Bald Eagle Research Paper

Bald Eagle Research Paper
The Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
By Shane Hurley, Block 4
Levels of Ecological Organization
Biosphere: the part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life
Ecosystem: a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment
Community: a group of organisms or populations interacting with one another in a particular
environment
Population: a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting a given area
Organism: a form of life composed of mutually interactive parts that maintain various vital
processes
Biotic vs. Abiotic
Biotic: of or relating to living organisms
Abiotic: of or characterized by the absence of life or living organisms
Factors that affect the bald eagle:
Biotic:
Fish, trees, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Logging in the taiga is leading to a decrease in the number of trees in this biome. Also, acid rain is
having a negative effect on trees in the taiga. The trees may be poisoned through the soil or have
their leaves damaged by the acidic water. On a positive note, humans are helping to solve these
problems by planting trees, fencing off forested areas, and making a conscious effort to decrease
pollution.
Natural Disturbances
Fires are a common disturbance in the taiga. While they do help to renew forests and increase
diversity, they also burn trees in which eagles reside. A second possibility is a disease, either in
animals or in trees. In the short term, diseases decrease the population but they, like fires, give more
room to increase diversity in an ecosystem.
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the slow replacement of an ecological community by another, as one
gradually overtakes another. Primary succession is when a landscape previously devoid of life starts
to grow small shrubs, and eventually trees. Secondary succession is the replacement of life with
more life. A pioneer species is the first species to begin primary succession. Climax communities are
achieved in the last stage of succession, remaining unchanged until an outside event
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Discuss the relative importance of physical and human...
There are many factors that account for the changes to the vegetation over time within ecosystems in
the British Isles, such as human activity, climate, soil, light availability and intensity and natural
disasters. The characteristics of the vegetation that are influenced by these factors are height,
distribution, variety of species, adaptations and density of the vegetation. Some of these factors have
relatively little influence on the succession development, whereas others have a dramatic influence
over a long period of time, such as human activity. These factors, over time, result in the progression
of a succession until the climatic climax vegetation is reached. However, sometimes these factors
can mean that a plagioclimax is reached, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On average, the temperate deciduous woodland should receive around 750–1500mm of rain per
year. If this number is greatly exceeded, then the soil will become saturated and the area will flood,
suffocating the plants as they do not have access to sufficient oxygen and carbon dioxide. On the
contrary, if there is not enough rainfall then the plants will also die because they do not have access
to a plentiful supply of minerals that the water contains such as nitrogen and magnesium.
One type of succession that can form an ecosystem is a lithosere. A lithosere is a plant succession
that begins life on a newly exposed rock surface, such as one left bare as a result of glacial retreat,
tectonic uplift as in the formation of a raised beach, or volcanic eruption. The lithosere succession is
initiated by pioneer plants, such as blue and green algae with colonise the sock as there are into a lot
of nutrients available and they have no root systems, so they can survive in the hostile conditions.
The succession then progresses due to the pioneer plants dissolving the rock, resulting in a release of
nutrients. This then means that mosses, lichens and liverworts are able to thrive on that ground as
the moss can absorb nutrients from rain water and they provide their own energy from
photosynthesis. These plants chemically decay the rock by releasing acids, and physically decay the
rock as a result of their root systems, leading

Discuss the Relative Importance of Physical and Human...
Discuss the relative importance of physical and human factors in accounting for changes to
vegetation over time within ecosystems in the British Isles (40 marks)
The British Isles can be found in the Northern Hemisphere where deciduous forest is the main
biome. Here physical and human factors have accounted for changes to the vegetation for many
years. Human factors can include tourism, agriculture, urbanisation, interception and deforestation.
Physical factors can be such things as natural disasters, succession and diseases.
The human factor of interception can vary between many situations. For example, humans can
intercept and alter the vegetation through predator control. By reducing the predators which feed
upon that particular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the chemicals could leak into a local water supply through surface runoff and
eutrophication could occur. This is where an algae bloom takes place resulting in the depletion of
oxygen disabling plants such as pondweed to respire and therefore die. These then decompose and
with a high build up of toxic chemicals the fish of the freshwater lake or pond then die too.
A physical factor which can alter the vegetation of an ecosystem within the British Isles can be
natural disasters. There are a range of natural disasters that take place all over the world but the ones
most common in the British Isles are forest fires, floods and earthquakes. Irrespective that the value
on the Richter scale is usually quite low a lot of vegetation can still be disrupted. Small plants can be
uprooted and even fallen debris from damaged properties can fall upon an ecosystem and damage
the already existing plants resulting in another physical factor–secondary succession– leading to
other species colonising the land and becoming the dominant species.
In addition, forest fires and floods act in a similar way. For example, in 2004 in Boscastle there was
severe flooding which resulted from a large amount of precipitation that the water basin just couldn't
hold. This led to increased surface runoff and high saturation of the soil, decreasing it stability. With
much of the

Catholic Religious Beliefs
The Catholic Church's current pope, Pope Francis once said, "A good Catholic meddles in politics,
offering the best of himself, so that those who govern can govern. But what is the best that we can
offer to those who govern? Prayer!" Catholics are approximately half of the number of Christians,
reaching more than one billion members. This number makes it one of the largest religions in the
world. In 2003, the Catholic population in the United States was 63.4 million (Roman Catholic
Church, 2017). The Catholic Church's basic beliefs influence their demographics, party affiliation,
stances on different political issues, and involvement in American politics.
I attended a service at The Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. At this service,
politics were not directly mentioned, but Father Darin Schmidt said a few interesting words. In a
message to the congregation he said, "love unconditionally, without limits." Additionally, he also
said, "peace, liberty, and justice for all." I think these quotes are helpful in understanding the
Catholic Church's ideologies. During prayer, they mentioned a few current issues including support
for the military, the Las Vegas shooting, refugees, and victims of natural disasters. Besides these few
observations, the cathedral did express any straightforward political statements.
One of the best ways to understand a religion's political views is to understand their basic beliefs
and what they feel to be good and moral. The

Does Gilbert's Essay: Do Organisms Have A Common Ancestor?
The highly controversial topic about whether organisms share common descent if they have a
common ancestor or they arise independently still remains to this day. Both Scott Gilbert and
Charles Darwin write pieces in effort to express the idea that organisms share a common ancestor.
However, both do so in a unique way. Gilbert tries to express his proposition by writing a parable
about a native from South America being brought to England to learn a new religion and spread it to
his homeland. In doing so, Gilbert bases his parable off of the question of if the three churches all
arose independently or if they each share a common ancestor. Darwin, on the other hand, uses
language to express how it has evolved and branched away from a common ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In Darwin's article, he states, "We find in distinct languages striking homologies due to community
of descent..." Homologies are similarities due to common ancestry. An example of this in language
is comparing French syntax to English syntax. They share the same subject–verb–direct object
sentences. Another example is cognates. The two languages, in essence, are different because they
are derived from two different cultures, however they share similarities which make them appear to
be common ancestors. Much like a moth and a bat, both have wings that are similar structures and
function alike. Therefore, it is believed that they originated from a common ancestor. Homologies
can occur in different areas as well, such as religion. Stated previously, it is believed that the
Anglican Church, the American Episcopal Church, and the Roman Catholic Church all share a
common ancestor. Despite the differences, "The rites, liturgy, and even the language of the Anglican
Church is almost identical to that of the American Episcopal Church with only slight differences.
Thus, there are numerous homologies that would not be expected if the two religions had two
separate sets of founders." Even though these specific churches were built in different locations,
there is too many similarities for it to be believed that they did not all branch off of and form from a
common

The Causes And Abuse Of The Catholic Church
Catholic religion is one of the oldest religions, highly practiced in the United States. It is a religion
with a set of beliefs such as practicing celibacy among the priests and nuns. Each and every state in
America has several parishes and a bishop that oversees the operations of the churches in those said
regions. For instance, in the State of Phoenix, there is a bishop with several priests in every parish
handling the operations of the churches. The Catholics follow a set of beliefs and traditions that
mirror the morality in the society. However, these beliefs are being eroded by the some of the
followers in various parts of the world. In fact, the Catholic Church has become a subject of serious
allegations of child sexual abuse at the hands of the clergy. Several cases have occurred globally
even the most high profile cases occurring in Europe and America. Majority of the people ha come
forward and reported the incidents of clerical sexual misconducts. They have done so under
investigative reporting talking about years of abuse on the part of the priests together with cover–
ups and patterns of secrecy by church officials that aided in allowing these accused priests in
continuing to their ministries in the various parishes and this involved interaction with mirrors.
Canonical, civil, and criminal sanctions have been directed to several bishops, priests, and even
dioceses. However, there are those that have managed to escape the hands of justice and continue to
engage in

Mount Saint Helens and Ecological Succession
Throughout history, great importance has been placed on the existence of God. Every civilization
through time has sought some sort of reassurance that their is a higher being the watches over
humanity. The evidence of this belief can be seen in the tombs of the Egyptians, in the sculptures of
the Greeks and in the customs of the African tribes, among many other cultures. It seems that the
existence of a deity is something that every culture comes to accept at some time or another. In
"Would Tarzan Believe in God?", the authors say that, "...many cognitive scientists see the
universality and pervasiveness of religious belief as suggesting that it is a natural feature of evolved
human psychology." (Banjeree, pg. 1) There are none who would ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In his argument, Craig says he will not treat the New Testament as an inspired text, but as a
historical Greek text to prove the point from an outside view. (Craig pg. 22) Now, Jesus was an
important historical figure who had a huge influence on the world, even to this day, therefore it
makes sense that He should be brought into the discussion regarding the existence of God. Craig
establishes that of what we know of Jesus, he was crucified and died, buried and then came back to
life and appeared to his followers. Since God raising him from the dead is the best explanation of
these facts, God must therefore exist. (Craig pg. 25) The fifth and final argument of Craig's is that
God can be immediately known and experience, which he states is not so much a proof as it is an
escape from proof. (Craig Pg. 26) For those willing to cast aside the arguments, God can be known
outside of them according to Craig. For those who have religious experiences, they claim to know
God and have experienced him and this is what is known as "properly basic beliefs." These beliefs
cannot be proven, yet they remain solid beliefs because they are similar to other basic beliefs that
could never be proven. For example, how can we prove that we are not simply a brain floating in
chemicals being stimulated by electrodes? (Craig pg. 26) We can't, yet we believe that we are not
and this is what a basic belief is. There is reassurance in

Advantages of Grazing Cattle on Public Lands
Grazing cattle on public lands can have many advantages. Monetary gain is a large reason why lands
are utilized (Council for Agricultural Science, Livestock Grazing on Federal Land). However
grazing may be used as a tool for managing rangelands. Grazing could have possibly been the first
form of rangeland management other than fire (Frost, Prescription Grazing). With this method,
weeds and other undesirable vegetation were targeted to reduce numbers. However, if prescribed
incorrectly it could lead to poor conditions for other organisms living in that environment (Frost,
Prescription Grazing). Recently there has been a push toward research for the protection of the sage
grouse. In this paper we will explore the effects of rangeland grazing and rangeland treatments on
the sage grouse and its habitat.
The sage grouse, as the name may imply, has a large reliance on the sagebrush. Sage grouse need
large areas of sagebrush for cover, feed, and nesting (Patterson, Sage in Wyoming). A study in 1998
on sage grouse nests found higher concentrations of successful sage grouse nests that were located
in undisturbed sagebrush sample areas that had thick brush cover and taller canopies (Sveum,
Nesting Habitat Selection). In the summer, sage grouse require a variety of components to survive.
The bird uses the sagebrush for cover though they also need open area with grasses and forbs for
insect feed for their offspring and for mating (Dunn, Adult Female and Juvenile).
Over the years,

An Investigation Of A Relationship Between Species...
Field Report
Ecology and Evolution
775317
An Investigation of a
Succession Relationship between Species Diversity & Vegetation Area
By
Chutchanok Parinyapon
1257476
20th October 2014
Abstract
A field trip to Rangitoto Island was conducted to investigate a relationship between species diversity
and area of vegetation patch. The study site was chosen to study the Primary Succession of plant
species as it has volcanic condition. Successional sequence for plant species on Rangitoto Island
was constructed, and the results show a positive directly proportional/linear relationship between the
two variables.
Introduction
Rangitoto Island is Auckland's largest, most recent, and most distinctive, 2311 hectares Volcanic
Island, located in the Hauraki Gulf of Auckland. Rangitoto Island is approximately 5.5 km wide
with its unique shield volcano cone rising 259 m above sea level, a widely noticeable landmark of
Auckland. The Island was formed approximately 600 years ago by a series of eruptions. As a result
from the eruptions, most areas of the island, especially the Lava Field, are covered in black Lava
basalt and Scoria. It is fascinating that over 200 species of native trees and flowering plants have
successfully colonized themselves in such harsh, rocky terrain (Ottaway, 2004; Wilcox, 2007).
Rangitoto Island is a wonderful example of a Primary Ecological Succession, where plant life began
in a new habitat, uninfluenced by pre–existed ecosystem. Primary

The Human Impact On Natural Resources And An Ecosystem
Introduction
1. Create a food web to analyze the importance of each organism within the web.
2. Describe the human impact on natural resources and an ecosystem.
3. Interpret ecological pyramids from data.
4. Explain the effect of limiting factors on population growth.
5. Describe the pattern of succession that follows an environmental disturbance.
6. Define and describe the interactions between species and their affect on the stability of an
ecosystem.
7. Evaluate the effect of non–native/invasive species on the stability of an ecosystem.
8. Explain the biogeochemical cycles and their role in ecosystems.
3.4: Describe how matter cycles through an ecosystem by way of food chains and food webs and
how organisms convert that matter into a variety of organic molecules to be used in part in their own
cellular structures.
3.5: Describe how energy from the sun flows through an ecosystem by way of food chains and food
webs and how only a small portion of that energy is used by individual organisms while the majority
is lost as heat.
4.1: Explain that the amount of life environments can support is limited by the available energy,
water, oxygen and minerals and by the ability of ecosystems to recycle the remains of dead
organisms.
4.2: Describe how human activities and natural phenomena can change the flow and of matter and
energy in an ecosystem and how those changes impact other species.
4.3: Describe the consequences of introducing non–native species into an ecosystem and

Forest Succession
Each type of tree has a different set of specific requirements for growth, and not every type of tree
can grow at any point of time or place. However, as time passes, the conditions of that location
might change, allowing for a different tree species to grow. This change in conditions is known as
forest succession. Forest succession is generally triggered by a disturbance, which is defined in this
case as an event that causes mortality. Forest succession is a natural process, and a lot of the time the
disturbance is also. In the past, natural disturbances including lightning strikes and resulting fires,
winds, tornadoes, disease and insects, ice, and storms. However, as settlers began moving westward
through untouched areas, they started ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are generally broken down into two groups: the early successional species and the late
successional species. The early successional trees generally grow fast and have high reproduction
rates, but don't live long and are shade intolerant. This group includes the birch family, black
cherries, and white pines. As time passes, the forest closes in, and trees begin to die. As the early
successional generation of trees die, the late successional group starts to grow and take over. This
group has a slow growth rate and long lifespan and includes the American beech, the oaks, and the
hemlock. Because of this succession, we develop two different types of forests, young growth and
old growth forests. Young growth forests consist of many of the early–successional trees and have
more trees overall, yet still tend to have less basal area, or the area taken up by the bases of the trees.
Old growth forests, on the other hand, are formed almost completely by late–successional trees with
the bases of the trees spaced further apart yet with more basal area. Here in this laboratory
experiment, we investigated the differences between an old growth (late–successional) forest and a
young (early–successional) forest. We measured the basal area of systematically selected trees,

Essay The Horror of Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic...
The Horror of Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church.
Early Sunday morning, people shuffle in through the mahogany doors as the smell of Frankincense
and Myrrh tickle the nose. Rays of sunlight beam through the stained glass windows, making
rainbow images on the red velvet carpet. What sounds like the voices of angels singing praise to the
lord harmoniously circulates in the air. A mighty voice roars from the altar, "Now, let us bow our
heads in prayer." This is a majestic place where one can find peace, confess sins and thank the lord
for all of the blessings he has bestowed upon them.
In May of 1992, all of this would change, as Catholicism would be thrust to its knees. A story
concerning a Catholic Priest sparked the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lawyers for the victims have obtained a 69–page document outlining sexual abuse protocol. This
document written in 1962, possessing the seal of Pope John XXIII, blatantly states the church
should be protected at any cost and those who choose to ignore the secret of the Holy Office are in
jeopardy of excommunication. There are also questions concerning poor judgment applied at the
Diocese level:
During a deposition, Bishop Thomas L. Dupre stated that he reassigned Rev. Richard Meehan to
administrative duties following his removal from a local parish after abusing a child. He not only
had access to sexual abuse files but also destroyed confidential files pertaining to sexual abuse cases
that were kept in a secured area. Furthermore, Rev. James J. Scahill insists that he was present in a
meeting where Bishop Dupre stated "his parish was not only safe but also fortunate because the late
Bishop Christopher J. Weldon had destroyed many files implicating priests of child sexual abuse,
before he died in 1982" ("Spotlight Investigation").
After the unsealing of church records, it was found that the Catholic Church was well aware of the
dark history surrounding some of its priests. In addition, a vast number of child sexual abuse
complaints were found, implicating several hundred Catholic priests.

Ethics And Sustainability Of The Skidmore College Honor Code
HONOR CODE: I have not witnessed any wrong doing nor have I personally violated any condition
of the Skidmore College Honor Code while taking this examination.
I attended a meeting last week with other faculty members. One of them let fly her/his opinion that
"sustainability does not exist" or is, at best, a "bankrupt" notion that is basically a form of
"greenwashing" and that sustainable development was a "joke." Hmmm . . . . Please comment on
that assertion. In the process, discuss the "big idea" of sustainable development, and more generally
the concept of sustainability as applied to individual businesses. For that matter, what is a
"sustainable enterprise?" Can being "sustainable" be good for business? Sustainability has achieved
a more ecological tone in the past few decades in terms of a business model, but it originally derives
from the concept that a business is successful due to the interconnected areas of economics, culture
and ecology. Sustainability is now becoming a somewhat fad and thus it is understandable that it
could be misconstrued by some as a form of "greenwashing". Greenwashing is the idea that a
company markets their "green" or environmentally friendly changes in policy and values, despite no
actual concrete changes in these areas, for example some argue that Fiji Water greenwasher in terms
of their marketing as an environmentally friendly water company despite their little effort to actually
go carbon–neutral. Many companies are seeing the

The Boston Catholic Church 's Power
The word power is a term that has various different meanings philosophically, socially, religiously,
etc., which is why it is crucial to define it before discussing the Boston Catholic Church's power.
Power is defined in various ways, but the definition that is utilized in this essay is when "an
individual or institution [has] the ability to achieve something, whether by right or by control or
influence. [It] is the ability to mobilize economic, social, or political forces in order to achieve a
result." It is also important to understand power in the terms of effect and affect. Some may argue
that in order for something to have power, the institution or person must have the ability to both
effect and affect, affect meaning to have an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Boston Catholic Church's dangerous employment of power prevented justice and instead
allowed for the growth in number of churches and children that were exposed to the sexually
abusive priests through the concealment of the abuse.
The menacing power that the Boston Catholic Church practiced pre–2002 period while the sexual
abuse took place traces back to its long history. Its history reveals that the church did not always
possess a lot of power or acquire a lot of prominence, but as the make up of the population changed
through immigration, so did the church's influence, power, and prominence within the Boston
society. The Massachusetts Bay colony during the mid 1700s was a largely Puritan based
community where Roman Catholics did not have much influence socially or politically. Roman
Catholics were not allowed to hold any positions within the Massachusetts public office, placing
limitations on their ability to grow in power. However, as Irish people began to immigrate to the US
and inhabit the Massachusetts area, "the number of Irish Catholics in Boston had risen to some two
thousand by 1820, to more than five thousand by 1825, and to just past the seven thousand mark by
1830." The Catholic population slowly began to compete against the Protestant population for power
in Boston. By the mid 1850s, Catholics began to exercise political

Change During Succession
Forest succession is the natural replacement process of plants. During the successional process, the
structure and species composition of the vegetation change progressively until a sort of equilibrium
is reached. There are two types of succession; primary succession and secondary succession.
Primary succession occurs in an environment of a new and skeletal habitat usually lacking in soil
and vegetation. Secondary succession is initiated by a major environmental disturbance, such as fire,
floods and silvicultural management (Kershaw, 1973; Martin & Gower, 1996; Grime, 2001).
Compositional and Structural Change during Succession
Successional patterns of forests including the complexity, duration and process, vary widely from
one forest type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As succession proceeds, the accumulation rate becomes gradually slower, and eventually, it reaches
a stable level. That is, the new organic matter input through photosynthesis and the output thorough
respiration are in equilibrium (Perry et al., 2008). Bormann and Likens (1979) divide this process
into four phases: Reorganization phase; Aggradation phase; Transition phase; Steady phase.
Reorganization phase is just after disturbance, there is a quick reduction in total biomass.
Aggradation phase is a period of an increase in leaf area and biomass. It often corresponds to the
economic rotation of even–aged forest crops. In Transition phase, there is a little decline in the
biomass, and it reaches a constant level in the following Steady

Assignment 2
Assignment 2 – Gorgeous George blows fans away
Royals or readable?
Introduction
Photojournalism is used to represent a news story through a singular/series of images. The images
are selected to depict both content and tone, acting as an anchor to the event/story. An anchor is used
to provide stability or confidence in an otherwise uncertain situation, it narrows down the obtainable
readings that can be made on an image. On the 8th of April 2014 the Dominon post printed and
dispatched this front page article of the royal family on their arrival to Wellington NZ; 'Gorgeous
George blows fans away'. Monarchy; A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is
actually or nominally embodied one or several individuals reigning until death or abdication. 'They
are called monarchs. As a constitutional monarch, The Queen of New Zealand acts entirely on the
advice of New Zealand Government Ministers. She is fully briefed by means of communications
from her Ministers, and has audiences with them where possible.' (The offical website of the British
Monarchy)
This essay aims so discuss the ways in which the article image offers an interpretation of the event
and how New Zealanders as a cultural identity are affected by the Monarchy.
The purpose of visiting New Zealand for a royal tour is to generate interest in the royal family and
in affect allows the crown to remain part of New Zealand identity. For the average tax paying citizen
it is very easy to forget that New

The Importance Of Caritas As A Catholic Social Organisation
Part A:
In New Zealand has a lot of Catholic social organisation. In this assessment I choose Caritas as a
Catholic social organisation.
Caritas Internationalis is a catholic organisation and social service. Their mission is to work to build
a better world, especially for the poor and oppressed. Caritas has social service organisations in over
200 countries. And I will identify Caritas in Thailand because Thailand is my homeland and
Thailand has a lot of poor people. Many people in Thailand need the helping from organisation and I
think Caritas Thailand is a great organisation to service people. Caritas Thailand is not only help or
service people, they teach about the Catholic teaching to the people too. Also people will get the
Catholic social teaching from Caritas Thailand and this Catholic social teaching is important for
live.
Caritas Thailand is set up in March 1968, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Thailand (CBCT) had
established commission for relief and development. At home or abroad, Caritas Thailand is able to
deploy immediate and effective humanitarian relief to people in needs. It has recently work in close
partnership with the global Caritas network to provide humanitarian aid to thousands of Syrian
refugee, providing foods and medical cares.
Caritas Thailand's manager include providing cares and supports to the elderly and the disabled,
developing sustainable agriculture projects and exploring methods to prevent child trafficking and
exploitation.
Caritas

Ecology Lab 1 Essay
Observing Plant Successional Changes in Old–Field Succession in
Gatineau Park in Old Chelsea
By Ghummaz Bhatti
4909040
Bio 2129 Section A2
Demonstrators:
Paul Sokoloff
Laura Robson
November 11, 2009
Department of Biology
University of Ottawa
Abstract
Patterns of plant successional change in Gatineau Park, Old Chelsea, were studied quantitatively.
The relations between different successional stages of plant communities and abiotic factors were
descried. To test these, we went to the fields, and worked on two transect in groups of 4. We counted
the trees and measured the diameter at breast height (dbh) for tree with a dbh value greater than
2cm. The dbh measurements (cm), percentage of fern cover and percentage of ... Show more content
Materials & Method
Refer to "Bio 2129 Ecology Lab Manual", "Lab # 3 – Human modification of temperate forests:
Disturbance and succession", pages 4–6.
Modification: Where it says to leave the string at the transect (bottom of page 5), was modified since
we were given the measuring equipment before the lab began.
Results
Figure 1 (a) shows that at site 3a (transect 2), sugar maple is the most abundant tree species among
tree species with dbh ≥ 2cm. (b) shows glossy buckthorn is the most abundant tree species among
tree species with dbh ≤ 2cm.
Table 1 show no statistical significance to the t–stat, therefore no significant variation exists among

the quadrats 1+2 and 2+3 for the mean dbh (cm) of sugar maple. So we fail to reject the null
hypothesis. On the other hand, quadrat 1+ 3 shows variation according to the t stat, therefore the null
hypothesis for that quadrat is rejected.
Figure 2 shows that among tree species with dbh ≥ 2cm, sugar maple, iron wood, red pine are the
most abundant tree species at both sites 1 (transect 2), and site 1 (transect 2).
Figure 3 shows that among tree species with dbh ≤ 2cm, sugar maple, glossy buckthorn and red ash
are the most abundant tree species at site 3a (transect 2). Sugar maple, iron wood, and white ash are
the most abundant tree species at

Influence of Roman Catholic Church in Frank McCourt?s...
Influence of Roman Catholic Church in Frank McCourt's Life
In the coming–of–age autobiographical novel Angela's Ashes, Frank McCourt reveals that the
Roman Catholic Church plays an extremely central role in his young life. The religious atmosphere
in which he is raised acts as a huge part in his point of view, and even his name is reflective of his
family's beliefs. "Not until late December did they take Male to St. Paul's Church to be baptized and
named after Francis...the lovely saint of Assisi (17)." Since this time, the Church has been both his
salvation and his condemnation, and it's not until he is sixteen that he comes to realize its true
meaning to his existence.
Whenever ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When his father takes him to be an altar boy, he is turned away due to the poverty of his family. This
is disturbing to young Frank, and begins thoughts of discontent in his mind. Also, when he goes to
look into enrolling in secondary school with his mother at his side, the Christian Brother there slams
the door in his face due to his street appearance. Regardless of his high intelligence, he is denied a
higher education by the Church based on his economic status. The night before his 16th birthday
Frank drinks his first pint and strikes his mother; on attempting to confess to a Jesuit priest, the door
is again closed to him: "He says, Go away. You're drunk. Child like you drunk as a lord ringing for a
priest at this hour. Go away or I'll call the guards.... You're drunk and you're not in a proper spirit of
repentance (340)." Frank is panicked about the condition of his eternal soul but is forced to remain
in a state of sin because of the lack of compassion by this priest. The transformation is complete:
Frank is no longer the innocent little child who runs to the Church to unburden his soul, but instead
he is a cynical adolescent who has lost his faith in God.
Although it is a series of bad experiences with priests that turns him away from his religion, it is
another priest who helps him to reassure his faith. As Frank reaches an all–time spiritual low, he
goes to pray to

The Baroque Style Of The 19th Century
Social: In 17th century large numbers of artists traveled to Rome to develop themselves, to work and
study and Nicolas Poussin born in French spend significant time I Rome as well. Rome attracted the
young artists not only with the many regulations that being extended by the Church but with the
opportunity to learn from the past masters I art. Most of the 17th century was dominated by the
baroque style, whose expressive power was well appropriate to the needs of the Counter–
Reformation Church for affecting images. The baroque style develop around 1600 in Rome before
spreading across Europe. It was encouraged and influenced and by the Catholic Church, which used
it to propaganda religious themes, war images, and aristocrats who appreciated the high spirits. The
art of the time focused on showing natural images, intense emotions exaggerated through the play of
light and shadow. Baroque style had a purpose to glorifying the church and monarchy by dramatic
images and scenes (Seventeenth Century Art, par. 1)
Economic: In 17th century new concepts in banking were in play allowing for an increase in the
monetary supply. Advances in agriculture meant more grain, so even the poorest had at the very
least bread. Because of developing the trade system the Italian States were very rich, it was an age
of expansion in commerce and industry. Baroque style developed in that era had the purpose to
show the power and the greatness of the Church and Monarchs standing behind it. Baroque

American Religion Project : The United States
Heather Malsom 133822689 RELIG 210 Sec B Professor Chase 23 April 2015 American Religion
Project The United States has a history of being tremendously diverse in religions and cultures from
all over the world. Although our nation is immensely diverse, one in four Americans are Roman
Catholic today (Chase, 1–23–15). With such a large population, Roman Catholics have had multiple
changes and barriers to their religious faith. Many Catholics can trace back to the point in time when
their ancestors arrived in the United States and what specific events altered their religious
experiences. Although most immigrants arrived to the United States during the 19th century,
Catholic immigration occurred many years before the European movement My mother and father
both grew up in the Roman Catholic faith with their ancestors migrating to the United States in the
1850s. Although their families came to the US at the same time, they had some different social and
political experiences growing up. Roman Catholicism was seen by many as an alien religion that
was controlled by foreign rulers and rejected American values for more than 150 years (Queen,
Prothero, and Shattuck, 851). Roman Catholics began to enter into America around 1634 in
Maryland (Melton, 164). At this time they were under the control of Vicar Apostolic of London, but
the American Revolution made this agreement invalid (Melton, 164). The Superior of the Catholic
Missions, John Carroll, wrote to Rome stating the negative

Essay on The Anglican Communion Church
Anglicanism is a denomination within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches
which are historically tied to it or have similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures.
Anglicans base their faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic the concept of apostolic
succession, and writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western
Christianity, having fully declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan
Religious Settlement. (Sentamu, 2012) The Anglican Church of Southern Africa is the province of
the Anglican Communion in the southern part of Africa. This diocese is made up of both "low" and
"high" churches. The former referring to parishes that do not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In modern times, the emergence of Anglo–Catholic traditions have widely been attributed to the
general emphasis of formal worship and resistance to "modernisation". Father Dane Elsworth, an
Anglican priest in Durban, stated in an interview that the Anglican church has largely been effected
by "liberal minded people", which he asserts has lead to many losses in terms of liturgical practice.
The modern day Anglo–Catholic movement can be traced back to the Oxford Movement of the
Victorian era. One of the main objectives of the Oxford Movement was the assertion that the Church
of England was a "divinely–founded" institution, which adheres to the Apostolic Succession and of
the Book of Common Prayer acting as its "rule of faith". The prime idea was that Anglicanism was
not at all a Protestant denomination, but rather an off–shoot of the Catholic Church, together with
the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches. It was argued by the

The Effects Of Fire On Different Types Of Vegetation
Introduction
Throughout the history of the world, fire has been a common phenomenon. It has been a constant
companion of humans ever since it was discovered by our ancestors. Wildfires can cause serious
damage, both to property and human life, but can also have various beneficial effects on wilderness
areas. Some plant ecosystems depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction, while large
wildfire can possibly have negative ecological effects. The irony is that fire can both be beneficial to
our survival and it can be a destructive force in its nature, which can threaten our very existence as
living organisms.
In South Africa, people have burnt and cleared vegetation resulting in the disturbance of the natural
succession of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The type of vegetation that is burned will classify the type of wildfire. Bush Fire, Brush Fire, Forest
Fire, Veld Fire, Desert Fire, Grass Fire, Hill Fire, Peat Fire and Vegetation Fire, are the main
different types of wildfires.
A wildfire differs in comparison to other fires by its extensive size, the rate at which it can spread
from its original source, its potential to redirect its direction unexpectedly, and its ability to jump
across roads, rivers and firebreaks. Wildfires are characterised by their physical properties such as
speed of "propagation", the cause of ignition, the material that is combustible, and the effect of
weather on that specific fire.
Causes of Wildfires
Wildfires are not entirely natural features, hence, are 'quasi–natural' hazards. This means that they
are also caused by humans. The four most significant natural causes of wildfire ignitions are
lighting, volcanic eruption, sparks from rock falls and spontaneous combustions (A type of
combustion that occurs by self–heating, followed by thermal runaway and finally, ignition occurs).
The most frequent human sources of wildfires are arson, thrown away cigarettes, sparks from
working equipment and power line arcs.
Fuel types for Wildfire
Wildfires spread based on the flammable material that is present, and its vertical arrangement. An
example of this would be, fuels uphill from a fire are more easily

Provide An Example Of Three Scales At Which Ecology Can Be...
What is ecology? Provide an example of 3 scales at which ecology can be applied? Name one field
of study which is associated with ecology?
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions that determine distribution and abundance of
organisms. Ecology can be studied at various levels, three examples of these levels are; Individual
level, Population, and Community. Behavioural ecology is one of many areas which is connected to
ecological study.
1. Week 1, Lecture: Measuring species distributions.
When determining the distribution of eg Pine trees on a large island. What sampling method does
needs to be used, ensuring the scientific method is adhered to. (Assuming that a count of every
individual cannot be sampled and it is a homogenous substrate.)
To adhere to the scientific method there would need to ensure that there isn't any sampling bias. The
simplest method is random sampling. The quadrats would need to be mapped out and cover the
entire island points which are generate that fall outside of the target area can be ignored. The
quadrats wold need to be of a size relative to the size of the entire island as it could affect the
distribution results (random, uniform and clumped/aggregated). Once the data is collected various
statistical analysis can be performed then inferences about its distribution can be made.
2. Week 2, Lecture: Distribution, dispersal, and abundance.
Who are the three Men who influenced the way people understand the ecological niche. Compare
and contrast their views.
Ecological niche is defined simply as the role and position a species ha in its own environment and
how it meets its needs for resources, how it survives and reproduces. It includes all interactions both
biotic and abiotic factors of its environment. The three men are: Joseph Grinnell:his concept is the
dea tha thre niche of a species is determined by the habitat and its behaviours. (1924), Charles Elton:
classifies his niche according to foraging habits, an animals niche means its place in te biotic
environment, its relation to food and competition. (1927) and G. Evelyn Hutchinson: N–
dimensional, modern view on the niche concept. (1957). Grinnell's niche refers to the habitat of an
organism, taking potential or

Catechism In The Chick Tract
This Chick Tract also touches on the idea of an all loving God which goes hand in hand with the
idea of God giving His only begotten Son so that everyone else will be allowed eternal life (John
3:16 ). The fundamentalists try to state in this Chick Tract that God does not love Roman Catholics
because God views them as a false religion. The fundamentalists believe that the Catholic Church is
just trying to persuade people to join their faith and that it actually goes against the word of God.
According to the Catechism of the Catholic Faith, Catholics believe in an all loving God due to the
fact that He always provides for His people, forgives sins, and most importantly offers His followers
an eternity of everlasting love with Him in heaven if they choose to do so (Cline, Austin, Is God
Omnibenevolent). God has proven that He loves all of His followers and children not only through
the giving of His Son, but also throughout other parts of the Bible. Deuteronomy 7:9 shows a great
example of this love "Remember that the Lord your God is the only God and that he is faithful. He
will keep his covenant and show his constant love to a thousand generations of those who love him
and obey his commands". God is telling his followers that if they remain faithful to Him, He will in
return remain faithful to them, and will always guide them and keep them safe. This God does not
seem to be a God of hate who could merely banish someone to spend the rest of eternity burning in
hell for not

Ecological Succession At Umass Dartmouth
Ecological Succession At Umass Dartmouth Lab # 7
Name: Dominic Siaw Biology 132 Instructor: Marian Wahl Date Performed: 4/27/15 Date
Submitted:4/13/15
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to observe secondary succession at Umass Dartmouth and test the
prediction that diversity increases through ecological succession. Students went outside to the lawn
underneath the wind mill on campus. 3 transect sites were located by the instructor. Students
predicted the species and percent cover of each species on each trail site. Bar charts were made to
compare the number of species in each transect. Pi–charts were made to compare the percent
coverage of species in each transect. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the p–values are greater than 0.05, therefore there is a statistical difference between each
transect.
Discussion
This experiment was a success. The experimental procedure from the lab manual was followed. The
right materials needed for this experiment was also used. Each group recorded the data of the name
of species and percent cover for species in the three transects. After, the class data was assembled,
pie–charts and bar graph were drawn from the data using excel.
The bar chart was used to compare the number of species in each transect. In transect A, there were
5 different species. The species in this area were mostly grass, forbs, moss, bugs and beetles. Bugs
and beetles made up a small population of this transect. In transect B, there were also 5 species. The
species were mostly grass, shrubs, forbs, moss and bugs. In this transect, shrubs were found which
makes transect B more diversed than A. In Transect C, 8 species were located in this area. The
species included shrubs, grass, fobs, evergreen, trees, dirt, bugs and spiders. New species such as
evergreen, trees, dirt and spiders were located in this location. Therefore the test that diversity
happens through ecological succession was

Analysis Of The Paschal Mystery And Saint Angela Merici
Around the world, the Catholic faith is celebrated daily in similar and different ways. The Catholic
Church throughout the world shares the same liturgy and arrangement but each Church interprets the
Gospel differently. Whether it be the music, art located the church, symbols, or the delivery of the
message, all services provide a different feeling. The Paschal Mystery is always remembered and
portrayed during mass. My home Parish, Saint Angela Merici has a tall building with a very plain
look to it but our priests are very skilled and tend to never disappoint. Servite's service was long and
overextended due to the Friars being representative to the Servite order. The two celebrations run
similarly but also have contrasts because of diversities within the church and its attendants. At Saint
Angela Merici (SAM), there are 4 columns of wooden pews and a main altar constructed from
granite. Above the altar is a floating crucifix with Christ on the cross. Along the walls of the church
are art pieces depicting the stations of the cross. In contrast, Servite's mass is held in a theater with
multiple rows of individual seats. The altar appears to be a folding table with a cloth covering the
legs. SAM has a very plain interior design, with two statues. One statue is of Mary and the other is
of Joseph. Due to Servite's emphasis on respecting Mary, there is only one statue which is of Mary.
SAM's exterior is very tall and narrow while Servite's theater looks like any other theater

Sigma Marketing Case Study Essay examples
Marketing Strategy: Sigma Marketing Case Study
Sigma Marketing has been ahead its time from the marketing aspect for decades. Although the
company will have to adjust to the external environment in order to have continued success. The
case study did not seem to mention competition but the company has a niche which limits the
competition they will face. Finding an unfilled need is the key to reducing or eliminating
competition. Therefore, I do not foresee competitors creating a major problem for Sigma as they are
the founders for what they do and continue to raise the bar in order to stay relevant.
According to the text, technology advancements refer to the way accomplish tasks or the processes
we use to create the "things" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SWOT for Sigma Marketing Potential Internal StrengthsRespected companySuperior
managementBetter marketing skillsAlliances with other firmsGood distribution skillsCommitted
employeesWell trained employeesGrowing product line | Potential External OpportunitiesChanging
customer needsNew technologyClient's growth | Potential Internal WeaknessesProduct lineLoss of
visionary Aging workforce | Potential External ThreatsChanging customer needsRival firms
developing new strategiesEconomic downturnNew technology |
The most important strategic initiatives for Sigma are personnel strategies, succession plans and
sustainability. Making sure that Sigma personnel continues to be well educated and skilled will help
to determine whether the company continues to grow or starts to decline in the long term.
Succession of leadership goes along with the strength of the personnel. Once Mike retires, there will
need to be a smooth transition of leadership. This transition will affect the entire company from the
vision to client relations. If done properly there will only be minimal adjustments and continued
growth of the company. Otherwise this transition can be the company's downfall. Sustainability is
another vital issue. With many companies going green trying to reduce their carbon footprint, Sigma
must continue to find ways to reduce theirs also. Companies with these environmental

An Example Of What Is Ecological Succession?
What is ecological succession? From the moment you are created, you are growing and going
through anticipated changes. You grow taller, develop cognitive thinking, and become an individual.
In comparison, when a tree in planted its matures over time, getting more immense and going
through changes as time passes. The sequence of change is noticeable in both of these examples and
that's how ecological succession is examined (Conserve Energy Future). Joshua Anderson defines
ecological succession as "The process by which the species structure of a community changes over
time." This can be simply stated as "a series of events by which life comes back and changes are
made (Andersen). A golden example can be found in the beginning when an ... Show more content
"Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas–regions in which the soil is incapable of
sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from
a retreating glacier" (Thompson). Primary succession takes action when the disturbance is drastic
enough to impair the soil needed to obtain life. Anderson states, "Primary succession is succession
that begins in an area where soil has not yet been formed." An example of primary succession is the
explosion that happened to Mount St. Helens. The explosion disrupted the area causing soil loss.
Jessica Liang stated, "The eruption of Mount St. Helens is infamous for the destruction wrought on
the surrounding areas; however it has also given rise to the development of a host of possible new
ecological systems, reset the evolutionary clock, and allowed scientists to witness the actual process
of ecological succession." Once the land is desolate, pioneer species makes it's living by coming to a
newly disturbed area (Andersen). An example Mr. Andersen gave is the lupine flower. Lupine fixes
nitrogen from bacteria on the roots that take nitrogen in the air then return it to the soil. Another
example he gave was lodge pole pines. Lodge pole pines have wax–filled cones that only open if
there is a fire. These plants are pioneer

The Issue Of The Catholic Religion
The Catholic religion is not one religion to stray form their ways and beliefs, matter of fact they the
Catholic Church is actually extremely strict and very stubborn when seeing a new point of view on
certain topics or the new role of people. Getting into why feminism is a big deal within the Catholic
religion, people believe that woman should be at home with the children taking care of household
needs, while the men provide for the family, such as work and saving food or just protecting the
family. Another modern day issue involving the Catholic religion is that they are not accepting of
the gay and lesbian lifestyle. Not believing that this way of life is suitable, especially if wanting to
adopt a child and having that kid think this way of life is normal. Therefore, the Catholics do not
allow gays to practice in the Catholic Churches. They can go to church to listen to the mass but that
is all.
The Catholic Church does deny discrimination toward the gay community and the support has
increased research in the prevention of AIDS. Even though, the decision to get rid of the gay men
from the priesthood indicates that the Catholic Church is taking a more aggressive anti–gay stand
(Hemeyer pg. 38). It is wrong that if you are not a certain way that the Catholic Church will just go
ahead and ban a person or not allow them to participate in specific activities either. On a side note,
only men are allowed to be a priest, woman are not allowed to practice and become a priest

Catholic Church Sex Abuse Scandal
An Introduction to the Issue Throughout the 20th Century, thousands of reports about Catholic
priests and bishops sexually abusing children have been and are continuing to surface into the
media. These reports have been dealt with internally by the church rather than civil authorities. In
addition, the church has also been covering up many of the reports, paying over two billion dollars
to prevent the scandal from being "leaked" into the public. A letter from the Vatican written in 1997
expressed "serious reservations" about reporting priests that were suspected of sexual abuse. The
church has been hiding reports and avoiding suspicion by not acting guilty. Instead of bringing the
issue public they have instead launched a three year investigation of U.S. women religious
congregations which cost over three million. The Vatican leadership also ordered a doctrinal
evaluation of the U.S. women religious leadership's central network, the Leadership Conference of
Women Religious. Furthermore, bishops have issued press releases as well as reports and studies.
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops published two reports on February 27, 2004. The
first report written by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice included the data and statistics of the
sexual abuse reports while the second report written by the National Review Board talks about the
cause and effect of the problem. In addition the USCCB has also enacted the Charter for the
Protection of Children and Young

Stopping Plant Junipers, Some Pines, And Evergreens
Avoiding to plant junipers, some pines, and evergreens is a good idea because the chemical content
in these plants is extremely flammable. New Mexico Association of Counties implies, "Deciduous
trees and shrubs are the best for firewise plants. Many needled trees contain a highly flammable
chemical content. Sedums are among the good groundcover plants due to the fact that they keep
flames low to the ground and from spreading because of the high water content." Planting things in
shaded areas around the yard is also helpful because dead plant material collects everywhere.
There are many ways to prepare for a wildfire. The U.S. Forest Service shares useful tips on how to
maintain and prepare the home from wildfire. Removing highly flammable ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Barkley et al claim that from past vegetation, charcoal, layers in the soil, fire scars on trees, the aged
forests, and records of past explorers that wildfire has been naturally renewing forests for millions of
years.
In order to save lives and property from wildfire, people need to become educated on how to adapt
to living in areas with a high risk of wildfires. Being able to adapt to living the way many prefer
means taking responsibility for what is in order to defend the forest and natural lands.
Overwhelmingly, idahofirewise.org reports that "most grass, brush, and forest fires are started by
people. Between 87 and 96 percent of wildfires are human–ignited, and only about 20 percent are
intentional. Most human caused fires are accidental or related to careless disposals of hot embers,
ash, or cigarettes." This is a shocking statistic about how carelessness is a major contributing factor
and can be blamed for many of the fires that occur each year throughout the country. This is why
knowledge of firewise is so important because it can help to prevent many of these fires due to
carelessness.
It is a strange thought that America's population is only going to expand, and more and more people
are building houses or cabins in the forest to escape the compacted communities of cities. So in turn,
this means that

Appellant: A Case Study
This case is a very sensitive situation since it pertains to a pastor in the Christian Church. I chose
this particular case since I am also an active member in the Christian community. This pastor who
had been accused of having sexual relations with four women in his congregation was convicted of
four counts of sexual exploitation by a counselor or therapist and one count of a pattern or practice
to engage in sexual exploitation by a counselor or therapist (STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Patrick
EDOUARD, Appellant. No. 12–1899). If you see Iowa Code § 709.15(2) (a), (c) (2013). The pastor
of course appealed, opposing: (First) the state court was unsuccessful to appropriately educate the
panel on the sexual mistreatment ruling; (Second) the state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Hulbert, 481 N. W. 2d 329, 1992 the permissibility of the professional witness in a criminal case
falls directly within the hearing court's complete decision. After close consideration of the
testimonies given by the four females, Dr. Wakefield determined Edouard's relations with the
women did not fit the description of pastoral therapy (STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Patrick
EDOUARD, Appellant. No. 12–1899). Dr. Hollida Wakefield testified in court the differences
between pastoral care and pastoral therapy. Pastor Edouard in a theological community he is
accepted as a therapist and also pastoral care (STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Patrick EDOUARD,
Appellant. No. 12–1899). In order to proof the differences between both, Dr. Wakefield testified
there is a difference between both pastoral therapy and care (STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Patrick
EDOUARD, Appellant. No. 12–1899). Dr. Wakefield went on to testify that both pastoral care and
therapy is seen and accepted by the community (STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Patrick EDOUARD,
Appellant. No. 12–1899). Dr. Wakefield went on to testify that pastoral care happens when someone
in the parishioner church comes in to see the pastor for a particular problem (STATE of Iowa,
Appellee, v. Patrick EDOUARD, Appellant. No. 12–1899). The pastor meets with the individual and
it usually is very time sensitive, and it does not continue for months or years (STATE of Iowa,
Appellee, v. Patrick EDOUARD, Appellant. No.

Pine Forests Of The Colorado Plateau
Ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Plateau cover a large portion of the higher mesas and
mountains from elevations of 6000 to approximately 8000 feet. They often form almost pure stands
encompassing tens of thousands of acres at elevations above 6500 feet in the southern area. Located
southwest of Flagstaff to the White Mountains of eastern Arizona, the Mogollon Rim comprises the
southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in Arizona. The escarpment reaches close to 200 miles across
central Arizona, with an average elevation of approximately 7000 feet. It contains the largest
ponderosa pine forest in the United States.
The three–needled Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) is the
prevalent form of pine throughout the Colorado Plateau. Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) is
commonly associated with the ponderosa pine at lower elevations as well as the New Mexico locust
(Robina neomexicana). At higher elevations it shares habitat with southwestern white pine (Pinus
strobiformis), Rocky Mountain white fir (Abies concolor var. concolor), Rocky Mountain Douglas–
fir, (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Understory
plants which are commonly found in these forests include grasses such as mountain muhly and
Arizona fescue, forbs such as lupine, as well as apache plume, buckbrush, currant, and cliffrose.
a. The disturbance regime known for this ecosystem (citations please)
Since the 1930s fire ecology for ponderosa

Ecological Succession Essay
1. Explain the process of ecological succession, including the role of plants in maintaining
biodiversity and the survival of organisms after a disturbance to an ecosystem. Ecological
succession allows a biological community to evolve over time (2). This succession is divided into
two distinct sections: primary and secondary succession. Primary succession allows life to form in
regions with soil incapable of sustaining larger plants and by extension, larger animals (2).
Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community used to exist, but was removed; leaving
behind soil capable of sustaining life (2). This process allows bare rock to transform into a hillside
or a forest to recover after a fire and is extremely important to ecosystems. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Monocots have an embryo with one cotyledon, whereas, dicots have two cotyledons (5). Monocots
have pollen with a single furrow/pore while dicots have pollen with three furrows or pores (5).
Monocots have flower parts in multiples of three, however, dicots have have flower parts in
multiples of fours and fives (5). In monocots the left veins are parallel but in dicots the left veins are
reticulated (5). Dicots have the vascular bundles in their stems arranged in a ring, whereas, in
monocots the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem (5). Dicots have roots that start
from one primary root that develops from the bottom of the seed and all grow from that root. The
roots of monocots on the other hand grow randomly from a variety of different nodes on the stem
(5). Dicots are in some cases capable of secondary growth, but all monocots have lost this ability
(5). Monocots are believed to have evolved from dicots around 200 million years ago when their
lineage split (6) (7). 5. Explain the reproductive mechanisms of plants in natural reproduction and
artificial propagation (e.g., germination of seeds, leaf cuttings, grafting of branches onto a host
tree)? 6. Create a table to compare the seeds, pollination and fertilization of gymnosperms and
angiosperms. 7. Identify and explain two processes by which plants are able to asexually reproduce
and propagate.

British Isles Research Paper
The British Isles are a large set of islands located in the northern hemisphere, and are comprised of a
mild climate and varied soils, as well as also being home to a diverse pattern of vegetation and a
climatic–climax community of deciduous woodland. These isles are home to many ecosystems, in
which they are a dynamic interlinked system characterised by the interaction of plants and animals
that are shared with each other, being that organic and non–organic components of the environment.
The British Isles are an example of a Lithosere succession, with the Lithosere as its primary
succession (although not its only type of natural succession), meaning that the area began as a rock
based environment, and succeeded into a plant and deciduous based ... Show more content on
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The reasons behind the desire for ecological conservation include encouraging wildlife back into
cities, making cheap use of derelict areas and maintaining a diverse species base by reintroducing
locally extinct species. Work done in such areas involves planting trees (predominantly native
species), dredging of ponds, and soil improvements, and will often involve local volunteers,
showing the human activity catering for a natural succession in a positive light. An example of a
successful ecological conservation area is that of Troopers Hill, located in southeast Bristol. The
conservation of the Troopers Hill Local Nature Reserve has preserved much of the pre–existing
habitats of the area, consequently enabling the survival of native species and plants. The main aim
of the project has been fulfilled, as a variety of different habitats have been preserved, resulting with
an increase in biodiversity; including mammals such as hedgehogs and foxes, as well as more than
40 species of bird and a wide variety of insects, with around 70 species of bee, with bees being a
crucial part in almost every natural succession. Another reason for the creation of such areas is due
to the fact that local people want a safe environment for leisure activities and that local authorities
desire to make cheap use of

Proposition 106 Debate
The article Church leaders: Proposition 106 offers flawed logic, false compassion written by
Roxanne King and published on denvercatholic.org, dated, September 14, 2016. Tries to bring to
light was at stake for Coloradans when it came to Proposition 106 and how it would completely
change the dynamic of the health care system here in Colorado for many years to come. Which
mainly stemming from the illogic put forth in the proposition. Roxanne King, a freelance journalist
for the Denver Catholic and the core of her argument for the article is that of the Church (Roman
Catholic Church) current and ongoing stance of the Colorado's Proposition 106 is severely flawed
and in direct conflict with the held beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. By helping ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
That Colorado voters will recognize flawed logic in the drafting of this proposition. The bishops go
further on to state, namely the hypocrisy in the concept of Proposition 106 where the state would
promote and/or facilitate suicide for one group of persons, and calling the action state assisted
suicide for those individuals with terminal illness and a specific prognosis 'dignified and humane.'
However, on the other hand, recognizing suicide in other instances a serious public health problem.
On a conference at the state level public policy agency of the Church. Through it, Denver's
Archbishop Samuel J. Aquila and Bishop–elect Jorge Rodriguez, Colorado Springs Bishop Michael
Sheridan and Pueblo Bishop Stephen Berg, stand united on the issue. As stated in the article,
Proposition 106 would give Coloradan adults, those diagnosed with a terminal illness and a
prognosis of six months or less to live, would receive from the doctor a prescription for medication
to end their own life. However, though, Jenny Kraska the conference executive director goes on to
state "It's a bad piece of legislation." It could have horrible consequences on Colorado, for its
families, its poor and

Wildfire Effects
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a keystone species (Tomback et al. 2001), forming subalpine
and treeline forests that supply food and shelter for hundreds of plant and animal species. This trait
makes whitebark pine a "quintessential" high elevation conifer and it forms unique habitat types
with both geographic and successional variation that support considerable biodiversity across the
higher mountains of the United states and Canada. (Tomback et al. 2001, Tomback and Achuff
2010). Whitebark pine is a foundation species. The tree stands create a stable environment for other
trees and plants by holding rocks and soil on slopes where other trees cannot survive (Arno and Hoff
1989). It provides shelter and a gentler microenvironment where ... Show more content on
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Wildfire and prescribed burns have a variety of impacts on wildlife and habitats, both direct and
indirect (Wasserman 2015). Direct effects include fatality, emigration out of burned areas,
immigration into new areas. Indirect effects is changes in vegetative structure, diversity, species
composition, and other components of their habitat. Species responses to wildfire depends on these
direct and indirect effects of fire and how fire regimes and fire severity impacted the landscape (Fulé
et al. 2003, Reynolds et al. 2013). Herbivores, such as elk, deer, and bighorn sheep, respond in post–
fire wilderness due to the open dense canopies that allow an increase in understory plants that
herbivores feed on (Bailey and Whittam 2002). For example, elk prefer forage quality that provide
their required calorie intake to allow them to successfully produce milk. During early succession,
mid–succession, and late succession of post fire habitat, forage quality is at its highest during early
succession stages in both mesic and xeric sites (Swanson et al. 2011). This suggest that herbivores,
like elk, would utilize these early succession post fire areas. Carnivores and mesocarnivores respond
to post–fire changes as well. Male american black bears and grizzly bears used burned sites
increasing their home range post–fire. Canids, such as the coyote, use both burned and unburned
areas due to food availability (Cunningham et al 2002). The Mount Washburn sites are in landscapes
that experienced high severity fires and have an abundance of whitebark pine deadfall in the area.
This overabundance of deadfall might detter larger herbivores and carnivores decreasing wildlife
species diversity. Wildlife species diversity is an intuitive way to determine an ecosystem's health
and status (Edwards and Abivardi 1998). Wildlife species diversity boosts ecosystem productivity
due to diversification

Religious Factors Have A Great Deal Of Influence On...
Religious factors have had a great deal of influence on politics in Latin American countries. In most
countries religion has helped to set the value structure of their society by helping to frame what the
citizens should expect out of their lives and what they should expect from the government. Today
here are a variety of religions practiced in Latin America including Catholicism, Protestantism,
Voodoo, Santería, Judaism, as well as indigenous religions. In order to combat religion's influence
on Latin American politics the anti–clericalism movement began in colonial times. Anti–clericalism
is defined as the opposition to the clergy for its real or alleged influence in both political and social
affairs (Britannica, 2009). It should be noted that although anti–clericalism is often associated with
anti–Catholicism, anti–Christianity, anti–deism, irreligiosity, and atheism they are not the same.
Butler (2009) noted that we could hold the Catholic responsible for encouraging the association
between anti–clericalism and anti–Catholicism to their followers. Secularism is also often associated
with anti–clericalism, which rejects all forms of religion in civil affairs. Fallaw (2009) notes that it is
hard to tell where anti–clericalism and secularism began and end. According to Bantjes, 2009 anti–
clericalism's target was the privileged status of a clerical "caste" who are viewed as hypocritical and
immoral. Historically religion and politics have been intertwined in government in

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