This document discusses the history of alternative schools and educational reform movements over three waves in the 20th century. The first wave occurred in the late 19th/early 20th century and was influenced by romanticism, with a focus on more freedom and nature-based learning. The second wave emerged in the 1970s due to social changes and student protests, bringing anti-authoritarian schools. The third wave around 2000 reflected needs of a new global society and use of technology, reviving earlier reform ideas. Key alternative school models are described for each period.

1. ALTERNATIVE SCHOOLS John Bronkhorst & Jan Dekker Radboud University Edith Stein/OCT Netherlands

2. Is it possible to learn in total freedom? (Rousseau; romanticism) Nature educates. Can people only learn in a structured environment? School? (Itard & Sequin; Herbart; Montessori) Theodor Litt “Führen oder Wachsen lassen?” (1929) Ivan Illich “Deschooling Society” (1960)

4. Fundamental choices. Führen /closed Wachsen lassen; open Herbart Rousseau reform education Peter Petersen Helen Parkhurst Maria Montessori Célestin Freinet Knowledge is objective direct instruction Science: empirism Knowledge is subjective Constructivism Science: case based cultural transmission romanticism Materialism (Aristoteles) Idealism (Plato) Waldorf school(Steiner)

8. Democracy; self government; Personal experience as learning start Democratic socialism Freinet Work related to stages in life; No choices; idealism Antroposophy Steiner Choosing Tasks; individual Pragmatic liberalism Dalton (parkhurst) Education above teaching; group; community; humanism Jenaplan (petersen) Choosing M. learning materials; individual liberalism Montessori emphasis philosophy Who

9. 1920 reform education 1970 seventies anti-authoritarion education reform sudbury valley summerhill tvind etc. 2000 reform home education new age Socrates 4th century (BC) Comenius (17 th century) Froebel (19 th century) Pestalozzi (19 th century) Alternative schools….. A never ending story

10. Student protest: Middle class society Materialistic; more freedom and less adaptation ; post modern anti-autoritarian schools ; hippy movement ; eastern relgions (bagwhan, buddhism etc.);“all you need is love…” Vietnam war: better society; capitalism vs communism New socialistic and communistic experiments (china; cuba; commune; Why a new educational revolution in the seventies?

11. New schools 1970 Anti-authoritarion education (neo-romantic; psycho-analytic) Tvind (Denmark) Traveling as a model for learning; learning by comparing and doing Summerhill school/England (romanticism) Reggio Emilia Laborschule Bielefeld (progressivism) Sudbury Valley (USA) Rebecca Wild (Costa Rica) Many others……

12. New world order : collapse communism; need for new educational models, also in former Eastern countries; Criticizing schoolsystem ; freedom on paper;not enough changes in daily practice; learning has to be more authentic Learning outside school ( homeschooling ; ICT); lifelong learning; J.I.T. ; global society; role of ICT in learning Changes: school: more educational institute , learning also at home Better society : war (Africa; Irak; Afghanistan, terrorism) Schoolboards have to put themselves in front (competition) Why a third wave around 2000?

15. Three waves In the 20th century

16. K N O W L E D G E E X P E R I E N C E Norms and values General aims of the school Specific aims of the school Learning situations Children/Students What is the kernel of a good schoolconcept?

18. Learning and ICT linear, sequential hypermedia learning instruction construction absorbing materials learning to learn school lifelong one-size-for-all customized school as torture school as fun teacher as transmitter teacher as facilitator broadcast learning interactive learning

20. Canadian Dutch Exchange (1995) E-zine “ My grandpa was in your country during the war. He mentioned the town of Groesbeek. Do you know it? His friend died there, during a German attack….” Melvin, 11 year, Toronto

21. Educational future What will education look like in 2030? Same educational concept all over Europe Or all over the the world? Same kind of schools in every country? Same kind of content in every country? Teachers able to work in all countries?

22. Or still in the footprints of….. “ In the footprints of Comenius…” From Naarden to Uhersky Brod..” Preparation by using ICT making a multimedia product writing an article in a periodical, using ICT A rich learning environment; meeting Comenius, Froebel, Petersen, Luther and many more.. Sharing the heritage of famous educators Naarden, where Comenius is buried Uhersky brod, where Comenius was born

23. Assignment/task *Choose for one or more Alternative schools and write a report on it (description page 8) First wave-Second wave-Third wave *Compose a map of educational changes, including school concepts mentioned, for an European region with a short description of the changes (aims and causes) * Compose a map of educational changes, including school concepts mentioned, for your own country with a description of the changes (aims and causes) and the connection with the educational system and the teacher training education