salvage cystectomy in
non-responding tumors.
42. Post-Cystectomy Urinary
Reconstruction
Any part of GI tract can be used: ileum,
colon or stomach.
Detubularization and refashioning in the
form of a sphere results in bigger (3 times
the volume of the tubular intestine) and
less intraluminal pressure (la Place law).
44. Orthotopic Neobladder
• Detubularized intestinal segment
fashioned in the form of sphere is
anastomosed to the urethra and both
ureters are anastomosed to the
pouch with an antireflux mechanism.
• Is the first option unless tumor
invades the proximal urethra.
47. Ileal Conduit
• Both ureters are anastomosed to 15
cm ileal segment , one end is closed
and the other end is anastomosed to
the skin.
• Urine bag is applied to the stoma
50. Continent Reservoir
• Detubularized intestinal segment is
fashioned in the form of sphere, both
ureters are anastomosed to the pouch
with antireflux mechanism.
• The pouch is anastomosed to the
umblicus with continent mechanism to
prevent urine leakage
• Patient uses plastic catheter to evacuate
the pouch every 6-8 hours
53. Ureterosigmoidostomy
• First known continent diversion, both
ureters are anastomosed to the sigmoid
colon with proper antireflux technique
• Sequelae: electrolyte imbalance
hyperchloremic hypokalemic acidosis,
ascending infection, colonic
carcinogenesis.
• New variants are introduced to avoid such
sequelae with better outcome.
56. UERETEROSIGMOIDOSTOM
Y
1- Drawbacks: electrolyte imbalance
hypokalemic hyperchloremic
acidosis, repeated UTI, colonic
cancer, inconvenient evacuation
2- Less with the new modifications
3- Not accepted in all centers
