This document discusses several health conditions:
- COPD affects over 15 million people in the US annually, causing many physician visits, emergency rooms visits, and hospitalizations.
- Cardiovascular disease is more common in men, but women have higher mortality rates from heart attacks and heart failure.
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, often worsened by triggers like smoke, pollen or exercise.
- Wildfires in the US have increased in area burned recently, killing around 500 elderly people per year on average through smoke inhalation.
Do you have an estimate of home many people are affected by COPD i.docx
1. Do you have an estimate of home many people are affected by
COPD in U.S.?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic
inflammation of the lungs that causes obstructive airflow to the
lungs. It consists of emphysema and chronic bronchitis and is
the fourth leading cause of death in the United States as at 2018
(Centre for Disease Control, 2021). COPD causes 15.4 million
physician visits, 1.5 million emergency department visits and
726,000 hospital visitations in the United States (May & C. Li,
2015).
Who is more prone to be affected by heart diseases, women, or
men?
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide.
Its incidence is lower in women than in men. It was believed
that it was a disease that affected only men. However, women
have an increased mortality rate and poorer prognosis than men
(Zujie et al 2019).
A research carried out by American Hearts Association revealed
that.
· A total of 24,737 patients had NSTEMI, and amongst them,
34.3% were women and 65.7% men.
· A total of 20,327 patients had STEMI, 26.7% were women and
73.5% were men.
· Women had an increased mortality rate than men in both
STEMI (9.4% vs 4.5%) and NSTEMI (4.7% and 2.9%) groups
(American Heart Association, 2020)
Could you describe the most common sign and symptoms of
asthma?
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airway. It is characterized by
inflammation leading to narrowing of the airways. It presents
with symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough and wheezing
(Hashmi et al., 2022). These symptoms may occur as a
combination. They come intermittently and worsen at night or
2. after exercises. They can also be caused by triggers which
varies individually, and they include smoke, cold, fumes, pet,
and even pollen. (World Health Organization, 2022).
How is smoke exposure associated with cardiac arrest?
Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack and
cardiovascular diseases. It results in the death of one in four
deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Smoking causes
inflammation of cells along the blood vessels and leads to
swelling and narrowing of the blood vessels. This can further
lead to atherosclerosis (Federal Drug Association, 2021).
Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause the blood to thicken and
form clots inside veins and arteries. Blockage from a clot can
lead to a heart attack and sudden death (Centre for Disease
Control 1848)
What are the other components that exacerbate asthma?
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by
inflammation of the bronchi, airway hyper responsiveness, and
airflow limitation. When exacerbation occurs, there is
deterioration in asthma control. Causes of this include
respiratory virus induced exacerbation by Rhinovirus infection,
and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Bacterial infections like
(Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae),
allergens (like dust, smoke, strong perfumes) and pollutants are
also factors(Singh & Busse, 2006). Exacerbations are mostly
triggered by viral respiratory infections like rhinovirus. Asthma
exacerbation are the leading cause of morbidity, increased
healthcare cost and also, progressive loss of lung function
(Castillo et al., 2017)
How many lives are affected yearly in the United States due to
wildfires?
Wildfire is an uncontrollable fire that burnt in a wild land
vegetation such as forest, or grassland. Over the past few years,
there have been an increase in wildfire activities and damages
caused in the United States. While the annual number of fire
ignition declined by 780 fires per year from 1990 to 2020, the
3. annual area burned by fire increased by 192,000 acres per year
during same time frame. Smoke from the fire can kill about 500
elderly people each year on average (Wibbenmeyer & McDarris,
2021). Human losses aside, the direct financial costs, such as
the damage to homes and other infrastructures, often dominate
the perception of the fire impacts and an increase in these is
often highlighted in the media. Data on fire disasters with
continuous annual records of economic damage (1987–2014)
give annual global values (adjusted to 2015 US$ value) ranging
from US$4.6 million to US$12 318 million (annual average
US$2677 million), showing no apparent temporal trend (Doerr
& Santín, 2016).
References
American Heart Association. (2020, November 30). Women
found to be at higher risk for heart failure and heart attack death
than men. American Heart Association. Retrieved October 19,
2022, from
https://newsroom.heart.org/news/women-found-to-be-
at-higher-risk-for-heart-failure-and-heart-attack-death-than-men
Castillo, J. R., Peters, S. P., & Busse, W. W. (2017, July 6).
Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment
- PMC. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved October 19, 2022,
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Centre for Disease Control, (2021, June 9). Basics About COPD
| CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved
October 19, 2022, from
https://www.cdc.gov/copd/basics-about.html
Centre for Disease Control. (1848, November). The Lancet,
52(1314), 508.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)75462-7
Doerr, S. H., & Santín, C. (2016). Global trends in wildfire and
its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological sciences, 371(1696), 20150345.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0345
Federal Drug Association. (2021, November 9). How Smoking
Affects Heart Health. U.S. Food And Drug Administration.
Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/health-effects-
tobacco-use/how-smoking-affects-heart-health
Hashmi, M. F., Tariq, M., & Cataletto, M. E. (2022, August 18).
Asthma - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Asthma - StatPearls -
NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430901/
May, S. M., & C. Li, J. T. (n.d.). Burden of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: Healthcare costs and beyond - PMC.
PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5554331/
Singh, A. M., & Busse, W. W. (2006, September 1). Asthma
exacerbations {middle dot} 2: Aetiology. Thorax, 61(9), 809–
816.
https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2005.045179
Wibbenmeyer, & McDarris. (2021, July 30). Wildfires in the
United States 101: Context and Consequences. Resources for
the Future. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://www.rff.org/publications/explainers/wildfires-
5. in-the-united-states-101-context-and-consequences/
World Health Organization. (2022, May 11). Asthma. Asthma.
Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/asthma
Zujie Gao, Zengsheng Chen, Anqiang Sun, Xiaoyan Deng,
Gender differences in cardiovascular disease, Medicine in Novel
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0935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100025. (
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590093519
300256)
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