Bangladesher Itehas

2. RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW© KZ…©K 2013 wk¶vel© †_‡K
beg-`kg †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯ZKi~‡c wba©vwiZ
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv
beg-`kg †kªwY
iPbvq
cÖ‡dmi W. †gvnv¤§` †mwjg
cÖ‡dmi W. myjZvbv wbMvi †PŠayix
cÖ‡dmi cÖ`y¨Z Kzgvi †fŠwgK
m¤úv`bv
cÖ‡dmi W. ˆmq` Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©, XvKv

3. RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©
69-70, gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv-1000
KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ|
[cÖKvkK KZ…©K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z]
cix¶vg~jK ms¯‹iY
cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2012
cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡b mgš^qK
ˆmq` gvndzR Avjx
mv‡eiv Zvnwgbv
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
cvidg© Kvjvi MÖvwd· (cÖv:) wj:
cÖ”Q`
my`k©b evQvi
myRvDj Av‡e`xb
wWRvBb
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©
miKvi KZ…©K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨
gy`ª‡Y:

4. cÖm•M-K_v
wk¶v RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©‡ZvgyLx Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| Avi `ªyZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i
evsjv‡`k‡K Dbœqb I mg„w×i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywkw¶Z Rbkw³| fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i
†PZbvq †`k Movi Rb¨ wk¶v_©xi Aš—wb©wnZ †gav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv gva¨wgK wk¶vi
Ab¨Zg j¶¨| GQvov cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i AwR©Z wk¶vi †gŠwjK Ávb I `¶Zv m¤cÖmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gva¨‡g
D”PZi wk¶vi †hvM¨ K‡i †ZvjvI G ¯—‡ii wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨| ÁvbvR©‡bi GB cÖwµqvi wfZi w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡K
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I cwi‡ekMZ cUf~wgi †cÖw¶‡Z `¶ I †hvM¨ bvMwiK K‡i †ZvjvI
gva¨wgK wk¶vi Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq|
RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 Gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vµg|
cwigvwR©Z GB wk¶vµ‡g RvZxq Av`k©, j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †mB mv‡_
wk¶v_©x‡`i eqm, †gav I MÖnY ¶gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wk¶v_©xi ˆbwZK I gvbweK
g~j¨‡eva †_‡K ïiy K‡i BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †PZbv, gnvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ‡eva,
†`k‡cÖg‡eva, cÖK…wZ-†PZbv Ges ag©-eY©-†MvÎ I bvix-cyiyl wbwe©‡k‡l mevi cÖwZ mggh©v`v‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi †Póv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU weÁvbgb¯‹ RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î weÁv‡bi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖ‡qvM I wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcKí-2021 Gi j¶¨ ev¯—evq‡b wk¶v_©x‡`i m¶g K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i (beg-`kg †kªwY) gvbweK kvLvq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv GKwU eva¨Zvg~jK welq|
¯^vaxb †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Zvi †`k-RvwZi BwZnvm Rvbv Riywi| BwZnv‡m Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK,
†fŠ‡MvwjK I mvs¯‹…wZK weeZ©b avivevwnKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq| ZvB BwZnvmPP©vi gva¨‡gB GKRb bvMwiK Zvi
wbR †`‡ki BwZnvm, RvwZmË¡v, ms¯‹…wZ, HwZn¨ I wek¦mf¨Zv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki
BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡Z gvbweK †evam¤úbœ Amv¤cÖ`vwqK I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvmg„× bvMwiK M‡o
†Zvjvi welqwU we‡kl we‡ePbvq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi ïiy‡Z wkLbdj hy³ K‡i wk¶v_©xi AwR©Ze¨
Áv‡bi Bw½Z cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Abykxjbg~jK KvR, eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ms‡hvRb K‡i
g~j¨vqb‡K m„Rbkxj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kwi beg-`kg †kªwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K
bZzb wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
GKwesk kZ‡Ki A½xKvi I cÖZ¨q‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
Kv‡RB cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi AviI mg„w×mva‡bi Rb¨ †h †Kv‡bv MVbg~jK I hyw³m½Z civgk© ¸iy‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ewPZ
n‡e| cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi wecyj Kg©h‡Ái g‡a¨ AwZ ¯^í mg‡q cy¯ÍKwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j wKQy fyjÎywU †_‡K
†h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©x ms¯‹iY¸‡jv‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡K AviI my›`i, †kvfb I ÎywUgy³ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ
_vK‡e| evbv‡bi †¶‡Î Abym„Z n‡q‡Q evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iPbv, m¤úv`bv, wPÎv¼b, bgybv cÖkœvw` cÖYqb I cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R hviv AvšÍwiKfv‡e †gav I kªg
w`‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i ab¨ev` Ávcb KiwQ| cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wk¶v_©x‡`i Avbw›`Z cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ `¶Zv AR©b wbwðZ
Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|
cÖ‡dmi †gvt †gv¯—dv KvgvjDwÏb
†Pqvig¨vb
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©, XvKv

5. m~wPcÎ
Aa¨vq Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg c„ôv
cÖ_g BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 1-7
wØZxq cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 8-13
Z…Zxq cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 14-28
PZz_© cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 29-41
cÂg ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (1204 wLªt-1757 wLªt) 42-65
lô ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 66-80
mßg evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvce© 81-94
Aóg Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva, beRvMiY I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb 95-108
beg Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb 109-132
`kg fvlv Av‡›`vjb I cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn 133-143
GKv`k mvgwiK kvmb I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969) 144-156
Øv`k mˇii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy× 157-180
·qv`k e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975) 181-190
PZz`©k mvgwiK kvmb I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn (1975- 1990) 191-205
cÂ`k wek¦mf¨Zv 206-220

6. cÖ_g Aa¨vq
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1971 mv‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k gyw³hy× n‡qwQj| bq gvm cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi weiy‡× cÖvYcY jovB K‡i
16 wW‡m¤^i Avgv‡`i †`k kµygy³ nq| gyw³hy× Avgv‡`i M‡e©i, †MŠi‡ei Kvwnbx| evOvwj RvwZi Ggb A‡bK
†MŠi‡ei Kvwnbx Av‡Q| BwZnvm mZ¨ NUbv Dc¯’vcb K‡i| BwZnv‡m NUbvi avivevwnK I mZ¨wbô eY©bv _v‡K|
hv BwZnv‡m ¯úófv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Mfxi AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡j BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb, cÖKvi‡f`
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z n‡e| Avgiv G Aa¨v‡q Kxfv‡e BwZnvm coe †m m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|
Zvi Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e BwZnvm Kx ? Rvb‡Z n‡e KZ ai‡bi BwZnvm †jLv hvq ev BwZnvm KZ ai‡bi nq|
BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvB ev Kx ? eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q Gme welq wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-
• BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i aviYv, ¯^iƒc I cwimi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
• BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb I cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
• BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvie;
• BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZ AvMÖnx ne|
wPÎ : Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß cÖvPxb HwZnvwmK wb`k©b

7. BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i aviYv
ÔBwZnvmÕ kãwUi DrcwË ÔBwZnÕ kã †_‡K hvi A_© ÔHwZn¨Õ| HwZn¨ n‡”Q AZx‡Zi Af¨vm, wk¶v, fvlv, wkí,
mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ hv fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| GB HwZn¨‡K GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q
†`q BwZnvm| B.GBP. Kv‡ii fvlvq ejv hvq †h, BwZnvm n‡jv eZ©gvb I AZx‡Zi g‡a¨ GK AšÍnxb msjvc|
eZ©gv‡bi mKj welqB AZx‡Zi µgweeZ©b I AZxZ HwZ‡n¨i Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avi AZx‡Zi
µgweeZ©b I HwZ‡n¨i e¯‘wbô weeiYB n‡jv BwZnvm| Z‡e GLb, eZ©gvb mg‡qiI BwZnvm †jLv nq, hv‡K
e‡j mv¤cÖwZK BwZnvm| myZivs, GLb BwZnv‡mi cwimi my`~i AZxZ †_‡K weivRgvb eZ©gvb ch©šÍ we¯—…Z|
BwZnvm kãwUi mwÜ we‡”Q` Ki‡j Gi iƒc `vovq, BwZn + Avm| hvi A_© GgbB wQj ev Giƒc N‡UwQj|
HwZnvwmK W. RbmbI N‡U hvIqv NUbv‡KB BwZnvm e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, hv wKQy N‡U ZvB BwZnvm| hv N‡U bv
Zv BwZnvm bq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, mgvR I iv‡óª wbišÍi e‡q hvIqv NUbv cÖevnB BwZnvm|
wMÖK kã Ôwn÷wiqvÕ (Historia) †_‡K Bs‡iwR Ôwnw÷ªÕ (History) kãwUi
DrcwË, hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡”Q BwZnvm| wn÷wiqv kãwUi cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib
wMÖK HwZnvwmK †n‡ivWUvm (wLªt c~: cÂg kZK)| wZwb BwZnv‡mi RbK wn‡m‡e
L¨vZ| wZwbB me©cÖ_g Zuvi M‡elYvK‡g©i bvgKi‡Y G kãwU e¨envi K‡ib hvi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv mZ¨vbymÜvb ev M‡elYv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, BwZnvm
n‡jv hv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wQj ev msNwUZ n‡qwQj Zv AbymÜvb Kiv I †jLv| wZwb
Zuvi M‡elYvq wMÖm I cvi‡m¨i g‡a¨ msNwUZ hy‡×i wewfbœ welq AbymÜvb
K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z wZwb cÖvß Z_¨, ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbvmg~n Ges wMª‡mi
weRqMuv_v wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| hv‡Z cieZ©x cÖRb¥ G NUbv fy‡j bv hvq, G weeiY hv‡Z Zv‡`i DrmvwnZ K‡i
Ges †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i| †n‡ivWUvmB cÖ_g BwZnvm Ges AbymÜvb G `ywU aviYv‡K mshy³ K‡ib| d‡j
BwZnvm cwiYZ nq weÁv‡b, cwic~Y©fv‡e n‡q I‡V Z_¨ wbf©i Ges M‡elYvi wel‡q| U‡qbwei g‡Z, mgv‡Ri
RxebB BwZnvm| cÖK…Zc‡¶, gvbe mgv‡Ri AbšÍ NUbvcÖevnB n‡jv BwZnvm|
Avevi i¨vcmb e‡j‡Qb, BwZnvm n‡jv NUbvi ˆeÁvwbK Ges avivevwnK eY©bv|
AvaywbK BwZnv‡mi RbK Rvg©vb HwZnvwmK wjI‡cvì db& i¨vs‡K g‡b K‡ib, cÖK…Zc‡¶ hv N‡UwQj Zvi
AbymÜvb I Zvi mZ¨ weeiYB BwZnvm| Zuvi g‡ZÑ BwZnvm gv‡bB n‡jv bMœmZ¨| myZivs ejv hvq, BwZnvm
n‡”Q gvbe mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Êi avivevwnK I mZ¨wbô weeiY| myZivs, mwVK
BwZnvm memgq mZ¨‡K wbf©i K‡i iwPZ|
BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb
†h me Z_¨ cÖgv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i HwZnvwmK mZ¨‡K cÖwZwôZ Kiv m¤¢e
Zv‡KB BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb ejv nq| mwVK BwZnvm wjL‡Z HwZnvwmK Dcv`v‡bi
¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
wjwLZ Dcv`vb I AwjwLZ Dcv`vb|
2 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv
wPÎ : †n‡ivWUvm
wPÎ : wnD‡qb mvs

8. 1. wjwLZ Dcv`vb : BwZnvm iPbvi wjwLZ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvwnZ¨, ˆe‡`wkK weeiY, `wjjcÎ BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ †`wk-we‡`wk mvwnZ¨K‡g©I ZrKvjxb mg‡qi wKQy Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| †hgb: †e`, †KŠwU‡j¨i
ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ, Kjn‡bi ÔivRZiw½bxÕ, wgbnvR-Dm-wmiv‡Ri ÔZeKvZ-B-bvwmixÕ, Aveyj dRj- Gi ÔAvBb-B-
AvKeixÕ BZ¨vw`|
we‡`kx ch©UK‡`i weeiY me mgqB BwZnv‡mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb e‡j we‡ewPZ| †hgbÑ cuvP †_‡K mvZ kZ‡K
evsjvq AvMZ ˆPwbK cwieªvRK h_vµ‡g dv-wn‡qb,
wnD‡qb mvs I Brwms-†`i eY©bv| cieZ©x mg‡q Avwd«Kvb
cwieªvRK Be‡b eZzZvmn Ab¨vb¨‡`i †jLv‡ZI G AÂj
m¤ú‡K© weeiY cvIqv †M‡Q| Gme eY©bv †_‡K ZrKvjxb
mgvR, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ag©, AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤ú‡K© †ek
wKQy Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|
mvwnwZ¨K Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ Av‡iv i‡q‡Q, iƒcK_v, wKse`šÍx,
MíKvwnbx| wZeŸZx †jLK jvgv Zvibv‡_i eY©bvq cvj
ivRes‡ki cÖwZôvZv †Mvcv‡ji wmsnvmb Av‡ivnb m¤ú‡K©
†h eY©bv Av‡Q †mwU GK ai‡bi KíKvwnbx| Z‡e A‡bK
Kvwnbxi Avov‡j A‡bK mZ¨ NUbv †_‡K hvq hv
HwZnvwmKiv wePvi- we‡k-lY-AbymÜvb K‡i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| ZvQvov, miKvwi bw_, wPwVcÎ BZ¨vw` †_‡KI
wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e|
2. AwjwLZ ev cÖZœZvwË¡K Dcv`vb : †hme e¯‘ ev Dcv`vb
†_‡K Avgiv we‡kl mgq, ¯’vb ev e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ
ai‡bi HwZnvwmK Z_¨ cvB †m e¯‘ ev Dcv`vbB
cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b| cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©bmg~n g~jZ AwjwLZ
Dcv`vbfy³| †hgb : gy`ªv, wkjvwjwc ¯Í¤¢wjwc,
Zvgªwjwc, BgviZ BZ¨vw`| G mg¯Í cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b ˆeÁvwbK cix¶v-wbix¶v Ges we‡k-l‡Yi d‡j †m
mg‡qi Awaevmx‡`i ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© wKQyUv aviYv cvIqv hvq| aviYv Kiv
m¤¢e cÖvPxb Awaevmx‡`i mf¨Zv, ag©, RxebhvÎv, bMivqb, wbZ¨e¨envh© wRwbmcÎ, e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i Ae¯’v,
K…wl DcKiY BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©| D`vniY wnmv‡e eY©bv Kiv hvq wmÜz mf¨Zv, evsjv‡`‡ki gnv¯’vbMo,
cvnvocyi, gqbvgwZ BZ¨vw` ¯’v‡bi cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©bmg~‡ni K_v| bZzb bZzb cÖZœZvwË¡K Avwe®‹vi e`‡j
w`‡Z cv‡i GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm| †hgb, m¤cÖwZ biwms`xi Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡ii cÖZœZvwË¡K Avwe®‹vi| H
A‡ji cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©‡b cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e©I bMi mf¨Zvi Aw¯—Z¡
wQj| GB Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j evsjvi cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi bew`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡Z hv‡”Q| e`‡j hv‡”Q evsjvi cÖvPxb
mf¨Zv m¤ú‡K© A‡bK aviYv| A`~i fwel¨‡Z bZzb K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e evsjvi cÖvPxb BwZnvm|
GKK KvR : BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ ai‡bi Dcv`v‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 3
BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb
Qwe : Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß wb`k©b

9. BwZnv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`
gvbe mgvR mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi m‡½ m‡½ bZzb bZzb wel‡qi BwZnvm †jLv n‡”Q| d‡j m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q
BwZnv‡mi cwimi| BwZnvm weivgnxbfv‡e AZx‡Zi NUbvmg~n eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q w`‡”Q| †m‡¶‡Î
BwZnvm‡K wewfbœ kvLvq wef³ Kiv KwVb| ZvQvov, BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘‡Z gvbyl, Zvi mgvR, mf¨Zv I
Rxebaviv ci¯úi mwbœwnZ _v‡K|
ZviciI cVb-cvVb, Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYvK‡g©i myweav‡_© BwZnvm‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ I welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm|
GK : †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ w`K ev †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ BwZnvm : A_©vr †h welqwU BwZnv‡m ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q
Zv †Kvb †cÖ¶vc‡U iwPZ⎯ ¯’vbxq, RvZxq bv AvšÍR©vwZK| Gfv‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ w`K †_‡K
ïaygvÎ †evSvi myweav‡_© BwZnvm‡K Avev‡iv wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_vÑ ¯’vbxq ev AvÂwjK BwZnvm,
RvZxq BwZnvm I AvšÍR©vwZK BwZnvm|
`yB : welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm : †Kvb we‡kl wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †h BwZnvm iwPZ nq Zv‡K welqe¯‘MZ
BwZnvm ejv nq| BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘i cwimi e¨vcK| Zey mvaviYfv‡e G‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq,
h_v- ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, mvgvwRK BwZnvm, A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm, mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm, K~U‰bwZK I
mv¤cÖwZK BwZnvm|
BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘
gvbyl Zvi mgvR I mf¨Zvi avivevwnK cwieZ©‡bi cÖgvY I wjwLZ `wjj n‡jv BwZnvm| BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘
m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ wf‡Kv (Vico) g‡b K‡ib †h, gvbe mgvR I gvbexq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni
DrcwË I weKvkB n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘|
myZivs, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, gvby‡li ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AR©b hv gvbe mgvR-mf¨Zvi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g
n‡q‡Q Zv meB BwZnvmfy³ welq| †hgb: wkí, mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ, `k©b, ¯’vcZ¨, ivRbxwZ, hy×, ag©, AvBbÑ
mvgwMÖKfv‡e hv wKQy mgvR-mf¨Zv weKv‡k cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q ZvB BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘|
BwZnv‡mi ¯^iƒc
BwZnvm Ab¨vb¨ welq †_‡K Avjv`v| Ávb AR©‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLv †_‡K Gi iPbv I Dc¯’vcbv c×wZI ¯^Zš¿|
BwZnv‡mi ˆewkó¨-cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j, aviYv cwi®‹vi n‡e|
cÖ_g : BwZnvm AZxZgyLx| AZx‡Zi NUbvcÖevnB G wel‡qi wePiY‡¶Î| mZ¨wbô Z‡_¨i mvnv‡h¨ AZxZ‡K
cybM©Vb KivB BwZnv‡mi ˆewkó¨|
wØZxq : BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘ gvbyl, Zvi mgvR-mf¨Zv| gvbe mgvR I mf¨Zvi µg AMÖMwZi avivevwnK Z_¨
wbf©i weeiYB n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvP¨ welq|
4 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

10. Z…Zxq : BwZnv‡m Av‡eM I AwZ K_‡bi †Kvb VuvB †bB| N‡U hvIqv NUbvi mwVK weeiY cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q
Zz‡j aivB BwZnv‡mi ˆewkó¨|
PZz_© : BwZnvm †_‡g _v‡K bv, wbišÍi cÖengvb| †h Kvi‡Y Kvj wefvR‡b †Kvb mb-ZvwiL e¨envi Kiv KwVb|
Avevi cwieZ©‡bi aviv me †`‡k GK m‡½ N‡Uwb|
cÂg : e¯‘wbôZv I wbi‡c¶Zv BwZnv‡mi ˆewkó¨| Z‡e cÖwZwU gvby‡li ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv, `„wófw½ wfbœ wfbœ|
†h Kvi‡Y GKB BwZnv‡mi eY©bv-e¨vL¨v GK GK HwZnvwmK GK GK iKgfv‡e w`‡q _v‡Kb| NUbvi wbi‡c¶
eY©bv Dc¯’vcbv bv n‡j †mUv mwVK BwZnvm nq bv|
GKK KvR : mZ¨wbô Z‡_¨i mvnv‡h¨ AZxZ‡K cybM©Vb KivB BwZnv‡mi ˆewkó¨Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|
BwZnv‡mi cwimi
gvbyl KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z mKj welq BwZnv‡mi cwim‡ii AvIZvfy³| gvby‡li wPšÍv-fvebv, cwiKíbv, Kvh©µg h‡Zv
kvLv-cÖkvLvq we¯—…Z, BwZnv‡mi mxgvI ZZ`~i ch©šÍ we¯—…Z| Z‡e G we¯—…wZi mxgv w¯’wZkxj bq| gvby‡li
wPšÍv-fvebv, Kg©aviv cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ BwZnv‡mi cwimiI m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| †hgb-cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡Mi
cÖ_g c‡e©i gvby‡li Kg©KvÊ Lv`¨ msMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| Drcv`b †KŠkj ZLbI Zv‡`i ARvbv wQj|
d‡j †m mgq BwZnv‡mi cwimiI Lv`¨ msMÖng~jK Kg©KvÊ ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b, mf¨Zvi
AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Êi cwiwa †e‡o‡Q| m‡½ m‡½ BwZnvm PP©vq-M‡elYvq ˆeÁvwbK c×wZI
Abym„Z n‡”Q| d‡j BwZnvm wel‡q kvLv-cÖkvLvi msL¨vI e„w× †c‡q‡Q, we¯—…Z n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi mxgvbvI| Ewbk
kZ‡K ïaygvÎ ivRbxwZ BwZnv‡mi welq n‡jI gvK©mev` cÖPv‡ii ci A_©bxwZ, mgvR, wkíKjvi BwZnvmI iwPZ
n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e G‡Ki ci GK welq BwZnvmfy³ n‡”Q Avi m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi cwimi|
BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
gvbe mgv‡Ri mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi mZ¨ wbf©i weeiY n‡”Q BwZnvm| †h Kvi‡Y ÁvbPP©vi kvLv wn‡m‡e BwZnv‡mi
¸iyZ¡ Amxg| BwZnvm cvV gvbyl‡K AZx‡Zi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z eZ©gvb Ae¯’v eyS‡Z, fwel¨r Abyaveb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| BwZnvm cv‡Vi d‡j gvby‡li c‡¶ wb‡R I wbR †`k m¤ú‡K© g½j-Ag½‡ji c~e©vfvm cvIqv m¤¢e|
myZivs, †`k I RvwZi ¯^v‡_© Ges e¨w³ cÖ‡qvR‡b BwZnvm cvV AZ¨šÍ Riywi|
Ávb I AvZ¥gh©v`v e„w× K‡i : AZx‡Zi mZ¨wbô eY©bv gvby‡li Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi G
weeiY hw` nq wbR †`k, RvwZi mdj msMÖvg, †MŠiegq HwZ‡n¨i Zvn‡j Zv gvbyl‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i|
GKB m‡½ AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †m †¶‡Î RvZxqZv‡eva, RvZxq msnwZ my`„pKi‡Y
BwZnvm cv‡Vi weKí †bB|
m‡PZbv e„w× K‡i : BwZnvm Ávb gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi DÌvb-cZb Ges mf¨Zvi
weKvkI cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡j gvbyl fv‡jv-g‡›`i cv_©K¨Uv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i| d‡j, †m Zvi
K‡g©i cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _v‡K|
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 5

11. `„óv‡šÍi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v †`q : BwZnv‡mi e¨envwiK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| gvbyl BwZnvm cvV K‡i AZxZ NUbvewji
`„óvšÍ †_‡K wk¶v wb‡Z cv‡i| BwZnv‡mi wk¶v eZ©gv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| BwZnvm `„óv‡šÍi
gva¨‡g wk¶v †`q e‡j BwZnvm‡K ejv nq wk¶Yxq `k©b|
mZ¨wbô BwZnvm cvV K‡i †h Ávb jvf nq, Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Pjvi Rb¨ DrK…óZg wk¶v|
BwZnvm cvV Ki‡j wePvi-we‡k-l‡Yi ¶gZv ev‡o, hv `vk©wbK `„wófw½ ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j Ávb PP©vi
cÖwZ AvMÖn R‡b¥|
`jxq KvR : †Zvgvi GjvKvi A_ev KvQvKvwQ †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK ¯_vb/wb`k©b cwi`k©b K‡i Zvi
HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|
Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :
1. Kv‡K AvaywbK BwZnv‡mi RbK ejv nq?
K. †n‡ivWUvm L. wjI‡cvì db& i¨vs‡K
M. U‡qbwe N. B, GBP, Kvi
2. Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©bmg~n cÖgvY K‡i-
i. cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`k g„rwk‡í mg„× wQj
ii. eû cÖvPxb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k bMi mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V
iii. cÖvPxb evsjvi Awaevmx‡`i a¨vb-aviYv AZ¨šÍ DbœZ gv‡bi wQj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i I ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wigv C‡`i QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b †m gy`ªv, wkjvwjwc.
¯Í¤¢wjwc. Zv¤ªwjwc, BgviZ BZ¨vw` †`L‡Z cvq|
6 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

12. 3. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yN‡i BwZnv‡mi †h Dcv`b †`L‡Z cvq Zv n‡jv-
i. wjwLZ
ii. AwjwLZ
iii. cÖZœZvwË¡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`k©b K‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡e, cÖvPxb evsjvi-
i. mvgvwRK BwZnvm
ii. A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm
iii. mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. mRj Zvi gvgvi mv‡_ RvZxq MYMÖš’vMv‡i hvq| †mLv‡b †m wewfbœ eBcÎ c‡o| mRj weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡jI
Zvi BwZnv‡mi eB fv‡jv jv‡M| †m wewfbœ Drm †_‡K BwZnv‡mi eBcÎ msMÖn K‡i c‡o| mR‡ji evev
Zv‡K agK w`‡q ej‡jb, ïay ïay GB eB c‡o Zzwg mgq bó KiQ †Kb?
K. wnD‡qb mvs †Kvb& †`‡ki cwieªvRK?
L. mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Kxfv‡e BwZnv‡mi cwimi we¯Í…Z n‡”Q?
M. mRj RvZxq MYMÖš’vMv‡i BwZnv‡mi †Kvb ai‡bi Dcv`vb †`L‡Z cvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Zzwg Kx mR‡ji evevi gvbwmKZvi mv‡_ GKgZ? hyw³ `vI|
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 7

13. wØZxq Aa¨vq
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
BwZnvm welqK Av‡jvPbvq hy‡Mi wefvRb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK ˆewk‡ó¨i D™¢e, weKvk I
cÖfv‡ei Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡qB G hyM wefvRb wbY©q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ BwZnv‡m wLªóc~e© K‡qK kZK c~‡e©i
mgq †_‡K wLªóxq cÂg kZ‡KB cÖvPxbKvj ev hyM e‡j aiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e AÂj †f‡` KvjwefvR‡bi
ZviZg¨I j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wLªóxq †Z‡iv kZ‡Ki c~e© ch©šÍ `xN© cÖvq `yÕ nvRvi eQ‡ii mgq‡K evsjvi cÖvPxb hyM
e‡j aiv n‡q _v‡K|
cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjv (eZ©gv‡bi evsjv‡`k I cwðg e½) GLbKvi evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †Kv‡bv GKK I ALÊ ivóª ev
ivR¨ wQj bv| evsjvi wewfbœ Ask ZLb A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU A‡j wef³ wQj| Avi cÖwZwU A‡ji kvmK hvi
hvi g‡Zv kvmb Ki‡Zb| evsjvi G AÂj¸‡jv‡K ZLb mgwóMZfv‡e bvg †`qv nq ÔRbc`Õ|
gvbwPÎ : cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-
• evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb wPwýZ K‡i eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi Z_¨ AbymÜv‡b Rbc`¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡f Rbc`¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx ne|

14. Rbc`
PZz_© kZK n‡Z ¸ß hyM, ¸ß cieZ©x hyM, cvj, †mb cÖf„wZ Avg‡ji DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I mvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ cÖvPxb
evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Gme Rbc` wVK †Kv_vq KZLvwb RvqMv Ry‡o wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| Z‡e
cÖvPxbKv‡ji cÖvß wewfbœ HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb n‡Z Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb m¤^‡Ü †gvUvgywU AvuP cvIqv hvq| wb‡P
K‡qKwU Rbc‡`i eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
†MŠo : †MŠo bvgwU mycwiwPZ n‡jI cÖvPxbKv‡j †MŠo ej‡Z wVK †Kvb AÂj‡K †evSvZ G wb‡q cÖPzi gZ‡f`
Av‡Q| Avi †h GjvKv †MŠo e‡j AwfwnZ n‡Zv †KbB ev †m AÂj G bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Zv AvR ch©šÍ †mUvI
mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvq wb| cvwYwbi MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g †MŠ‡oi D‡j-L †`Lv hvq| †KŠwU‡j¨i ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ MÖ‡š’ †MŠo
†`‡ki A‡bK wkí I K…wlRvZ `ª‡e¨i D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| e¨vrmvq‡bi MÖ‡š’I Z…Zxq I PZz_© kZ‡K †MŠ‡oi
bvMwiK‡`i wejvm-e¨m‡bi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| nl©ea©‡bi wkjvwjwc n‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, mgy`ª DcK~j n‡Z
†MŠo‡`k Lye †ewk `~‡i Aew¯’Z wQj bv| lô kZ‡K †jLv eivn wgwn‡ii weeiY n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, †MŠo Ab¨vb¨
Rbc`, h_vÑ cyÛª, e½, mgZU †_‡K Avjv`v GKwU Rbc`| Ôfwel¨ cyivYÕ-G G‡K cÙv b`xi `w¶‡Y Ges
ea©gv‡bi Dˇi Aew¯’Z AÂj e‡j eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Dw³i m‡½ mßg kZ‡Ki †jvK‡`i eY©bvi h‡_ó
mvgÄm¨ Av‡Q| mßg kZ‡K †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQj gywk©`vev‡`i wbKUeZ©x KY©myeY©| Avi ïay ev
kkvsKB †Kb, cieZ©xKv‡j AviI A‡b‡Ki ivRavbx wQj GB †MŠo|
cvj ivRv‡`i Avg‡j †MŠ‡oi bvg-WvK wQj me‡P‡q †ewk| DËi fvi‡Zi we¯ÍxY© AÂj ZLb †MŠ‡oi AšÍfy©³
wQj| mvgªv‡R¨i †K›`ª¯’j nIqvq Zvi cÖZvc wQj AcÖwZnZ| cieZ©xKv‡j cvj mvgªv‡R¨i fvM¨ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_
mv‡_ †MŠ‡oi fvM¨I cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq| †MŠ‡oi mxgv ZLb mxgve× n‡q Av‡m| AvaywbK gvj`n, gywk©`vev`,
exif~g I ea©gv‡bi wKQy Ask †MŠ‡oi mxgvbv e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| mßg kZ‡K †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQj
gywk©`vev` †Rjvi KY©myeY©| gymjgvb hy‡Mi ïiy‡Z gvj`n †Rjvi j¶YveZx †MŠo bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Zv| c‡i †MŠo
ej‡Z mgMÖ evsjv‡K eySvZ|
e½ : e½ GKwU AwZ cÖvPxb Rbc`| AwZ cÖvPxb cyuw_‡Z G‡K gMa I Kwj½ Rbc‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx ejv n‡q‡Q|
gnvfvi‡Zi D‡j-L n‡Z eySv hvq †h, e½, cyÛª, Zvgªwjß I my‡þi msjMœ †`k| P›`ª¸ß, weµgvw`Z¨, PvjyK¨
ivRv I ivóªK~U‡`i wkjvwjwc Ges Kvwj`v‡mi MÖ‡š’ G Rbc‡`i eY©bv cvIqv hvq| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I
`w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K e½ bv‡g GKwU Rbc` M‡o D‡VwQj| Abygvb Kiv nq, GLv‡b Ôe½Õ bv‡g GK RvwZ evm
KiZ| ZvB Rbc`wU cwiwPZ nq Ôe½Õ bv‡g| mv¶¨ cÖgvY †_‡K g‡b nq, M½v I fvwMi_xi gvSLv‡bi
AÂj‡KB e½ ejv n‡Zv|
cvj I †mb eskxq ivRv‡`i Avg‡j e‡½i AvqZb m¼zwPZ n‡q c‡o| GKv`k kZ‡K cvj es‡ki †kl ch©v‡q
e½ Rbc` `yfv‡M wef³ n‡q DËi e½ I `w¶Y e½ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| cÙv wQj DËiv‡ji DËi mxgv,
`w¶‡Yi eØxc AÂj wQj `w¶Y e½| cieZ©xKv‡j †Kke †mb I wek¦iƒc †m‡bi Avg‡jI e‡½i `ywU fvM
cwijw¶Z nq| Z‡e Gevi bvg Avjv`Ñ GKwU ÔweµgcyiÕ I AciwU Ôbve¨Õ| cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z ÔweµgcyiÕ I
Ôbve¨Õ bv‡g e‡½i `ywU A‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq| eZ©gvb weµgcyi ciMbv I Zvi mv‡_ AvaywbK Bw`jcyi ciMbvi
wKq`sk wb‡q wQj weµgcyi| bve¨ e‡j eZ©gv‡b †Kvb RvqMvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| aviYv Kiv nq, dwi`cyi, ewikvj,
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 9

15. cUzqvLvjxi wbgœ Rjvf~wg G bve¨ A‡ji AšÍfy©³ wQj| e„nËi e¸ov, cvebv, gqgbwmsn †Rjvi cwðgvÂj,
XvKv, dwi`cyi, Kzwóqv, e„nËi Kzwgj-v I †bvqvLvjxi wKQy Ask wb‡q e½ MwVZ n‡qwQj| Ôe½Õ †_‡K ÔevOvwjÕ
RvwZi DrcwË N‡UwQj|
cyÛª: cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡jv cyÛª| ejv nq †h, ÔcyÛªÕ e‡j GK RvwZ G Rbc`
M‡o Zz‡jwQj| ˆew`K mvwnZ¨ I gnvfvi‡Z G RvwZi D‡j-L Av‡Q| cyÛª‡`i iv‡R¨i ivRavbxi bvg cyÛªbMi|
cieZ©xKv‡j Gi bvg nq gnv¯’vbMo| m¤¢eZ †gŠh© mgªvU
A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j (wLªt c~: 273-232 Aã) cÖvPxb cyÛª ivR¨
¯^vaxb mËv nvivq| mg„w× evovi m‡½ m‡½ cÂg-lô kZ‡K
Zv cyÛªea©‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †m mgqKvi cyÛªea©b AšÍZ
e¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx †Rjv Ry‡o we¯—…Z wQj| ivRgnj-
M½v-fvMxi_x n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Ki‡Zvqv ch©šÍ †gvUvgywU mg¯Í
DËi e½B †evanq †m mgq cyÛªea©‡bi AšÍfy©³ wQj| †mb
Avg‡j cyÛªea©‡bi `w¶YZg mxgv cÙv †cwi‡q G‡Kev‡i Lvwo
welq (eZ©gvb PweŸk ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv) I XvKv-
ewikv‡ji mgy`ª Zxi ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| e¸ov n‡Z mvZ gvBj `~‡i gnv¯’vbMo cÖvPxb cyÛªea©b bMixi
aŸsmve‡kl e‡j cwʇZiv Abygvb K‡ib|
cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`©k‡bi w`K w`‡q cyÛªB wQj cÖvPxb evsjvi me‡P‡q mg„× Rbc`| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß cv_‡ii
PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv m¤¢eZ cÖvPxbZg wkjvwjwc GLv‡b cvIqv †M‡Q|
nwi‡Kj : mvZ kZ‡Ki †jL‡Kiv nwi‡Kj bv‡g Aci GK Rbc‡`i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Pxbv ågYKvix Brwms
e‡j‡Qb, nwi‡Kj wQj c~e© fvi‡Zi †kl mxgvq| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv wjwc‡Z nwi‡K‡ji †h cwiPq cvIqv hvq
Zv‡Z eZ©gvb PÆMÖv‡giI Ask Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| mg¯Í Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i a‡i †bIqv hvq †h, c~‡e© kªxnÆ
(wm‡jU) †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi Ask we‡kl ch©šÍ nwi‡Kj Rbc` we¯—…Z wQj| hw`I ga¨Lv‡b mgZU iv‡R¨i
Aew¯’wZ wQj- hv wKQyUv weåvwšÍ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avm‡j ZLb Rbc‡`i †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †ek wkw_j Ae¯’v
weivR KiwQj| Zv Qvov e½, mgZU I nwi‡Kj- wZbwU c„_K Rbc` n‡jI Giv Lye wbKU cÖwZ‡ewk nIqvq
KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvq Ab¨ Rbc‡`i cÖfve weivR KiZ e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶, mßg
I Aóg kZK n‡Z `k I GMv‡iv kZK ch©šÍ nwi‡Kj GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivR¨ wQj| wKšÍy c~e©-evsjvi P›`ª ivRes‡ki
ivRv ˆÎ‡jvK¨P‡›`ªi P›`ªØxc AwaKv‡ii ci n‡Z nwi‡Kj‡K †gvUvgywU e‡½i Ask e‡j aiv nq| A‡b‡K Avevi
ïay wm‡j‡Ui mv‡_ nwi‡Kj‡K Awfbœ e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
mgZU : c~e© I `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq e‡½i cÖwZ‡ekx Rbc` wn‡m‡e wQj mgZ‡Ui Ae¯’vb| G AÂjwU wQj Av`©ª
wbgœf~wg| †Kn †Kn g‡b K‡ib mgZU eZ©gvb Kzwgj-vi cÖvPxb bvg| Avevi †Kn g‡b K‡ib, Kzwgj-v I †bvqvLvjx
AÂj wb‡q mgZU MwVZ n‡qwQj| mvZ kZK †_‡K ev‡iv kZK ch©šÍ eZ©gvb wÎcyiv †Rjv wQj mgZ‡Ui Ab¨Zg
Ask| GK mgq G Rbc‡`i cwðg mxgv PweŸk ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| M½v-fvMxi_xi c~e©
Zxi †_‡K ïiy K‡i †gNbvi †gvnbv ch©šÍ mgy`ªK~jeZ©x AÂj‡KB m¤¢eZ ejv n‡Zv mgZU| Kzwgj-v kn‡ii 12
gvBj cwð‡g eo KvgZv bvgK ¯’vbwU mvZ kZ‡K Gi ivRavbx wQj|
Qwe : gnv¯_vbMo, e¸ov
10 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

16. e‡i›`ª : e‡i›`ªx, e‡i›`ª ev e‡i›`ª f~wg bv‡g cÖvPxb evsjvq Aci GKwU Rbc‡`i K_v Rvbv hvq| GwUI DËi
e‡½i GKwU Rbc`| e‡i›`ª cyÛªea©b Rbc‡`i me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y© GjvKv wQj| Rbc‡`i cÖavb kni, †gŠh© I
¸ß Avg‡j cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vi †K›`ª cyÛªbM‡ii Ae¯’vbI wQj GB e‡i›`ª GjvKvq| ZvB G‡K Rbc` ejv
hvq bv| wKšÍy G bv‡g GK mgq mgMÖ GjvKv cwiwPZ n‡Zv| ZvB cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m G‡K Rbc‡`i gh©v`v
†`Iqv nq| GK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, M½v I Ki‡Zvqv b`xi ga¨eZ©x A‡j wQj G Rbc‡`i Ae¯’vb|
e¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx †Rjvi A‡bKUv AÂj Ges m¤¢eZ cvebv †Rjv Ry‡o e‡i›`ª AÂj we¯—…Z wQj|
Zvgªwjß : nwi‡K‡ji Dˇi Aew¯’Z wQj Zvgªwjß Rbc`| eZ©gvb †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi ZgjyKB wQj
Zvgªwj‡ßi cÖvY‡K›`ª| mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x G GjvKv wQj Lye wbPz I Av`ª©| †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ RvqMvwU wQj Lye
DËg| cÖvPxbKv‡j Zvgªwjß ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †bŠ-evwY‡R¨i †K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| ûMjx I iƒcbvivqY b‡`i
m½g¯’j n‡Z 12 gvBj `~‡i iƒcbvivq‡Yi Zx‡i G e›`iwU Aew¯’Z wQj| mvZ kZK n‡Z Bnv `Êfyw³ bv‡g
cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| AvU kZ‡Ki ci n‡ZB Zvgªwjß e›`‡ii mg„w× bó n‡q hvq|
P›`ªØxc : Dc‡iv³ Rbc`¸‡jv Qvov AviI GKwU ¶z`ª Rbc‡`i bvg cÖvPxb evsjvq cvIqv hvq| GUv n‡jv
P›`ªØxc| eZ©gvb ewikvj †RjvB wQj P›`ªØx‡ci g~j f~-LÊ I cÖvY‡K›`ª| G cÖvPxb Rbc`wU ev‡jk¦i I †gNbvi
ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj|
GQvov e„nËi cÖvPxb evsjvq `Êfyw³, DËi ivp (eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` †Rjvi cwðgvsk, mgMÖ exif~g †Rjv Ges
ea©gvb †Rjvi Kv‡Uvqv gnKzgv), `w¶Y ivp (eZg©vb ea©gv‡bi `w¶Yvsk, ûMjxi eûjvsk Ges nvIov †Rjv),
evsjv ev evOjv (mvaviYZ Lyjbv, ewikvj I cUzqvLvjxi my›`i ebvÂj) BZ¨vw` bv‡gI kw³kvjx Rbc` wQj|
Gfv‡e AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z Qq-mvZ kZK ch©šÍ cÖvPxb evsjvi wewfbœ Ask wfbœ wfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| g~jZ:,
Bnv wQj ivR‰bwZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK wefvM| mßg kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K kkvsK †MŠ‡oi ivRv n‡q gywk©`vev` n‡Z
DrKj (DËi Dwol¨v) ch©šÍ mgMÖ GjvKv‡K msNe× K‡ib| Zvici n‡Z evsjv wZbwU Rbc` bv‡g cwiwPZ
nZ| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑcyÛªea©b, †MŠo I e½| evKx Ab¨vb¨ Rbc`¸‡jv G wZbwUi g‡a¨ wejxb n‡q hvq| wef³
Rbc`¸‡jv‡K HK¨e× Kivi cÖ‡Póv cvj I †mb ivRv‡`i Avg‡jB A‡bKUv cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| kkvsk Ges
cvj ivRviv mgMÖ cwðg e‡½i ivRv n‡qI ÔivpvwacwZÕ ev Ô†MŠ‡ok¦iÕ e‡jB cwiPq w`‡Zb| d‡j, Ô†MŠoÕ bvgwU
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` n‡Z Avgiv ZLbKvi evsjvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Aeqe, mxgv‡iLv, ivR‰bwZK ˆewkó¨ BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywU aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| cÖvPxb evsjvq ZLb †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK HK¨ wQj bv| kw³kvjx
kvmKMY Zuv‡`i AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g GKvwaK Rbc‡`i kvmb ¶gZv jvf Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡e Rbc`¸‡jv
cÖvPxb evsjvq cÖ_g f~LÊMZ BDwbU ev cÖkvmwbK BDwbU wnmv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i cieZ©x‡Z ivR‰bwZK HK¨
MV‡b mnvqZv K‡iwQj|
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 11

17. Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. †Kvb Rbc` †_‡K Ôev½vjÕ RvwZi DrcwË N‡UwQj?
K. e‡i›`ª L. cyÛª
M. e½ N. †MŠo
2. Zvgªwjß Rbc`wU wQj-
i. mgy`ª DcK~jeZx© Lye wbPz I Av`ª©
ii. ¯’j evwY‡R¨i †K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ
iii. †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ AwZ DËg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wkjv kxZKvjxb QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ ivRkvnxi e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b wM‡q †m cÖvPxb
wb`k©‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i cv_‡ii PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv wjwc| †m Rvb‡Z cv‡i
GwU wQj evsjv‡`‡k cvIqv cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc Ges mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgq G wjwc DrKxY© Kiv n‡qwQj|
3. wkjvi cwiwPZ nIqv wb`k©b¸‡jv cÖvPxb †Kvb Rbc‡`i Bw½Z enb K‡i?
K. †MŠo L. cyÛª
M. mgZU N. e‡i›`ª
4. D³ Rbc`wU cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Rbc`, KviY GwU-
i. mf¨Zvi cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b
ii. mg„× bMix wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ
iii. L¨vwZc~Y© †bŠ-evwYwR¨K †K›`ª
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i I ii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
12 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

18. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1.
K. †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQj †KvbwU?
L. Rbc` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K D‡j-wLZ wb`k©bwU cÖvPxb †Kvb Rbc‡` Aew¯’Z? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ Rbc`wUB cÖvPxb evsjvi me‡P‡q DbœZ Rbc`? Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 13
Qwe : kvjeb wenvi

19. Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt)
cvj ivRv‡`i kvmbKvj †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| Gi
Av‡Mi BwZnvm Lyu‡R cvIqv mnR bq| G mgqKv‡j †Kv‡bv kvmK `xN©w`b mgMÖ evsjv Ry‡o kvmb Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| ZvB wew”Qbœfv‡eB evsjvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U‡Q| †gŠh© I ¸ß kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi ci GK
Aw¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| GiB ga¨ w`‡q DÌvb N‡U wKQy ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i| ¯^vaxb ivR¨ DÌv‡bi hy‡M DËi
evsjvi ivRv kkvsK wQ‡jb me‡P‡q kw³gvb| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci `xN©Kvj evsjvq †Kvb †hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb bv| d‡j
ivR¨ Ry‡o AivRKZv I wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| cÖvq GKkZ eQi G Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ Kv‡U| AZtci †Mvcvj bv‡g GK
†bZv G AivRK Ae¯’vi Aemvb NUvb Ges cvj es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| ev‡iv kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS cvj es‡ki
cZb N‡U| cvj kvmb hy‡MB `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o D‡V| Gici `w¶Y fvi‡Zi KY©vU
†_‡K AvMZ †mb esk c~e© evsjvq ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡i| cÖvq `yBkZ eQi †mb kvmb Ae¨vnZ wQj| †Zi kZ‡Ki
cÖ_g `k‡K gymjgvb kw³i nv‡Z †mb ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U| ïiy nq GK bZzb Aa¨vqÑ evsjvi ga¨hyM|
GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-
• cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivResk I Zuv‡`i kvmbKvj m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvK cvjhy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK PP©vq ZrKvjxb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivReskmg~‡ni Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK aviYv †cvlY
Ki‡Z m¶g ne;
• ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivR esk¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf K‡i cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm avivevwnKfv‡e Rvb‡Z
mg_© ne;
• `wÿY-c~e© evsjvi ivR¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ ne|
cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivResk I kvmb-e¨e¯’v
†gŠh© I ¸ß hy‡M evsjv
¸ß hy‡Mi c~‡e© cÖvPxb evsjvi avivevwnK BwZnvm iPbv Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb cvIqv hvqwb| †Kbbv
ZLbKvi gvbyl AvR‡Ki g‡Zv BwZnvm †jLvq Af¨¯Í wQj bv| fviZxq Ges we‡`wk mvwn‡Z¨ G mgqKvi evsjv
m¤ú‡K© BZ¯ÍZ I wew¶ß Dw³ n‡Z Avgiv BwZnv‡mi Aí¯^í Dcv`vb cvB| G mKj wew”Qbœ NUbv †RvovZvwj
w`‡q mb-ZvwiL I cÖK…Z NUbv m¤^wjZ avivevwnK †Kv‡bv BwZnvm iPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| e¯‘Z, wLªóc~e© 327-
26 A‡ã MÖxK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq n‡Z cÖK…Z BwZnv‡mi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| MÖxK
†jLK‡`i K_vq ZLb evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWBÕ bv‡g GK kw³kvjx ivR¨ wQj| M½v b`xi †h `ywU †mªvZ GLb
fvMxi_x I cÙv e‡j cwiwPZÑG Df‡qi ga¨eZ©x AÂjB ÔM½vwiWBÕ RvwZi evm¯’vb wQj| MÖxK MÖš’KviMY
M½vwiWB QvovI ÔcÖvwmAqÕ bv‡g Aci GK RvwZi D‡j-L K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i ivRavbxi bvg wQj cvwj‡ev_iv

20. (cvUwjcyÎ)| MÖxK †jLK‡`i eY©bvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h G `y RvwZ GKB ivRes‡ki
†bZ…‡Z¡ GKm‡½ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii weiy‡× A¯¿ aviY K‡iwQj| GI Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii
Avµg‡Yi mgq evsjvi ivRv gMavw` †`k Rq K‡i cvÄve ch©šÍ ¯^xq ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb
cvUwjcy‡Îi b›`eskxq †Kv‡bv ivRv| G mgq †h evsjvi ivRvB mgwaK kw³kvjx wQ‡jb cÖvPxb MÖxK †jLKM‡Yi
Dw³ †_‡K Zv wb:m‡›`‡n cÖgvwYZ nq|
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Z¨v‡Mi gvÎ `yB eQi ci 321 wLª÷ c~e©v‡ã †gŠh© mgªvU P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© fvi‡Zi GK wekvj
A‡ji Dci †gŠh© es‡ki cÖfyZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| DËi evsjvq †gŠh© kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki
ivRZ¡Kv‡j (269-232 wLªtc~t)| AÂjwU †gŠh©‡`i GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb cyÛªbMi wQj G
cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx| DËi e½ QvovI †gŠh© kvmb KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev`), Zvgªwjß, (ûMjx) I mgZU (`w¶Y-c~e©
evsjv) A‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|
†gŠh© mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci ï½ I c‡i Kš^ es‡ki Avwef©ve N‡U| G hy‡Mi BwZnvm Rvbvi g‡Zv h‡_ó Dcv`vb
Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q †bB| aviYv Kiv nq Zviv wKQy †QvU A‡ji Dci kvmb cÖwZôv K‡iwQj| Gici †ek KwU we‡`wk
kw³ fviZel© AvµgY K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ MÖxK, kK, cn¬e, KzlvY cÖf„wZ D‡j-L‡hvM¨| Z‡e G AvµgYKvixiv
evsjv ch©šÍ G‡mwQj wK-bv Zv ejv hvq bv|
¸ß hyM m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi g‡Zv †ek wKQy Dcv`vb BwZnvmwe`‡`i nv‡Z i‡q‡Q| G †_‡K wLªóxq Z…Zxq kZ‡Ki
†klfvM I PZz_© kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡Mi BwZnvm iPbv mnR n‡q‡Q| fvi‡Z ¸ß mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq 320
wLª÷v‡ã| ZLb evsjvq †ek wKQy ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i DÌvb N‡U| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi mgZU ivR¨ I
cwðg evsjvi cy®‹iY ivR¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨| ¸ß mgªvU cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB DËi e‡½i wKQy Ask ¸ß
mvgªv‡R¨i AwaKv‡i Av‡m| mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j mgMÖ evsjv Rq Kiv n‡jI mgZU GKwU Ki` ivR¨ wQj|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kvj n‡Z lô kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS ch©šÍ DËie½ ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb¯’ GKwU ÔcÖ‡`kÕ ev
Ôfyw³Õ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv| †gŠh©‡`i gZ G‡`‡k ¸ß‡`i ivRavbx wQj gnv¯’vbM‡oi cyÛªbMi|
¸ß cieZ©x evsjv
cuvP kZ‡K `ya©l© cvnvwo RvwZ ûb I lô kZ‡K gvj‡ei h‡kveg©‡Yi Avµg‡Yi d‡j lô kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©B ¸ß
kvm‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U| wekvj ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci mviv DËi fvi‡Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯^vaxb ivRes‡ki D™¢e
nq| Gfv‡e ¸ß‡`i ci mgMÖ DËi fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv †`Lv †`q| †m my‡hv‡M evsjv‡`‡k `ywU ¯^vaxb
iv‡R¨i m„wó nq| Gi GKwU n‡jv e½| Gi Ae¯’vb `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv I cwðg-evsjvi `w¶Yv‡j| wØZxq
iv‡R¨i bvg †MŠo| Gi Ae¯’vb wQj evsjvi cwðg I DËi evsjv wb‡q|
GKK KvR : evsjvi BwZnv‡m e½ I †MŠo Rbc` `y‡Uvi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg D‡j-L Ki|
¯^vaxb e½ ivR¨
¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M e½ Rbc‡` GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i D™¢e N‡U| Zvgª kvmb (Zvgvi cv‡Z †Lv`vB
Kiv ivRvi wewfbœ †NvlYv ev wb‡`©k) †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †MvP›`ª, ag©vw`Z¨ I mgvPvi‡`e bv‡g wZbRb ivRv ¯^vaxb
e½ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡Zb| Guiv mevB ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i ivRZ¡Kvj wQj 525
wLª÷vã †_‡K 600 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨|
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 15

21. †Kvb& mg‡q Ges Kxfv‡e ¯^vaxb I kw³kvjx e½ iv‡R¨i cZb n‡qwQj Zv ejv hvq bv| aviYv Kiv nq,
`vw¶Yv‡Z¨i PvjyK¨ es‡ki ivRv KxwZ©eg©‡bi nv‡Z ¯^vaxb e½ iv‡R¨i cZb N‡UwQj| wfbœ gZ huviv †cvlY K‡ib
Zuviv e‡jb, ¯^vaxb †MŠo iv‡R¨i DÌvb NU‡j e½ iv‡R¨i cZb N‡U| Avevi ¯^vaxb e½ iv‡R¨i cZ‡bi †cQ‡b
wKQy mvgšÍ ivRvi DÌvb‡KI `vqx Kiv nq| KviY, mvZ kZ‡Ki c~‡e©B `w¶Y evsjvi mgZU iv‡R¨ f`ª, LoM,
ivp cÖf„wZ es‡ki ¯^vaxb I mvgšÍ ivRv‡`i DÌvb N‡UwQj|
¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨
¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci Qq kZ‡K ÔcieZ©x ¸ß eskÕ e‡j cwiwPZ ¸ß Dcvwaavix ivRvMY DËi evsjv,
cwðg evsjvi DËivsk I gM‡a ¶gZv we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| Qq kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q G AÂjB †MŠo Rbc`
bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| †gŠLix I cieZ©x ¸ßeskxq ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq cÂvk eQi cyiylvbyµwgK msNl© Ges
DËi †_‡K wZeŸZxq I `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K PvjyK¨ivRM‡Yi µgvMZ Avµg‡Yi d‡j evsjvq ¸ßeskxq ivRvMY
`ye©j n‡q c‡ob| G Ae¯’vi c~Y© my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i kkvsK bv‡g R‰bK mvgšÍ mßg kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †MŠo
A‡j ¶gZv `Lb K‡ib Ges ¯^vaxb †MŠo iv‡R¨i cÖwZôv K‡ib|
kkvsK : kkvs‡Ki cwiPq, Zuvi DÌvb I Rxeb-Kvwnbx AvRI cwÊZ‡`i wbKU cwi®‹vi bq| †Kbbv Zuvi
Avg‡ji BwZnv‡mi †h mg¯Í Dcv`vb cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z eû wecixZgyLx eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ¸ß ivRv‡`i Aax‡b eo
†Kv‡bv A‡ji kvmK‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔgnvmvgšÍÕ| aviYv Kiv nq kkvsK wQ‡jb ¸ß ivRv gnv‡mb¸‡ßi GKRb
ÔgnvmvgšÍÕ Ges Zuvi cyÎ A_ev åvZz®úyÎ|
kkvsK 606 wLª÷v‡ãi c~‡e©B ivR wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi ivRavbx wQj KY©myeY©| wZwb †MŠ‡o Zuvi
AwaKvi ¯’vcb K‡i cÖwZ‡ekx A‡j ivR¨ we¯Ívi ïiy K‡ib| wZwb `Êfyw³ (†gw`bxcyi) ivR¨, Dwol¨vi DrKj
(DËi Dwol¨v) I K‡½v` (`w¶Y Dwol¨v) ivR¨ Ges wenv‡ii gMa ivR¨ Rq K‡i Zuvi ivR¨mxgv e„w× K‡ib|
cwð‡g Zuvi ivR¨ evivYmx ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| Kvgiy‡ci (Avmvg) ivRvI kkvs‡Ki nv‡Z civwRZ nb| Gici
wZwb cwðg mxgv‡šÍi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`b| DËi fvi‡Z G mgq `yRb kw³kvjx ivRv wQ‡jb| GKwU cyl¨f~wZ
ivRes‡ki Aax‡b _v‡bk¦i Ges Ab¨wU †gŠLix ivRes‡ki Aax‡b Kvb¨Kzâ| cwðg w`K †_‡K K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLix
kw³ evsjv AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ evi evi †Póv KiwQj| Z`ycwi mgmvgwqK mg‡q _v‡bk¦‡ii ivRv cÖfvKiea©‡bi Kb¨v
ivR¨kªxi m‡½ K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLix ivRv MÖneg©‡Yi we‡q n‡j K‡bŠR-_v‡bk¦i †RvU M‡o D‡V| G †Rv‡Ui d‡j
evsjvi wbivcËv we‡klfv‡e wecbœ n‡q c‡o| cvëv e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e kkvsKI K~U‰bwZK m~‡Î gvjeivR
†`e¸‡ßi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡i ¯^xq kw³ e„w× K‡ib|
civµvšÍ _v‡bk¦iivR cÖfvKiea©‡bi AK¯§vr g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi RvgvZv K‡bŠ‡Ri MÖneg©Y wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| gvjeivR
†`e¸ß †gŠLwiivR MÖneg©Y‡K civwRZ K‡ib| Zuvi gwnlx ivR¨kªx‡K e›`x Kiv nq| †`e¸ß Gici _v‡bk¦‡ii
w`‡K AMÖmi nb| _v‡bk¦‡ii ivRv ZLb ivR¨ea©b| cw_g‡a¨ †`e¸ß ivR¨ea©‡bi n‡¯Í civwRZ I wbnZ nb| wKšÍy
K‡bŠ‡Ri Dci wbR cÖfyZ¡ we¯Ívi I fMœx ivR¨kªx‡K D×vi Kivi Av‡MB wZwb kkvsKi nv‡Z g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
ivR¨ea©‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡j nl©ea©b K‡bŠR I _v‡bk¦‡ii wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| wZwb Kvj wej¤^ bv K‡i
ivR¨kªx‡K D×vi I cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ kkvs‡Ki weiy‡× hy×hvÎv K‡ib| G mgq Kvgiƒ‡ci fv¯‹ieg©v Zuvi
m‡½ wgÎZve× nb| wKšÍy G msN‡l©i djvdj ev Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv msNl© n‡qwQj wK-bv †m wel‡q mwVKfv‡e Rvbv
hvq bv| 637 wLª÷v‡ãi wKQy Av‡M kkvsK g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
16 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

22. kkvsK ˆke a‡g©i DcvmK wQ‡jb| wnD‡qb-mvs Zuv‡K †eŠ× ag© we‡Ølx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G e¨vcv‡i
†Zgb †Kv‡bv †Rviv‡jv cÖgvY AvRI cvIqv hvqwb| mvZ kZ‡K evsjvi BwZnv‡m kkvsK GKwU wewkó bvg|
cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m wZwbB cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mve©‡fŠg kvmK|
KvR : †h mKj kw³i m‡½ kkvs‡Ki msNl© n‡qwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|
gvrmvb¨vq I cvj esk (750 wLªt Ñ 1161 wLªt)
kkvs‡Ki g„Zz¨i ci evsjvi BwZnv‡m GK `y‡h©vMc~Y© AÜKvigq hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| `xN©w`b evsjvq †Kvb †hvM¨
kvmK wQ‡jb bv| d‡j, iv‡R¨ wek„•Ljv I AivRKZv †`Lv †`q| GKw`‡K nl©ea©b I fv¯‹ieg©‡Yi nv‡Z †MŠo
ivR¨ wQbœ wfbœ n‡q hvq, Ab¨w`‡K f~-¯^vgxiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB evsjvi ivRv nIqvi Kíbvq G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ msNv‡Z
†g‡Z D‡V| †K›`ªxq kvmb k³ nv‡Z aivi g‡Zv ZLb †KD wQ‡jb bv| G AivRKZvi mgqKvj‡K cvj
Zvgªkvm‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôgvrmvb¨vqÕ e‡j| cyKz‡i eo gvQ †QvU gvQ‡K a‡i wM‡j †djvi g‡Zv wek„•Lj
cwiw¯’wZ‡K e‡j Ôgvrmvb¨vqÕ| evsjvi mej AwacwZiv Ggwb K‡i †QvU †QvU AÂj¸‡jv‡K MÖvm KiwQj| G
AivRKZvi hyM P‡j GKkZ eQie¨vcx| AvU kZ‡Ki gvSgvwS G AivRKZvi Aemvb N‡U cvj ivR‡Z¡i
DÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|
`xN©w`‡bi AivRKZvq evsjvi gvby‡li gb wewl‡q wM‡qwQj| G Pig `ytL-`y`©kv n‡Z gyw³ jv‡fi Rb¨ †`‡ki
cÖexY †bZvMY w¯’i Ki‡jb †h Zviv ci¯úi weev`-wem¤^v` fy‡j GKRb‡K ivRc‡` wbe©vwPZ Ki‡eb Ges
mK‡jB †¯^”Qvq Zuvi cÖfyZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb| †`‡ki RbmvaviYI G gZ mvb‡›` MÖnY K‡i| Gi d‡j †Mvcvj
bvgK GK e¨w³ ivRc‡` wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| cieZ©x kvmK ag©cv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j DrKxY© Lvwjgcy‡ii Zvgªwjwc n‡Z
†Mvcv‡ji G wbe©vP‡bi Kvwnbx cvIqv hvq| †Mvcv‡ji wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY wb‡q wZeŸ‡Zi HwZnvwmK jvgv Zvibv_
Aek¨ GK iƒcK_vi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Kvwnbxi mviK_v : †`‡k `xN©w`b hver AivRKZvi d‡j RbM‡Yi
`y:L-K‡ói Avi mxgv wQj bv| †`‡ki kxl© ¯’vbxq e¨w³iv GKgZ n‡q AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GKRb
ÔivRvÕ wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| wKšÍy Ôwbe©vwPZ ivRvÕ iv‡Z GK KzrwmZ bvM iv¶mx KZ…©K wbnZ nb| Gici cÖwZ iv‡ZB
GKRb K‡i Ôwbe©vwPZ ivRvÕ wbnZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| Gfv‡e †ek wKQy eQi †K‡U †Mj| Ae‡k‡l GKw`b PzÛv‡`exi
GK f³ GK evwo‡Z G‡m †`‡L †m evwoi mK‡jiB gb Lye Lvivc| KviY, Hw`b Ôwbe©vwPZÕ ivRv nevi fvi
c‡o‡Q H evwoiB GK †Q‡ji Dci| AvMšÍyK H †Q‡ji cwie‡Z© wb‡R ivRv n‡Z ivwR nb| cieZ©x mKv‡j wZwb
ivRv Ôwbe©vwPZÕ nb| †m iv‡Î bvM iv¶ymx G‡j wZwb PzÛv‡`exi gwngvhy³ jvwVi AvNv‡Z iv¶zmx‡K †g‡i †d‡jb|
c‡ii w`b Zv‡K RxweZ †`‡L mK‡jB Avðh© nq| cici mvZw`b wZwb Gfv‡e ivRv Ôwbe©vwPZÕ nb| Ae‡k‡l
Zuvi A™¢yZ †hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ RbMY Zuv‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e ivRv iƒ‡c Ôwbe©vwPZÕ K‡i|
†Mvcv‡ji c~e© Rxeb m¤ú‡K© we‡kl wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| cvj es‡ki cwiPq I Avw` evm¯’vb m¤ú‡K©I ¯úó wKQy
Rvbv hvq bv| †Mvcv‡ji wcZvi bvg ec¨U| wZwb wQ‡jb ÔkÎy aŸsmKvixÕ| wcZvgn wQ‡jb `wqZweòz| Zv‡`i
bv‡gi Av‡M †Kvb ivRKxq Dcvwa †`Lv hvqwb| G‡Z g‡b Kiv nq, Zviv mvaviY e¨w³B wQ‡jb| `wqZweòz
Ôme©we`¨v weï×Õ wQ‡jb| G †_‡K g‡b nq, †MvcvjI wcZvi g‡Zv mywbcyY †hv×v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|
†Mvcv‡ji wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq cvj ivR‡Z¡i ïiy nq| cvj es‡ki ivRvMY GKUvbv PvikZ
eQi G‡`k kvmb K‡ib| GZ `xN© mgq Avi †Kvb ivResk G‡`k kvmb K‡iwb|
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 17

23. †Mvcvj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i g‡bv‡hvM †`b| wZwb evsjvi DËi Ges c~e© As‡ki cÖvq mgMÖ
AÂjB ivR¨fy³ K‡ib| `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv †Mvcv‡ji kvm‡bi evB‡i †_‡K hvq| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z †Mvcvj 27 ermi
kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍy AvaywbK M‡elKMY g‡b K‡ib, wZwb 756 †_‡K 781 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †`k kvmb K‡ib|
GKK KvR : Ôgvrmvb¨vqÕ Kx? mgv‡R Gi cÖKvk Kx iƒc?
†Mvcv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci ag©cvj (781-821 wLªt) evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| cvj ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB wQ‡jb
me©‡kªô| evsjv I wenvie¨vcx Zuvi kvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj| DËi fvi‡Z AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi wb‡q G mg‡q wZbwU
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`vw¶Yv‡Z¨i ivóªK~U| BwZnv‡m G hy× ÔwÎ-kw³i msNl©Õ e‡j cwiwPZ| AvU kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K G hy× ïiy nq|
cÖ_g hy× nq ag©cvj I cÖwZnvi es‡ki ivRv ermivRvi g‡a¨| G hy‡× ag©cvj civwRZ nb| ZeyI ag©cvj G
mgq evsjvi evB‡i †ekwKQy AÂj Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb evivYmx I cÖqvM Rq K‡i M½v-hgybvi ga¨eZ©x AÂj
ch©šÍ ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡ib| wÎ-kw³i msN‡l©i cÖ_g w`‡K ag©cvj civwRZ n‡jI Zuvi we‡kl †Kvb ¶wZ nqwb|
KviY, weR‡qi ci ivóªK~UivR `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ wd‡i hvb| G my‡hv‡M ag©cvj K‡bŠR AwaKvi K‡ib| wKš‘ Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨B cÖwZnviivR wØZxq bvMfÆ K‡bŠR `Lj K‡ib| d‡j, ag©cv‡ji mv‡_ Zuvi hy× euv‡a| G hy‡×
ag©cvj civwRZ nb| G civR‡qI ag©cv‡ji †Kv‡bv ¶wZ nqwb| KviY, c~‡e©i g‡Zv ivóªK~UivR Z…Zxq †Mvwe›`
DËi fvi‡Z Av‡mb Ges wØZxq bvMfƇK civwRZ K‡ib| cÖwZnvi iv‡Ri civR‡qi ci ag©cvjI Z…Zxq
†Mvwe‡›`i wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib| AZtci ivóªK~UivR Zuvi †`‡k wd‡i †M‡j ag©cvj cybivq DËi fvi‡Z
AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| †Kn †Kn g‡b K‡ib, ag©cvj †bcvjI Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| ag©cvj cÖvq 40
ermi (781-821 wLªt) ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
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gnvivRvwaivR aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| fvMjcy‡ii 24 gvBj c~‡e© wZwb GKwU
†eŠ× wenvi ev gV wbg©vY K‡ib| weµgkxj Zuvi wØZxq bvg ev Dcvwa
Abymv‡i GwU Ôweµgkxj wenviÕ bv‡g L¨vZ wQj| bvj›`vi g‡Zv weµgkxj
wenviI fviZe‡l©i me©Î I fviZe‡l©i evB‡i cÖwmw× jvf K‡iwQj| beg
kZK †_‡K Øv`k kZK ch©šÍ GwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l©i GKwU weL¨vZ †eŠ×
wk¶v‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| wZeŸ‡Zi eû †eŠ× wf¶z GLv‡b Aa¨qb
Ki‡Z Avm‡Zb Ges GLvbKvi A‡bK cÖwm× †eŠ× AvPvh© wZeŸ‡Z weï×
†eŠ× ag© cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| bv‡Uvi †Rjvi cvnvocyi bvgK ¯’v‡bI ag©cvj
GK wekvj wenvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| Bnv †mvgcyi wenvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB ¯’vcZ¨ Kg©wU RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹v
KZ©„K wek¦mf¨Zvi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e (Iqvì© n¨vwi‡UR) ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| Gi b¨vq cÖKvÊ wenvi fviZe‡l©i Avi
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g‡Z, ag©cvj †eŠ×ag© wk¶vi Rb¨ 50wU wk¶v‡K›`ª cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|
ivRv wn‡m‡e mKj ag©vej¤^x cÖRvi cÖwZ mgvb c„ô‡cvlKZv cvj hy‡Mi GKwU ˆewkó¨| ZvB wb‡R †eŠ× n‡jI
Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ ag©cv‡ji †Kv‡bv we‡Øl wQj bv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, ivRvi e¨w³MZ a‡g©i mwnZ ivR¨
Qwe : †mvgcyi wenvi, cvnvocyi, bIMuv
18 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

24. kvm‡bi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| ZvB wZwb kv‡¯¿i wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Zb Ges cÖwZ a‡g©i †jvK hv‡Z wbR wbR ag© cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Zb| bvivq‡bi GKwU wn›`y gw›`‡ii Rb¨ wZwb Kigy³ f~wg `vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
wZwb hv‡`i‡K f~wg `vb K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡`i AwaKvskB wQj eªvþY| ag©cv‡ji cÖavbgš¿x MM© wQ‡jb GKRb eªvþY|
Zuvi eska‡iiv eûw`b a‡i cvj ivRv‡`i cÖavbgš¿x c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb|
cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m L¨vwZgvb me©‡kªô kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ ag©cvj Ab¨Zg| Aa© kZvãx c~‡e© †h †`k AivRKZv
I AZ¨vPv‡ii jxjvf~wg wQj, Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ †m †`k mnmv cÖPÊ kw³kvjx n‡q DËi fvi‡Z cÖfyZ¡ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
m¶g n‡qwQj|
GKK KvR : ag©cvj L¨vwZgvb me©‡kªô kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Gi c‡¶ 3wU ˆewkó¨ D‡j-L Ki|
ag©cv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ †`ecvj (821 wLªt-861 wLªt) wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb wcZvi †hvM¨ DËim~wi wQ‡jb|
wcZvi b¨vq wZwbI evsjvi ivR¨mxgv we¯Ív‡i mdj nb| †`ecvj DËi fvi‡Z cÖwZnvi I ivóªK~U ivRv‡`i
weiy‡× mdj Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
DËi fvi‡Zi wekvj AÂj Zuvi AwaKv‡i
G‡mwQj| Dwol¨v I Kvgiƒ‡ci DciI wZwb
AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡i m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| †gvU K_v,
Zuvi mg‡qB cvj mvgªvR¨ me‡P‡q †ewk we¯Ívi
jvf K‡iwQj|
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mvab K‡ib| wZwb bvj›`vq K‡qKwU gV Ges
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gy‡½‡i wZwb bZzb ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|
Rvfv, mygvÎv I gvj‡qi ˆk‡j›`ª es‡ki gnvivR
evjcy·`e‡K bvj›`vq GKwU gV cÖwZôvi
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D‡VwQj| B›`ª¸ß bvgK R‰bK †eŠ× kv‡¯¿ cvi`k©x eªvþY‡K wZwb bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvPvh© ev Aa¨¶ wbhy³
K‡iwQ‡jb| G bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Zuvi kvmb Avg‡j DËi-fvi‡Z cÖvq nvwi‡q hvIqv †eŠ×ag©
cybivq mwRe n‡q D‡V|
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DËivwaKvix wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuviv cvj mvgªv‡R¨i †MŠie I kw³ Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j cvj mvgªvR¨
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 19
gvbwPÎ : cvj mvgªvR¨

25. µ‡gB cZ‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq| †`ecv‡ji cyÎ cÖ_g weMÖncvj †_‡K wØZxq weMÖncv‡ji ivRZ¡Kvj 861 n‡Z 989
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D`¨gnxb kvmK wQ‡jb| d‡j, Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j cvj mvgªv‡R¨i mxgv †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| bvivqY cv‡ji ci G‡K
G‡K cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb ivR¨cvj, wØZxq †Mvcvj I wØZxq weMÖncvj| Guiv AvbygvwbK 920 n‡Z 995 wL÷vã
ch©šÍ ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wØZxq weMÖncv‡ji mgq cvj ivRv‡`i kvmb ¶gZv †Kej †MŠo I Zvi Avkcv‡kB mxgve×
wQj| Gme `ye©j ivRvi mg‡q DËi fvi‡Zi P‡›`j-I KjPzwi es‡ki ivRv‡`i Avµg‡Y cvj mvgªv‡R¨i e¨vcK
¶wZ nq| d‡j, G mg‡q cvj mvgªv‡R¨i Af¨šÍ‡i DËi-cwðg evsjvi Ask we‡k‡l K‡¤^vR ivRes‡ki DÌvb N‡U|
Gfv‡e cvj mvgªvR¨ hLb aŸs‡mi gy‡L, ZLb Avkvi Av‡jv wb‡q GwM‡q G‡jb wØZxq weMÖncv‡ji my‡hvM¨ cyÎ
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hZœevb wQ‡jb| wZwb bvj›`vq GK wekvj †eŠ× gw›`i wbg©vY K‡ib| evivbmx‡ZI Zuvi Avg‡j K‡qKwU †eŠ×
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RwoZ n‡q Av‡Q| wZwb AmsL¨ kni cÖwZôv I `xwN Lbb K‡ib| kni¸‡jv n‡jv iscyi †Rjvi gvnxMÄ, e¸ov
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w`bvRcy‡ii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk©`vev‡`i gnxcv‡ji mvMi `xwN weL¨vZ| m¤¢eZ RbwnZKi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡gB
gnxcvj G RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
gnxcv‡ji cÂvk eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j cvj es‡ki †mŠfvM¨ iwe Avevi Dw`Z n‡qwQj| G Rb¨B BwZnv‡m wZwb
wPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb| cvj mvgªv‡R¨i `ªyZ AebwZi hy‡M cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji Avwef©ve bv NU‡j G mvgªv‡R¨i
ivRZ¡Kv‡ji mgqKvj wbtm‡›`‡n AviI m¼zwPZ n‡Zv|
`jxq KvR : cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji cÖwZwôZ kni I `xwN¸‡jvi bvg I Ae¯’vb D‡j-L K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|
wKšÍy gnxcvj †Kvb †hvM¨ DËim~wi †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| ZvB Zuvi g„Zz¨i m‡½ m‡½ mvgªvR¨ †f‡O †h‡Z ïiy
K‡i| cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji ci Zuvi cyÎ b¨vqcvj (Av: 1043-1058 wLªt) I †cŠÎ Z…Zxq weMÖncvj (Av: 1058-
1075 wLªt) cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| G `ye©j ivRv‡`i mgq KjPzwi ivRv, KY©v‡Ui PvjyK¨-ivR, Dwol¨v I
Kvgiy‡ci ivRv evsjv AvµgY K‡ib| my`xN©Kvj a‡i G‡Ki ci GK we‡`wk AvµgY †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z wM‡q cvj
mvgªvR¨ hLb wech©¯Í, ZLb †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡iI we‡iva I A‰bK¨ †`Lv †`q| GiB my‡hv‡M evsjvi wewfbœ As‡k
†QvU †QvU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i m„wó nq| evsjvi evB‡i wenvi cvj ivRv‡`i nvZQvov n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e Z…Zxq
weMÖncv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvi cvj mvgªvR¨ eû ¯^vaxb LÊ LÊ As‡k wef³ n‡q hvq|
20 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

26. Gici cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb Z…Zxq weMÖncv‡ji cyÎ wØZxq gnxcvj| Zuvi mgq cvj ivR‡Z¡i `y‡h©vM AviI
Nbxf~Z nq| G mgq DËi e‡½i e‡i›`ª A‡ji mvgšÍeM© cÖKv‡k¨ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i| BwZnv‡m G we‡`ªvn
ÔˆKeZ© we‡`ªvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb ˆKeZ© bvqK w`‡e¨vK ev w`e¨| wZwb wØZxq gnxcvj‡K
nZ¨v K‡i e‡i›`ª `Lj K‡i †bb Ges wbR kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
e‡i›`ª AÂj hLb ˆKeZ¨©‡`i `L‡j ZLb cvj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib wØZxq gnxcv‡ji †QvU fvB wØZxq
k~icvj (Av: 1080-1082 wLªt)| AZtci Zuvi Kwbô åvZv ivgcvj (wLªt 1082-1124 wLª) wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
wZwbB wQ‡jb cvj es‡ki me©‡kl mdj kvmK| cÖvPxb evsjvi Kwe mÜvKi b›`x iwPZ ÔivgPwiZÕ n‡Z
ivgcv‡ji Rxeb K_v Rvbv hvq| ivgcvj ivR¨fvi MÖnY K‡iB e‡i›`ª D×vi Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| G wel‡q
ivgcvj‡K ˆmb¨, A¯¿ Avi A_© w`‡q mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Av‡mb ivóªK~U, gMa, ivp †`kmn †PŠÏwU A‡ji ivRv|
hy‡× ˆKeZ©ivR fxg civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Gici wZwb eZ©gvb gvj`‡ni KvQvKvwQ ÔivgvewZÕ bv‡g bZzb
ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| cieZ©x cvj ivRv‡`i kvmbvg‡j ivgvewZB mvgªv‡R¨i ivRavbx wQj| wcZ…f~wg e‡i‡›`ª
KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôvi ci mvgªv‡R¨i nviv‡bv †MŠie wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ wZwb gMa, Dwol¨v I Kvgiƒ‡ci Dci KZ©„Z¡
cÖwZôv K‡ib|
cvj es‡ki `yf©vM¨ ivgcv‡ji cieZ©x kvmKMY wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| d‡j Zuv‡`i c‡¶ cvjes‡ki nvj k³ nv‡Z
aiv m¤¢e wQj bv| ivgcv‡ji ci Kzgvicvj (Avt 1124-1129wLªt), Z…Zxq †Mvcvj (1129-1143 wLªt) I
g`bcvj (Avt 1143-1161 wLªt) G‡K G‡K cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| G mgq hy× weMÖn †j‡MB _vKZ| Ae‡k‡l
Øv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M weRq †mb cvj mvgªv‡R¨i wejywß NwU‡q evsjvq †mb es‡ki kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
`jxq KvR : cvj mvgªv‡R¨i nviv‡bv †MŠie wdwi‡q Avb‡Z ivgcvj Kx c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv wPwýZ Ki|
`w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi ¯^vaxb ivR¨
cvj hy‡Mi †ewki fvM mg‡qB `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv ¯^vaxb wQj| ZLb G AÂjwU wQj e½ Rbc‡`i AšÍfy©³| Aóg
kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K †ek wKQy ivRes‡ki ivRviv KL‡bv cvj ivRv‡`i weiy‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e
Zv‡`i GjvKv kvmb Ki‡Zb, Avevi KL‡bv cvj ivRv‡`i AaxbZv ¯^xKvi K‡i Pj‡Zb|
LoM esk : mßg kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© gMa I †MŠ‡o cieZ©x ¸ßeskxq ivRvMY cªfyZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G mgq
LoM es‡ki ivRviv `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i m„wó K‡ib| Zuv‡`i ivRavbxi bvg wQj Kg©všÍ
evmK| Kzwgj-v †Rjvi eo KvgZvi cÖvPxb bvgB m¤¢eZ G Kg©všÍ evmK| LoM‡`i AwaKvi wÎcyiv I †bvqvLvjx
A‡ji Dci we¯—…Z wQj|
†`eesk : LoM es‡ki kvm‡bi ci GKB A‡j Aóg kZ‡Ki ïiy‡Z †`e es‡ki DÌvb N‡U| G es‡ki
PviRb ivRvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Guiv n‡jb kªxkvwšÍ‡`e, kªxexi‡`e, kªxAvb›`‡`e I kªxfe‡`e| †`e ivRviv
wb‡R‡`i Lye kw³ai g‡b Ki‡Zb| ZvB Zuviv Zv‡`i bv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Zb eo eo Dcvwa| †hgbÑ cig
†mŠMZ, cig fÆviK, ci‡gk¦i gnvivRvwaivR BZ¨vw`| Zuv‡`i ivRavbx wQj †`ece©‡Z| Kzwgj-vi wbKU
gqbvgwZi Kv‡Q wQj G †`ece©Z| †`e‡`i ivRZ¡ we¯—…Z wQj mgMÖ mgZU A‡j| AvbygvwbK 740 wLªóvã
†_‡K 800 wLªóvã ch©šÍ †`e ivRviv kvmb K‡ib|
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 21

27. KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ : `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi nwi‡Kj Rbc‡` beg kZ‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i D™¢e N‡U| G iv‡R¨i
ivRv wQ‡jb KvwšÍ‡`e| †`e ivRes‡ki m‡½ KvwšÍ‡`‡ei †Kv‡bv m¤úK© wQj wK-bv Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Zuvi wcZv
wQ‡jb ab`Ë I wcZvgn f`ª`Ë| eZ©gvb wm‡jU KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨fy³ wQj| Zuvi ivRavbxi bvg wQj ea©gvbcyi|
eZ©gv‡b G bv‡g †Kv‡bv A‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| G mg‡q `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq P›`ª esk e‡j cwiwPZ bZzb GK kw³i
D`q nq| KvwšÍ‡`‡ei Mov iv‡R¨i cZb nq G P›`ª es‡ki nv‡Z|
P›`ªesk : `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx ¯^vaxb ivResk wQj P›`ª esk| `kg kZ‡Ki ïiy n‡Z GKv`k
kZ‡Ki ga¨fvM ch©šÍ †`okZ eQi G es‡ki ivRviv kvmb K‡ib| P›`ªes‡ki cÖ_g b„cwZ c~Y©P›`ª I ZrcyÎ
myeY©P›`ª m¤¢eZ †ivwnZwMwii f~-¯^vgx wQ‡jb| myeY©P‡›`ªi cyÎ ˆÎ‡jvK¨P›`ªB G es‡ki mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cÖwZôv
K‡ib| Zuvi Dcvwa wQj ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ| ˆÎ‡jvK¨P›`ª nwi‡Kj, P›`ªØxc (ewikvj I cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKv), e½ I
mgZU A_©vr mgMÖ c~e© I `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq wbR es‡ki kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| jvjgvB cvnvo wQj P›`ª ivRv‡`i
g~j †K›`ª| G cvnvo cÖvPxbKv‡j †ivwnZwMwi bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| AvbygvwbK wÎk eQiKvj (900-930 wLª:) wZwb
ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
ˆÎ‡jvK¨P‡›`ªi my‡hvM¨ DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb Zuvi cyÎ kªxP›`ª| Zuvnvi kvmbvg‡j P›`ª es‡ki cÖwZcwË DbœwZi Pig
wkL‡i †cuŠQvq| wZwb wbtm‡›`‡n es‡ki me©‡kªô kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb Ôci‡gk¦i cig fÆviK gnvivRvwaivRÕ
Dcvwa aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ivR¨ `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv QvovI DËi-c~e© Kvgiƒc I Dˇi †MŠo ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj|
eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i wZwb Zuvi ivRavbx M‡o †Zv‡jb| kªxP›`ª cÖvq 45 eQi (Av: 930-975 wLª:)
†kŠh©ex‡h©i mwnZ ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
kªxP‡›`ªi cyÎ Kj¨vYP›`ª (Av: 975-1000 wLª:) I †cŠÎ jWnP›`ª (Av: 1000-1020 wLª:) P›`ª es‡ki †MŠie A¶zYœ
†i‡LwQ‡jb| jWnP‡›`ªi cyÎ †Mvwe›`P›`ª wQ‡jb †kl P›`ª ivRv| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †PvjivR iv‡R›`ª †Pvj I KjPzwiivR
KY© e½ AvµgY K‡ib| GB `yB ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY P›`ª ivRvi ¶gZv n«vm K‡i Zv‡`i kvm‡bi cZb NUvq|
eg© ivResk : GKv`k kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M cvj ivRkw³ `ye©j n‡q co‡j `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq eg© Dcvwaavix GK
ivRes‡ki cÖwZôv nq| e½‡`‡k whwb G es‡ki wfwË cÖwZôv K‡ib wZwb n‡jb eRªeg©vi cyÎ RvZeg©v|
KjPzwiivR K‡Y©i mv‡_ eg©iv G‡`‡k G‡mwQj e‡j g‡b nq| wcZvi g‡Zv cÖ_g w`‡K wZwbI wQ‡j KjPzwiivR
Mv‡½q‡`e Ges K‡Y©i mvgšÍivR| ˆKeZ©¨ we‡`ªv‡ni mgq wZwb k¦ïi KjPzwiivR K‡Y©i mvnvh¨ I mg_©‡b
`w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| eg©‡`i ivRavbx wQj eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcyi| RvZeg©vi
ci Zuvi †R¨ôcyÎ nwieg©v GKUvbv 46 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| cvj ivRv‡`i m‡½ wZwb eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© eRvq †i‡L
Pj‡Zb| nwieg©v bvMvf~wg I Avmvg ch©šÍ ¶gZv we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| nwieg©vi ci Zuvi GK cyÎ ivRv
n‡qwQ‡jb| wKšÍy Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji †Kvb weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| Zuvi ci RvZeg©vi Aci cyÎ mvgjeg©v ivRv nb|
mvgjeg©vi cyÎ †fvReg©v wQ‡jb eg© ivRes‡ki †kl ivRv| †Kbbv, Zuvi ci G es‡ki Avi †Kvb weeiY cvIqv
hvq bv| m¤¢eZ: Øv`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q †mbeskxq weRq †mb eg© kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q `w¶Y-c~&e©
evsjvq †mb es‡ki kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib|
GKK KvR : wb‡gœi G‡jv‡g‡jv QKwU avivevwnKfv‡e mvRvI :
22 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

28. µwgK bs ivRes‡ki bvg cÖwZôvi mgqKvj
1 P›`ª esk 8g kZK
2 KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ 11k kZK
3 LoM esk 10g kZK
4 eg© esk 9g kZK
5 †`e esk 7g kZK
†mb esk (1161 wLª:-1204 wLª:)
cvj es‡ki cZ‡bi ci ev‡iv kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M evsjv‡`‡k †mb ivRes‡ki m~Pbv nq| aviYv Kiv nq Zuviv
G‡`‡k wQ‡jb ewnivMZ| Zuv‡`i c~e©cyiyl‡`i Avw` evm¯’vb wQj my`~i `w¶Yv‡Z¨i KY©vU| †Kn †Kb g‡b K‡ib
Zuviv wQ‡jb ÔeªþÿwÎqÕ| †h es‡ki †jv‡Kiv cÖ_‡g eªvþY _v‡K Ges c‡i †ckv cwieZ©b K‡i ¶wÎq nq,
Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq Ôeªþ¶wÎqÕ| evsjvi †mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb mvgšÍ †mb| wZwb †hŠe‡b KY©v‡U exiZ¡
cÖ`k©b K‡i †kl eq‡m cÖ_‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib ivp A‡j M½v b`xi Zx‡i| wZwb †Kv‡bv ivR¨ cÖwZôv bv
Kivq †mb es‡ki cÖ_g ivRvi gh©v`v †`Iqv nq mvgšÍ †m‡bi cyÎ †ngšÍ †mb‡K| aviYv Kiv nq cvj ivRv
ivgcv‡ji Aax‡b wZwb GKRb mvgšÍ ivRv wQ‡jb|
†ngšÍ †m‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª:) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi GB my`xN©
ivRZ¡Kv‡jB †mb es‡ki kvmb kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci mycÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| wZwbB m¤¢eZ mvgšÍivRv n‡Z
wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb ivRviƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb| ˆKeZ©¨ we‡`ªv‡ni mgq wZwb ivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib| GKv`k
kZ‡K `w¶Y ivp k~i es‡ki AwaKv‡i wQj| G es‡ki ivRKb¨v wejvm‡`ex‡K wZwb we‡q K‡ib| e‡i›`ª D×v‡i
ivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi wewbg‡q weRq †mb ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^xK…wZ cvb| Avevi `w¶Y iv‡pi k~i es‡ki mwnZ
ˆeevwnK AvZ¥xqZvi m~Î a‡i ivp weRq †m‡bi AwaKv‡i Av‡m| Gici weRq †mb eg©ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡i c~e©
I `w¶Y evsjv †mb AwaKv‡i wb‡q Av‡mb| †kl cvj ivRv‡`i `ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q weRq †mb g`bcvj‡K
civwRZ K‡i DËi I DËi-cwðg evsjv n‡Z cvj‡`i weZvwoZ K‡i wbR cÖfyZ¡ we¯Ívi K‡ib| Gici wZwb
Kvgiyc, Kwj½ I wgw_jv AvµgY K‡ib| ûMjx †Rjvi w·ebx‡Z Aew¯’Z weRqcyi wQj weRq †m‡bi cÖ_g
ivRavbx| wØZxq ivRavbx ¯’vcb Kiv nq eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i| weRq †mb cig gv‡nk¦i, ci‡gk¦i,
cigfÆviK gnvivRvwaivR, AwiivR-e„lf-k¼i cÖf„wZ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| †mb es‡ki Aax‡bB me©cÖ_g mgMÖ
evsjv `xN©Kvje¨vcx GKK ivRvi Aax‡b wQj|
a‡g©i w`K n‡Z weRq †mb wQ‡jb ˆke| Kwe DgvcwZai weRq †mb KZ©„K AbywôZ hvM-h‡Ái K_v e‡j‡Qb|
Gme hvM-hÁ n‡Z Abygvb Kiv nq †h weRq †mb ˆew`K a‡g©i cÖwZ we‡kl kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| wKš‘ †Kn †Kn g‡b
K‡ib weRq †mb †Muvov wn›`y wQ‡jb| Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ Zuvi †Kvb mwnòyZv wQjbv| GRb¨B weRq †mb I Zuvi
DËivwaKvix‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afv‡e G‡`‡k †eŠ×ag© †Zgb we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
weRq †m‡bi ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Zuvi cyÎ ej-vj †mb (1160-1178 wLª:)| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wZwb ïay
wcZ…ivR¨ i¶vB K‡ibwb, gMa I wgw_jvI †mb ivR¨fy³ K‡i †mb kvmb kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
PvjyK¨ ivRKb¨v igv‡`ex‡K wZwb we‡q K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ Dcvwai mv‡_ ej-vj †mb wb‡Ri bv‡gi mv‡_ ÔAwiivR
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 23

29. wbtk¼ k¼iÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| e„× eq‡m cyÎ j¶Y †m‡bi nv‡Z ivR¨fvi Ac©Y K‡i ¯¿x‡K m‡½
wb‡q wZwb w·ebxi wbKU M½vZx‡i evbcÖ¯’ Aej¤^b K‡i †kl Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib|
ej-vj †mb AZ¨šÍ mycwÊZ wQ‡jb| we`¨v I weØv‡bi cÖwZ Zuvi h‡_ó AbyivM wQj| wZwb †e`, ¯§„wZ, cyivY cÖf„wZ
kv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi GKwU weivU MÖš’vjq wQj| Kwe ev †jLK wn‡m‡e ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi `vb
Acwimxg| Zuvi c~‡e© evsjvi †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb ivRv Giƒc †jLwb cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| wZwb Ô`vbmvMiÕ I
ÔA™¢yZmvMiÕ bv‡g `ywU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Aek¨ ÔA™¢yZmvMiÕ MÖ‡š’i Amgvß Ask Zuvi cyÎ j¶Y †mb m¤ú~Y©
K‡iwQ‡jb| G MÖš’Øq Zuvi Avg‡ji BwZnv‡mi AZxe g~j¨evb DcKiY| wZwb ivgcv‡j bZzb ivRavbx ¯’vcb
K‡iwQ‡jb| ej-vj †mb Zš¿ wn›`y a‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| d‡j, Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j eªvþY¨ a‡g©i cÖwZcwË e„w×
cvq Ges †eŠ× ag© `ye©j n‡q c‡o| wZwb wn›`y mgvR‡K bZzb K‡i MVb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ô†KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vÕ cÖeZ©b
K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi d‡j mvgvwRK AvPvi-e¨envi, weevn Abyôvb cÖf„wZ wel‡q Kzjxb †kªwYi †jvKw`M‡K KZK¸‡jv
we‡kl ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡Zv|
GKK KvR : wn›`yag© cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i ivRv ej-vj †mb Kx Kx e¨e¯_v Aej¤^b K‡ib Zv D‡j-L Ki|
ej-vj †m‡bi ci Zuvi cyÎ j¶Y †mb (1178-1205 wLª:) cÖvq 60 ermi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wcZv
I wcZvg‡ni b¨vq j¶Y †mbI my`¶ †hv×v wQ‡jb Ges iY‡¶‡Î ˆbcy‡Y¨i cwiPq †`b| wZwb cÖvM-†R¨vwZl,
†MŠo, Kwj½, Kvkx, gMa cÖf„wZ AÂj †mb mvgªvRfy³ K‡ib| wKšÍy Zuvi †kl Rxeb Lye my‡Li wQj bv| `xN©w`b
a‡i hy×weMÖn cwiPvjbv I eva©K¨RwbZ `ye©jZv I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y wZwb †kl ch©šÍ kvm‡bi cÖwZ Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡q
c‡ob Ges wcZvi b¨vq M½vZx‡i wØZxq ivRavbx beØx‡c emevm Ki‡Z ïiy K‡ib| d‡j †MŠo fqven lohš¿ I
AšÍtwe‡iv‡ai jxjv‡¶‡Î cwiYZ nq Ges Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq| G my‡hv‡M 1196 wLªóv‡ã eZ©gvb
my›`ieb A‡j †Wv¤§b cvj we‡`ªvnx n‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i cÖwZôv K‡ib|
j¶Y †mb wb‡R mycwÊZ I we‡`¨vrmvnx wQ‡jb| wcZvi Amgvß MÖš’ ÔA™¢yZmvMiÕ wZwbB mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb|
j¶Y †mb iwPZ K‡qKwU †k-vKI cvIqv †M‡Q| Zuvi ivRmfvq eû cwÊZ I Ávbx e¨w³e‡M©i mgv‡ek N‡UwQj|
†avqx, kiY, Rq‡`e, †Mvea©b, DgvcwZai cÖf„wZ cÖwm× KweMY Zuvi mfv Aj¼„Z Ki‡Zb| fviZ cÖwm× cwÊZ
njvq~a Zuvi cÖavbgš¿x I ag©xq cÖavb wQ‡jb| Zuvi mgmvgwqK Ab¨vb¨ cwÊZ‡`i g‡a¨ kªxai `vm, cyiy‡lvËg, cïcwZ
I Ckvb weL¨vZ| Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ †Mvea©b ÔAvh©¨mß`kxÕ, Rq‡`e ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ I †avqx Ôceb`~ZÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡i
AgiZ¡ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| mvwnZ¨ †¶Î e¨ZxZ wkí †¶‡ÎI evsjv G mgq DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj|
j¶Y †mb wcZv I wcZvg‡ni ˆke a‡g©i cÖwZ AbyivM Z¨vM K‡i ˆeòe ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq| wcZv
I wcZvg‡ni Ôcig g‡nk¦iÕ Dcvwai cwie‡Z© wZwb Ôcig ˆeòeÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb kv¯¿ I ag© PP©vq wcZvi
Dchy³ cyÎ wQ‡jb| gymwjg HwZnvwmK wgbnvR Zuvi `vbkxjZv I J`v‡h©i f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|
†Z‡iv kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K gymwjg †mbvcwZ eL&wZqvi Lj&wR bw`qv AvµgY K‡ib| e„× j¶Y †mb †Kvb cÖwZ‡iva
bv K‡i b`xc‡_ c~e©e‡½i ivRavbx eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcyi Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| DËi I DËi-cwðg
evsjv eLwZqvi LjRx mn‡RB AwaKvi K‡i †bb| j¶YveZx‡K (†MŠo) †K›`ª K‡i evsjvq gymwjg mvgvR¨
cÖwZwôZ nq| `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq Ae¯’vb K‡i j¶Y †mb AviI 2/3 ermi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| Lye m¤¢e 1206
wLªóv‡ã (gZvšÍ‡i 1205 wLª:) wZwb g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ nb| j¶Y †m‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi `yB cyÎ wek¦iƒc †mb I
24 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

30. †Kke †mb wKQyKvj (1203 wLª: ch©šÍ) c~e© evsjv kvmb K‡ib| Zey ejv P‡j j¶Y †m‡bi civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q
evsjvq †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
`jxq KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmKMY †Kb wewfbœ Dcvax aviY Ki‡Zb? Dcvax¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|
cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmb-e¨e¯’v
¸ß kvm‡bi c~‡e© cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR¨kvmb c×wZ m¤^‡Ü mwVK †Kv‡bv weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| cÖvPxb evsjvi
kvmb e¨e¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z †M‡j mevi Av‡M †KŠg mgv‡Ri K_v g‡b c‡o| G‡`‡k ¸ß kvmb cÖwZôvi c~‡e©
GB †KŠg mgvRB wQj m‡e©me©v| ZLb ivRv wQj bv, ivRZ¡ wQj bv| Zey kvmb-c×wZ mvgvb¨ gvÎvq wQj| ZLb
gvbyl GKmv‡_ emevm KiZ| †Kvg‡`i g‡a¨ cÂv‡qZx cÖ_vq cÂv‡qZ Øviv wbe©vwPZ `j‡bZv ¯’vbxq †KŠg
kvmbe¨e¯’vq †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Zb| evsjvi G †KŠg e¨e¯’v wPi¯’vqx nqwb| wLªóc~e© Pvi kZ‡Ki c~‡e©B evsjvq
†KŠgZš¿ †f‡½ wM‡q ivRZ‡š¿i c~Y© weKvk N‡UwQj|
¸ß‡`i mgq evsjvi kvmb-c×wZi cwi®‹vi weeiY cvIqv hvq| AvbygvwbK wØZxq-Z…Zxq kZ‡K DËie½ †gŠh©
mvgªv‡R¨i AšÍfy©³ n‡qwQj| evsjvq †gŠh© kvm‡bi †K›`ª wQj cyÛªbMiÑeZ©gvb e¸ovi cuvP gvBj `~‡i
gnv¯’vbM‡o| g‡b nq ÔgnvgvÎÕ bvgK GKRb ivR cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g ZLb evsjvq †gŠh© kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ
n‡Zv| evsjv ¸ß mvgªvR¨fy³ n‡jI mgMÖ evsjv ¸ß mgªvU‡`i mivmwi kvm‡b wQj bv| evsjvi †h Ask ¸ß
mgªvU‡`i mivmwi kvm‡b wQj bv Zv ÔgnvivRvÕ Dcvwaavix gnvmvgšÍMY cÖvq ¯^vaxb I Avjv`vfv‡e kvmb Ki‡Zb|
G mg¯Í mvgšÍ ivRviv me mgq ¸ß mgªv‡Ui KZ…©Z¡‡K †g‡b Pj‡Zb| ax‡i ax‡i evsjvi me©Î ¸ß mgªvU‡`i
kvmb Pvjy nq| G gnvmvgšÍ‡`i Aax‡b eû Kg©Pvix wbhy³ _vK‡Zb|
evsjv‡`‡ki †h Ask mivmwi ¸ß mgªvU‡`i Aax‡b wQj Zv K‡qKwU cÖkvmwbK wefv‡M wef³ wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q eo wefv‡Mi bvg wQj Ôfyw³Õ| cÖ‡Z¨K Ôfyw³Õ Avevi K‡qKwU wel‡q, cÖ‡Z¨K welq K‡qKwU gʇj, cÖ‡Z¨K
gÊj K‡qKwU exw_‡Z Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU exw_ K‡qKwU MÖv‡g wef³ wQj| MÖvgB wQj me‡P‡q †QvU kvmb wefvM|
¸ß mgªvU wb‡R fyw³i kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Ki‡Zb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq ivRKzgvi ev ivRcwievi †_‡KI fyw³i
kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Kiv n‡Zv| fyw³cwZ‡K ejv nZ ÔDcwiKÕ| cieZ©x mg‡q kvmKMY ÔDcwiK gnvivRÕ Dcvwa
MÖnY Ki‡Zb| mvaviYZ ÔDcwiK gnvivRÕ-B Zuvi welq¸‡jvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
mg‡q mgªvU wb‡R Zv‡`i wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| ¸ßhy‡Mi fyw³ I welq¸‡jv‡K eZ©gvb mg‡qi b¨vq wefvM I †Rjvi
mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¸ß‡`i mgq evsjvi †emvgwiK kvmb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
wKšÍy mvgwiK kvmb m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv Z_¨B cvIqv hvq bv| †Zgwbfv‡e ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K©I Avgv‡`i ÁvbI
LyeB Kg| G e¨vcv‡i gvÎ K‡qKRb Kg©Pvixi bvg cvIqv hvq| G n‡Z ¯úófv‡e eySv hvq †h, ¸ß‡`i mg‡q
†gvUvgywU GKwU myôz ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj|
Qq kZ‡K DËi-cwðg evsjvq ¸ßes‡ki kvmb †kl n‡q hvq| e½ ¯^vaxb I Avjv`v wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|
ZLb e‡½ †h bZzb ivóª e¨e¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj Zv g~jZ ¸ß Avg‡ji cÖv‡`wkK kvm‡bi g‡ZvB wQj| ¸ß‡`i
mg‡q ivRZš¿ wQj mvgšÍ wbf©i| G Avg‡j Zvi cwieZ©b nqwb| eis mvgšÍZš¿B AviI cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q| ¸ß
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 25

31. ivRv‡`i g‡Zv evsjvi mvgšÍ ivRvMYI ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ Dcvwa MÖnY Ki‡Zb| GuivI wewfbœ †kªwYi eûmsL¨K
ivRKg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb|
AvU kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q cvj es‡ki cÖwZôvi m‡½ m‡½ e‡½i bZzb hy‡Mi ïiy nq| cvj es‡ki Pvi
kZvãxi ivRZ¡Kv‡j e‡½ Zv‡`i kvmb-e¨e¯’v mycÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| c~‡e©i g‡Zv cvj hy‡MI kvmb-e¨e¯’vi g~j
K_v n‡jv ivRZš¿| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii kvmb wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P wQ‡jb ivRv ¯^qs| civµvšÍ cvj ivRviv cÖvPxb
evsjvi ÔgnvivRÕ ev cieZ©xKv‡ji ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ c`ex‡Z mšÍyó _v‡Kbwb| ¸ß mgªvUM‡Yi g‡Zv ZuvivI
Ôci‡gk¦iÕ, ÔcigfÆviKÕ, ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ cÖf„wZ †MŠiegq Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivRvi cyÎ ivRv n‡Zb| G
wbqg _vKv m‡Ë¡I åvZv I ivR cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ wbKU AvZ¥xq‡`i g‡a¨ wmsnvmb wb‡q we‡iva I msNl© n‡Zv| G
mgq n‡Z me©cÖ_g GKRb cÖavbgš¿x ev cÖavb mwP‡ei D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| wZwb wQ‡jb me©cÖavb ivR Kg©Pvix|
iv‡R¨i mKj cÖKvi kvmbKv‡h©i Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó kvmb-wefvM wQj| Gi cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi Rb¨ GKRb
Aa¨¶ wbhy³ _vK‡Zb| ivRv gš¿x I AvgvZ¨M‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †K›`ªxq kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| wcZv RxweZ
_vK‡jI A‡bK mgq hyeivR kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Av‡qi wewfbœ Drm wQj| Gi g‡a¨ bvbv cÖKvi Ki wQj cÖavb| wewfbœ iK‡gi ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨
wewfbœ †kªwYi Kg©Pvix wbhy³ wQj| ivR¯^ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve I `wjj wefvM †`Lvïbv Kivi e¨e¯’v wQj| f~wg
ivR‡¯^i cwigvY wVK Kivi Rb¨ Rwg Rwi‡ci Dci we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qv n‡Zv| gy`ªv Ges k‡m¨i AvKv‡i ivR¯^ Av`vq
n‡Zv| cvj ivRv‡`i mg‡q kvwšÍ i¶vi Rb¨ my›`i wePvi I cywjk wefvM wQj| G mg‡q †Mvcb msev` msMÖ‡ni
Rb¨ ¸ßPi evwnbx wQj| c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, n¯Íx I iYZixÑ G KwU wefv‡M mvgwiK evwnbx wef³ wQj|
¸ß‡`i g‡Zv cvj‡`i mg‡qI mvgšÍ ivRv‡`i D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| Gu‡`i bvbv Dcvwa wQj| †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi †kŠh©
I exh© mvgšÍ‡`i AaxbZvq _vK‡Z eva¨ KiZ| Aek¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î †K›`ªxq kw³i `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Guiv ¯^vaxbZv
†NvlYv Ki‡Zb| cvj kvmK‡`i kw³ A‡bKvs‡k Giƒc mvgšÍivR‡`i mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi Dci wbf©i KiZ|
cvj iv‡R¨ †h kvmb-c×wZ cÖPwjZ n‡qwQj Zv cieZ©x mg‡q ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ivResk I †mb ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivóª kvm‡bi
Av`k© wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z jvf K‡i| Aek¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wel‡q wKQy wKQy cwieZ©b N‡UwQj| †mb eskxq ivRviv cvj
ivRv‡`i ivR-Dcvwa QvovI bvbvwea Dcvwa aviY Ki‡Zb| G mg‡q ivbx‡K ivRKxq gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q|
kvmbKv‡h© hyeivR‡`i h‡_ó cÖfve wQj| ˆR¨ô ivRKzgvi hyeivR n‡Zb|
c~‡e©i g‡Zv †mb‡`i mg‡qI A‡bK mvgšÍ kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i kw³ I cÖfve Lye cÖej wQj| G mKj mvgšÍiv
cÖK…Zc‡¶ wbR wbR A‡j ¯^vaxb ivRvi g‡ZvB Pj‡Zb|
†gvUvgywUfv‡e GB wQj cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmbÑc×wZ| G kvmb e¨e¯’vq we‡`wk‡`i cÖfve wK cwigvY wQj Zv ejv
hvq bv| cwÊZ‡`i g‡Z, kvmb c×wZi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k †m mg‡q fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki Zzjbvq †gv‡UB
wcwQ‡q wQj bv|
`jxq KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvq miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drmmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯ZyZ Ki|
26 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

32. Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :
1. †Kvb mg‡q fvi‡Z ¸ß mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq?
K. 320 wLªóv‡ã L. 321 wLªóv‡ã
M. 322 wLªóv‡ã N. 323 wLªóv‡ã
2. kkvsK gvjeivR †`e¸‡ßi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib-
i. cyl¨f~wZ‡`i `gb Ki‡Z
ii. †gŠLix‡`i `gb Ki‡Z
iii. ivR¨kÖx‡K e›`x Ki‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
ivqMÄ BDwbq‡b my`xN©Kvj a‡i kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e kvmb KvR cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wKšÍy A` I `ye©j †Pqvig¨vb
myg‡bi kvmbvg‡j wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Am‡šÍvl †`Lv †`q| GKch©v‡q `yR©‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ RbMY
we‡`ªvn K‡i mygb‡K Zuvi c` †_‡K mwi‡q †`q|
3. iƒcM‡Äi we‡`ªvnx †bZv `yR©‡qi g‡a¨ BwZnv‡mi †Kv‡bv we‡`ªvnx †bZvi Av`k© cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q?
K. fxg L. w`e¨
M. wØZxq gnxcvj N. weMÖn cvj
4. †Pqvig¨vb myg‡bi g‡Zv D³ †bZvi ÿgZvPy¨wZi KviY-
i. we‡`ªvn `g‡b e¨_©Zv
ii. kvmK wn‡m‡e A`ÿZv
iii. RbM‡Yi mgm¨v mgvav‡b AcviMZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 27

33. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. ARq Zvi cwiev‡ii mv‡_ cyivZb wbevm Z¨vM K‡i bexbM‡i bZzbfv‡e emevm ïiy K‡ib| Kvjµ‡g wZwb
bexbM‡ii kvmb ÿgZvi AwaKvix nb| GjvKvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wZwb eûwea Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡ib| GQvov
Zuvi cieZx© eska‡iivI wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ I mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Zuvi GjvKvq emevmiZ wewfbœ
a‡g©i †jvKRb ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Zb|
K. LoM es‡ki ivRavbx †Kv_vq wQj?
L. †mb‡`i eªþÿwÎq ejv nq †Kb?
M. bexbM‡ii kvmK AR‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ê †Kvb †mb kvm‡Ki Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZdjb j¶¨ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ kvm‡Ki eska‡iiv wk¶v I mvwnZ¨ weKv‡k h‡_ó Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb? †Zvgvi
Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ †`LvI|
2. ivgbMi †cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨vb †mŠ‡gb eoyqv Zvi GjvKvq GKwU wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡ib| †m wk¶v
cÖwZôv‡b †`k we‡`‡ki wkÿv_x©‡`i wkÿv MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq| Zvi GjvKvi wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x‡`i
wbR wbR ag© cvj‡bi myweavi wel‡q wZwb g‡bv‡hvMx nb| wZwb Zvi †cŠi mfvq kvwšÍk„•Ljv ¯’vc‡bI mg_©
nb| d‡j wZwb `xN©w`b †cŠikvmb Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib|
K. cvj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K?
L. Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. AvaywbK wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î ivgbMi †cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨v‡bi m‡½ ag©cv‡ji †Kvb
Kg©Kv‡Êi wgj i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ô†mŠ‡gb eoyqvi `xN©w`b †cŠikvmb Kivi wcQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q ag©cv‡ji Av`k© I Aby‡cÖiYvÕ- Dw³wUi
h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|
28 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

34. PZz_© Aa¨vq
cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm
gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgvRe× n‡q emevm KivB Zvi ¯^fve| Gfv‡e evm Ki‡Z n‡j PvB G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_
mn‡hvwMZv| G Kvi‡YB gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb c‡o wewfbœ mvgvwRK A_©‡bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb
M‡o †Zvjv| Rxeb euvPv‡Z wZbwU wRwb‡mi cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRbÑ Lv`¨, e¯¿ Ges evm¯’vb| GiciB gvbyl Rxeb‡K
my›`ifv‡e GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z g‡bv‡hvM †`q wk¶v, weÁvb, wkíKjv, AvBb cÖf„wZi Dbœq‡b| mgvR Rxeb weKv‡k
gvby‡li G mg¯Í KvRK‡g©i GKwÎZ iƒcB n‡”Q Zvi ms¯‹…wZ| Avh©‡`i AvMg‡bi c~‡e© evsjvi cÖvPxb gvby‡liv
GKwU mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb M‡o Zz‡jwQj| evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi GUvB me‡P‡q cÖvPxb iƒc|
cwÊZ‡`i g‡Z, G‡`i fvlvi bvg wQj ÔAwóªKÕ| RvwZ wn‡m‡e G‡`i ejv n‡Zv wblv`| Gici evsjvi ¶z`ª
b„‡Mvôxi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq ÔAvjcvBbÕ bv‡g GK RvwZ| Avh©iv G‡`‡k Avmvi c~‡e© Giv wg‡jwg‡k evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ
M‡o †Zv‡j| evOvwji Rb cÖK…wZ‡Z wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi aviv G‡m wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j Zv‡`i ÔmsKi-RbÕ
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i‡Q| eû eQi wewPÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb I wgkª‡Yi d‡j evOvwji GKwU wbR¯^ A½-cÖZ¨½
ˆewkó¨ `uvwo‡q‡Q| d‡j AwaKvsk evOvwji gv_v †Mvj AvK…wZi, Pzj Kv‡jv, †Pv‡Li gwb cvZjv n‡Z Nb Kv‡jv,
bv‡Ki AvK…wZ †gvUvgywU ga¨g, Mv‡qi is mvaviYZ k¨vgjv, gyLgʇji MVb ga¨g AvK…wZi A_©vr †Mvj ev j¤^v
bq| G ga¨g AvK…wZi †`n j¶YB evOvwji ˆewkó¨|
GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-
• cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíKjv, ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎKjvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i D™¢e I weKvk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi ag©, AvPvi-Abyôvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi cÖ`wk©Z g~j¨‡eva I wek¦vm e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvie;
• cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK PP©vq ZrKvjxb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivReskmg~‡ni Ae`vb m¤ú‡K©
BwZevPK aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z m¶g ne;
• BwZnvm PP©vi gva¨‡g cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡bi D™¢e I weKvk m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
AvMÖnx ne|
cÖvPxb evsjvi mgvR, A_©bxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ
cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb
†gŠh© kvm‡bi c~‡e© e¨vcK A‡_© evsjvi Awaevmx‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK cwiPq M‡o I‡Vwb| G mg‡q mgvR wewfbœ
†Mv‡Î wef³ wQj| G‡K ejv n‡Zv †KŠg mgvR| Avh©‡`i c~‡e© wKQy wKQy ag©wPšÍv cieZ©x mg‡q G‡`‡ki wn›`y a‡g©
Qwo‡q c‡o| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑKg©dj, Rb¥všÍiev`, †hvM mvabv BZ¨vw`| G hy‡Mi A‡bK mvgvwRK

35. cÖ_v I AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cÖfve cieZ©x mg‡q wn›`y mgv‡R j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb- AwZw_‡`i cvb-mycvwi †L‡Z †`qv,
kx‡ei MxZ MvIqv, we‡q‡Z Mv‡q njy` †`qv, a~wZ-kvwo civ Ges †g‡q‡`i Kcv‡j wmu`yi †`qv BZ¨vw`|
Avh© mgv‡Ri AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq A½ wQj RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v| Zviv `xN©w`b a‡i G‡`‡k emevm Kivi d‡j evsjvqI
G e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvq eªvþY, ¶wÎq, ˆek¨ I k~`ªÑ G Pvi cÖKvi eY© wQj| cieZ©x mg‡q AviI
bvbv cÖKvi m¼i A_©vr wgkª RvwZi m„wó nq| mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZiB wbw`©ó †ckv wQj| Aa¨qb, Aa¨vcbv I c~Rv
cve©b KivÑ G¸‡jv wQj eªvþY‡`i wbw`©ó Kg©| Zviv mgv‡R me©‡kªô gh©v`v jvf Ki‡Zb| ¶wÎq‡`i †ckv wQj
hy× Kiv| e¨emv-evwYR¨ Kiv wQj ˆek¨‡`i KvR| me‡P‡q wbPz †kªwYi k~`ªiv mvaviYZ K…wlKvR, gvQ wkKvi I
Ab¨vb¨ †QvULv‡Uv KvR KiZ| eªvþY Qvov evKx me e‡Y©i gvbyl G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv KiZ| mvaviYZ
GK RvwZi g‡a¨B weevn n‡Zv, Z‡e D”P †kªwYi ei I wbgœ †kªwYi Kb¨vi g‡a¨ weevnI Pvjy wQj| wKšÍy cieZ©x
mg‡q Gme e¨vcv‡i K‡Vvi wbqg Pvjy nq|
ZLbKvi w`‡b we‡`k ågYKvix evOvwj cyiyl‡`i †Kv‡bv mybvg wQjbv| wKšÍy ev½vwj †g‡q‡`i ¸Yvejxi Rb¨
myL¨vwZ wQj| †g‡qiv †jLvcov wkLZ| †m hy‡M Ae‡iva ev c`©vcÖ_v wQjbv| Z‡e evsjvi †g‡q‡`i †Kv‡bv cÖKvi
¯^vaxbZv wQjbv| GKwUgvÎ ¯¿x MÖnYB wQj mgv‡Ri wbqg| Z‡e cyiy‡liv eû ¯¿x ivL‡Z cviZ| weaev‡K wbivwgl
Avnvi K‡i me ai‡bi wejvwmZv Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ n‡j ¯¿x‡KI g„Z ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ cywo‡q
gviv n‡Zv| G cÖ_v‡K ejv nq ÔmZx`vn cÖ_vÕ| ab-m¤úwˇZ bvix‡`i †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ AwaKvi wQjbv| evsjvi
cÖvPxb ag©kv‡¯¿ evOvwji DbœZ Pwi‡Îi K_v Rvbv hvq| wKšÍy ZvB e‡j evOvwji mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †Kvbiƒc `yb©xwZ I
Ak-xjZv wQjbv, Ggb K_v ejv hvq bv|
evOvwji cÖavb Lv`¨ eZ©gvb mg‡qi gZ ZLbI wQj fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, N„Z, ¶xi BZ¨vw`|
PvDj n‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bvbv cÖKvi wcVvI RbwcÖq gyL‡ivPK Lvevi wQj| ev½vwj eªvþ‡Yiv Avwgl †L‡Zb| ZLb mKj
cÖKvi gvQ cvIqv †hZ| c~e©e‡½ Bwjk I ïuUwK gvQ Lye wcÖq Lvevi wQj| ZiKvwii g‡a¨ †e¸b, jvD, Kzgov,
wSs‡M, KvKiyj, KPz Drcbœ n‡Zv| d‡ji g‡a¨ Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, Zvj, †cu‡c, bvi‡Kj, B¶z cvIqv †hZ| Z‡e
Wv‡ji K_v †Kv_vI ejv †bB| `ya, bvi‡K‡ji cvwb, B¶zim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cÖKvi cvbxq mycÖPwjZ
wQj| fvZ, Mg, B¶z, ¸o, gay I Zvjim MuvRvBqv bvbv cÖKvi g` ˆZwi n‡Zv| g` RvZxq bvbv cÖKv‡ii cvbxq
cvb Kiv n‡Zv| LvIqv-`vIqv †k‡l gmjvhy³ cvb LvIqvi ixwZ wQj|
†cvkvK-cwi”Q‡`i e¨vcv‡i ivRv-gnvivRv I abx‡`i K_v ev` w`‡j we‡kl †Kv‡bv Avo¤^i ZLb wQjbv| evsjvi
bi-bvixiv h_vµ‡g a~wZ I kvwo cwiavb KiZ| cyiy‡liv gvj‡KvPv w`‡q a~wZ ciZ Ges Zv nuvUzi wb‡P bvgZ bv|
†g‡q‡`i kvwo †Mvovjx ch©šÍ †cŠuQvZ| gv‡S gv‡S cyiy‡liv Mv‡q Pv`i, Avi †g‡qiv coZ Iobv| Drme-Abyôv‡b
we‡kl †cvkv‡Ki e¨e¯’v wQj| cyiyl-bvix Df‡qi g‡a¨B AjsKvi e¨env‡ii ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj| Zviv Kv‡b KzÊj,
Mjvq nvi, Av½y‡j AvswU, nv‡Z evjv I cv‡q gj cwiavb KiZ| †g‡qivB †KejgvÎ nv‡Z k‡•Li evjv ciZ Ges
A‡bK¸‡jv Pzwo ci‡Z fvjevmZ| gwY-gy³v I `vgx †mvbv-iƒcvi AjsKvi abxiv e¨envi KiZ| †g‡qiv bvbvcÖKvi
†Lvcv euvaZ| cyiyl‡`i evewo Pzj Kuv‡ai Dci Sz‡j _vKZ| Kcy©i, P›`b cÖf„wZ cÖmvab mvgMÖxi mwnZ wewfbœ
myMwÜi e¨envi ZLb Lye cÖPwjZ wQj| †g‡q‡`i mvRm¾vq AvjZv, wmu`yi I KzgKz‡gi e¨enviI ZLb cÖPwjZ
wQj| cyiy‡liv gv‡S g‡a¨ Kv‡Vi Log ev Pvgovi PwURyZv e¨envi KiZ| ZLb QvZviI cÖPjb wQj|
30 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

36. ZLbKvi w`‡b bvbv iKg †Ljva~jv I Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡`i e¨e¯’v wQj| cvkv I `vev †Ljv cÖPwjZ wQj| Z‡e bvP-
Mvb I Awfb‡qi cÖPjb wQj Lye †ewk| exYv, euvwk, g„`½, XvK, †Xvj, †Lvj, KiZvj BZ¨vw` †Zv wQjB, GgbwK
gvwUi cv·KI ev`¨hš¿i~‡c e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| Kzw¯Í, wkKvi, e¨qvg, †bŠKvevBP I evwRK‡ii †Ljv cyiyl‡`i Lye
cQ›` wQj| bvix‡`i g‡a¨ D`¨vb iPbv, Rjµxov BZ¨vw` Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡`i cÖPjb wQj|
AbœcÖvkb, we‡q, kªv× BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY Abyôvb †m hy‡MI cÖPwjZ wQj| ev‡iv gv‡m †Z‡iv cve©Y
AbywôZ n‡Zv| G Dcj‡¶ bvbv cÖKvi Av‡gv`ÑDrm‡ei e¨e¯’v wQj| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvq eZ©gvbKv‡ji b¨vq
åvZ…wØZxqv (fvB‡duvUv), bevbœ, i_hvÎv, Aógx mœvb, †nvwj, Rb¥vógx, `kniv, A¶q Z…Zxqv, M½vmœvb cÖf„wZ
mycwiwPZ Abyôvb¸‡jv †mKv‡jI cÖPwjZ wQj| GmKj bvbvwea Av‡gv`-Drme QvovI wn›`ya‡g©i A‡bK †jŠwKK
AbyôvbI cÖvPxbKv‡ji mgvR Rxe‡b wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡iwQj| wkïi R‡b¥i c~‡e© Zvi g½‡ji Rb¨
Mf©vavb, mxg‡šÍvbœqb BZ¨vw` AbywôZ n‡Zv| R‡b¥i ci bvgKiY, AbœcÖvkb BZ¨vw` DcvPvi cvjb Kiv n‡Zv|
cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi RbM‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ag©kv‡¯¿i cÖej cÖfve wQj| †Kvb& wZw_‡Z wK wK Lv`¨ wbwl×,
†Kvb& wZw_‡Z Dcevm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges weevn, wkï eq‡m covïbv ïiy Kiv, we‡`k hvÎv, Zx_©hvÎv cÖf„wZi Rb¨
†Kvb& †Kvb& mgq ïf ev Aïf BZ¨vw` wel‡q wbqg K‡Vvifv‡e cvwjZ n‡Zv|
cÖPxb evsjvi gvby‡li hvZvqv‡Zi cÖavb evnb wQj Miyi Mvwo I †bŠKv| Lvj-we‡j PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †fjv I †Wv½v
e¨envi KiZ| gvbyl †QvU †QvU Lvj cvi n‡Zv muv‡Kv w`‡q| abx †jv‡Kiv nvZx, †Nvov, †Nvovi Mvwo cÖf„wZ
hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ e¨envi KiZ| Zv‡`i ¯¿x-cwiR‡biv †bŠKv I cvjKx‡Z GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Avmv-hvIqv
KiZ| weev‡ni ci beea~‡K Miyi Mvwo‡Z ev cvjwK‡Z K‡i k¦ïi evwo Avbv nZ| †gv‡Ui Dci g‡b nq †h,
AvaywbK Kv‡ji MÖvgxY RxebhvÎv Ges †mKv‡ji RxebhvÎvi g‡a¨ Lye †ewk cv_©K¨ wQj bv|
K…wlcÖavb †`k wn‡m‡e evsjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl MÖv‡g evm KiZ| gvby‡li Rxeb †gv‡Ui Dci my‡Li wQj| Z‡e
cÖvPxb evsjvi Mwie `ytLx gvby‡li K_vI Rvbv hvq| mgv‡Ri DuPz †kªwY A_©vr eªvþY‡`i nv‡Z wQj g~j ¶gZv| G
mgq ïaygvÎ eªvþYivB kv¯¿Ávb PP©v Ki‡Z cviZ| eªvþY‡`i AZ¨vPvi mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb‡K AwZó K‡i
Zz‡jwQj| G DrcvZ †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x‡`i cÖwZ AwaK n‡Zv| †kl w`‡Ki †mb ivRv‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i mvaviY gvbyl
AZ¨šÍ AmšÍyó n‡q D‡V| †mb es‡ki kvmbvg‡j †eŠ× mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †b‡g Av‡m `y`©kv| eªvþY‡`i cÖfv‡e
†mb‡`i mg‡q mvaviY wn›`y mgvR `ye©j n‡q c‡o| cÖvPxb evsjvi †kl ch©v‡q G wek„•Lj Ae¯’vq gymjgvb
mgv‡Ri wfZ M‡o IVvi cÖwµqv ïiy nq| gymjgvb mgvR cÖwZôvi ga¨w`‡q evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| Avi G
hy‡M evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi iƒcI cv‡ë hvq|
GKK KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, AjsKvi, ev`¨hš¿ I †Ljvayjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|
cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Ges wkíKjv I ¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹h©
cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v
evsjv wPiKvjB K…wl cÖavb †`k| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi Awaevmx‡`i †ewki fvM †jvKB MÖv‡g evm KiZ| Zviv mevB
wg‡j GKmv‡_ MÖvg M‡o ZzjZ| Avi MÖv‡gi Avkcv‡ki f~wg Pvl K‡i msmvi Pvjv‡Zv| hviv Pvl KiZ ev Ab¨
†Kvb cÖKv‡i Rwg †fvM KiZ, wewbg‡q Zv‡`i KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó Ki w`‡Z n‡Zv|
cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 31

37. cÖavbZ: wZb cÖKv‡ii f~wg wQj| Ni-evwo ˆZwi K‡i _vKvi Rb¨ Dchy³ Rwg‡K Ôev¯‘Õ, Pvl Kiv hvq Ggb De©i
Rwg‡K Ô†¶ÎÕ Ges De©i A_P cwZZ Rwg‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwLjÕ| G wZb cÖKv‡ii f~wg QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cÖKv‡ii f~wg
wQj| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ PviY f~wg, nvU-evRvi, Abye©i, ebR½j Ges hvbevnb PjvP‡ji c_| g‡b Kiv nq G
mgq f~wgi gvwjK wQ‡jb ivRv wb‡R| ZLbKvi w`‡b ÔbjÕ w`‡j Rwg gvcv n‡Zv| wewfbœ GjvKvq b‡ji ˆ`N©¨
wewfbœ iK‡gi wQj|
cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB e½‡`k K…wli Rb¨ cÖwm× wQj| ZvB G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q K…wli Dci wbf©i K‡i|
avb wQj evsjvi cÖavb dmj| GQvov cvU, B¶z, Zyjv, bxj, m‡l© I cvb Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi L¨vwZ wQj| djevb
e„‡¶i g‡a¨ wQj Avg, KuvVvj, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, Wvwjg, Kjv, †jey, Wygyi, †LRyi BZ¨vw`| GjvwP, je½ cÖf„wZ
gmjvI e‡½ Drcbœ n‡Zv| M„ncvwjZ cïi g‡a¨ Miy, QvMj, †gl, nuvm-gyiwM, KzKzi BZ¨vw` wQj cÖavb| jeY I
ïUwK †`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv As‡k Drcbœ n‡Zv|
KzwUi wk‡í cÖvPxb evsjv AZ¨šÍ mg„× wQj| MÖv‡gi †jvK‡`i `iKvwi me wKQy MÖv‡gB ˆZwi n‡Zv| gvwUi ˆZwi
wRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ wQj Kjm, NwU-evwU, nuvwo-cvwZj, evmbcÎ BZ¨vw`| †jvnvi ˆZwi wRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ wQj `v,
Kzovj, †Kv`vj, LšÍv, Lyiwc, jv½j BZ¨vw`| GQvov R‡ji cvÎ, Zxi, ek©v, Z‡jvqvi cÖf„wZ hy‡×i A¯¿k¯¿
ˆZwi n‡Zv| wejvwmZvi bvbv iKg wRwb‡mi Rb¨ ¯^Y©-wkí I gwY-gvwbK¨ wkí A‡bK DbœwZ jvf K‡iwQj|
Kv‡Vi wkíI †m mg‡q AZ¨šÍ DbœZ wQj| msmv‡ii AvmevecÎ, Ni-evwo, gw›`i, cvwé, Miyi Mvwo, †Nvovi Mvwo,
i_ cÖf„wZ Kv‡Vi ØvivB ˆZwi n‡Zv| GQvov b`xc‡_ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi †bŠKv I mgy‡`ª PjvP‡ji Rb¨
Kv‡Vi eo eo †bŠKv ev RvnvR ˆZwi n‡Zv|
evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb n‡jI AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z GLv‡b bvbv cÖKvi wkíRvZ `ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv| e¯¿ wk‡íi Rb¨
evsjv cÖvPxbKv‡jB weL¨vZ n‡q D‡VwQj| wek¦L¨vZ gmwjb Kvco cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjvq ˆZwi n‡Zv| G e¯¿
GZ m~² wQj †h, 20 MR gmwjb GKwU b‡m¨i †KŠUvq fiv †hZ| Kvc©vm Zyjv I †ik‡gi ˆZwi DbœZgv‡bi m~²
e‡¯¿i Rb¨I e½ cÖwm× wQj| Kvc©vm Zyjv I k‡bi ˆZwi †gvUv KvcoI ZLb cÖ¯‘Z n‡Zv| Rvbv hvq †h,
e½‡`‡k †m mgq wUb cvIqv †hZ|
e‡½ K…wl I wkí `ª‡e¨i cÖvPzh© wQj| Avevi G¸‡jvi Lye Pvwn`vI wQj fvi‡Zi wewfbœ A‡j Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ
†`‡k| ZvB e‡½i m‡½ cÖvPxbKv‡j c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki e¨emv-evwYR¨ PjZ| e‡½i ißvbx c‡Y¨i g‡a¨
D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj m~wZ I †ikgx Kvco, wPwb, ¸o, jeY, †ZRcvZv I Ab¨vb¨ gmjv, PvDj, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, Jla
ˆZwii MvQcvjv, bvbv cÖKvi wniv, gy³v, cvbœv BZ¨vw`|
wk‡íi DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ evsjvi evwYR¨I h‡_ó cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| ¯’j I Rj Dfq c‡_B evwY‡R¨i
Av`vb-cÖ`vb PjZ| †`‡ki †fZ‡i evwYR¨ QvovI †m mg‡q evsjv ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ we‡kl DbœZ wQj| ¯’j I
Rjc‡_ fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji m‡½ evsjvi cY¨ wewbgq PjZ| G Kvi‡Y evsjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b eo eo bMi
I evwYR¨ e›`i M‡o D‡VwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ be¨vewkKv, †KvUxel©, cyÛªea©b, Zvgªwjß, KY©myeY©, mßMÖvg
BZ¨vw`| Aek¨ kni Qvov MÖv‡gi nvUevRv‡iI wKQy wKQy e¨emv-evwYR¨ PjZ| Gme MÖv‡gi nv‡U MÖv‡g Drcbœ I
wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ †ePv-†Kbv n‡Zv| mgy`ª c‡_ wmsnj, eªþ‡`k, P¤úv, K‡¤^vR, heØxc, gvjq, k¨vg,
mygvÎv, Pxb cÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evsjvi cY¨ wewbgq PjZ| ¯’jc‡_ Pxb, †bcvj, f~Uvb, wZeŸZ I ga¨ Gwkqv
cÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evwYR¨ PjZ|
32 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

38. wk‡íi DbœwZ I e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j evsjvi ab-m¤ú` I Jk¦h© cÖPzi †e‡o wM‡qwQj| cÖvPxbKv‡j nqZ
µq-weµq Ges e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ Ôwewbgq cÖ_vÕ cÖPwjZ wQj| m¤¢eZ wLªóc~e© Pvi kZ‡Ki c~‡e© evsjvq
gy`ªvi cÖPjb Avi¤¢ nq| wewfbœ mg‡q e½‡`‡k wewfbœ cÖKvi gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡jI GLv‡b Kwo me‡P‡q Kg gvb
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv|
`jxq KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvq mgy`ª I ¯’jc‡_ †Kvb& †Kvb& †`‡ki mv‡_ e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i m¤úK© wQj Q‡K †`LvI|
wkíKjv I ¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹h©
evsjv‡`‡ki bvbv¯’v‡b cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎwk‡íi
eû wb`©kb cvIqv †M‡Q| bvbvwea Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíKjv
aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| ZeyI wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq, cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi
wkíKjv LyeB DbœZ wQj|
¯’vcZ¨ : cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi wb`k©b AwZ mvgvb¨B
Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| Pxb †`‡ki ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb I wnD‡qb-mvs-
Gi weeiYx I cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc †_‡K cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi KviyKvh©gq eû ng©¨, (P~ov, wkLv) gw›`i, ¯Í~c I
wenv‡ii wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
fviZ Dc-gnv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ¯’vc‡Z¨i wb`©kb n‡jv ¯Í~c| ˆew`K hy‡M †`nve‡kl cuy‡Z ivLvi Rb¨
k¥kv‡bi Dci gvwUi ¯Í~c i¶v Kivi Rb¨ G ¯’vcZ¨ c×wZ‡K MÖnY Kiv nq| †eŠ×ag© †hLv‡bB cÖmvi jvf
K‡i‡Q, †mLv‡bB †QvU-eo AmsL¨ ¯Í~c wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb evsjvq wKQy †eŠ× I ˆRb ¯Í~c wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
XvKv †Rjvi Avkivdcyi MÖv‡g ivRv †`e Lo‡Mi †eªvÄ ev AóavZz wbwg©Z GKwU ¯Í~c cvIqv †M‡Q| GwUB m¤¢eZ
evsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ¯Í~‡ci wb`©kb| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges PÆMÖv‡gi †SIqvwi‡Z AviI `ywU †eªv‡Äi ˆZwi
¯Í~c cvIqv †M‡Q| GQvov, ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges euvKzovi eûjvovq eû ¶z`ª ¶z`ª B‡Ui ˆZwi ¯Í~c cvIqv †M‡Q|
AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z evsjvq †eŠ× I ˆRb wf¶ziv wenvi I msNivg ˆZwi K‡i ¯^ ¯^ ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| wKšÍy G‡K
¯’vcZ¨ Kg© ejv P‡j bv| KviY, BU-cv_‡ii KvVv‡gvi Dci euvk I KvV w`‡q G¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡Zv| Kvjµ‡g †eŠ×
I ˆRb ms‡N hLb cÖPvi‡Ki msL¨v evo‡Z jvMj ZLb n‡ZB B‡Ui ˆZwi wenvi cÖ¯‘Z ïiy n‡jv| cvj hy‡M G‡mB
wenv‡ii iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b n‡jv| Gme wenv‡ii †Kv‡bv †KvbwU †ek eo Ges KviyKvh©gq wQj| ¯Í~‡ci gZ G¸‡jvI
aŸsmcÖvß n‡q †M‡Q| ivRkvnxi cvnvocy‡i †h wekvj †eŠ× wenvi Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zv cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨
wk‡íi †kªô wb`k©b| G ch©šÍ fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k hZ wenvi Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zvig‡a¨ G wenviwU me‡P‡q eo|
Rvbv hvq, Aóg kZ‡K ag©cvj GLv‡b cÖKvÊ wenviwU wbg©vY K‡ib| Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ bv‡g GwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l© I
fviZe‡l©i evB‡i L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| †mvgcyi wenvi e¨ZxZ ag©cvj weµgkxj wenvi I I`šÍcyi wenvi bv‡g AviI
`ywU wenvi wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvov cvj Avg‡j ˆZwi †QvU-eo AviI K‡qKwU wenv‡i bvg cvIqv hvq|
†hgbÑgvj`‡ni ÔRM`yj wenviÕ, Ô†`ex‡KvU wenviÕ, PÆMÖv‡gi ÔcwÊZ wenviÕ, wÎcyivi ÔKbK¯—‚c wenviÕ cÖf„wZ|
K‡qK eQi c~‡e© Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ‡Z K‡qKwU wenv‡ii mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| Bnv Ôkvjej wenviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
†Kn †Kn g‡b K‡ib †h, cvnvocy‡ii wenvi I gw›`i A‡c¶vI eo gw›`i I wenvi GLv‡b wQj|
cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 33
Qwe : kvjeb wenvi, gqbvgwZ, Kzwgj-v

39. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯’vc‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m cÖvPxb evsjvi gw›`i ¯’vcbv gh©v`v I ¯^KxqZvq GK we‡kl ¯’vb
`Lj K‡i Av‡Q| KviY, cÖvPxbKv‡j GLv‡b AmsL¨ gw›`i wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| G mKj gw›`i AvR mKjB
aŸsmcÖvß n‡q‡Q| †KejgvÎ Aóg kZK n‡Z KwU fv½v I Aa©-fv½v gw›`‡ii wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| G mKj
†eŠ× gw›`i cyÛªea©b, mgZU, ivp, e‡i›`ª cÖf„wZ A‡j Aew¯’Z wQj| ea©gvb †Rjvi eivK‡ii gw›`iwU cÖvPxb
evsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb gw›`i e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi BwZnv‡m cvnvocy‡ii gw›`i GK
Agi m„wó| G Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m cvnvocy‡ii gw›`‡ii ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv, Dcgnv‡`‡ki Aewkó
A‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wkí‡K Bnv Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| w`bvRcyi †Rjvi evYM‡o cÖ¯Íi wbwg©Z Ges PÆMÖv‡gi
†KIqvwi‡Z †eªv‡Äi ˆZwi gw›`i cvIqv †M‡Q|
AwZ m¤cÖwZ Iqvix-e‡Uk¦i MÖv‡g cÖvq 2500 erm‡ii
cyivZb GK bMi-†Kw›`ªK aesmve‡kl cvIqv †M‡Q| Bnv
XvKv n‡Z 75 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i biwms`x †Rjvi †ejv‡ev
Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z| GZw`b aviYv Kiv n‡Zv cÖvPxb evsjvi
mf¨Zv MÖvg-†Kw›`ªK| wKšÍy G Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j GLb
†Rvov‡jv fv‡eB ejv hvq †h cÖvPxb evsjvq bMi-†K›`ªxK
mf¨ZvI M‡o D‡VwQj|
fv¯‹h© : wLª÷v‡ãi ïiy‡Z A_ev Gi c~e© el© n‡Z evsjvq ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi cvkvcvwk fv¯‹h© wk‡íi PP©vI n‡Zv|
cÖvPxb evsjvq eû gw›`i wQj| ZvB fv¯‹h© wkíKjvI †h DbœZ wQj Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB| A‡bK ¯’v‡b gw›`i aŸsm
n‡jI Zvi g‡a¨i †`eg~wZ© iw¶Z n‡q‡Q| †KejgvÎ cy¯‹iY, ZgjyK, gnv¯’vb cÖf„wZ A‡j ¸ß-c~e© hy‡Mi
K‡qKwU †cvovgvwUi g~wZ© Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q|
cvnvocy‡ii gw›`i Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z cv_i I †cvovgvwUi djK †_‡K
evsjvi wbR¯^ fv¯‹h© wk‡íi ˆewk‡ó¨i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| welqe¯‘
I wkí †KŠk‡ji w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j cvnvocy‡ii fv¯‹h©-wkí‡K
†jvKwkí, AwfRvZ wkí I `y‡qi gvSvgvwS wkí †KŠkjÑG wZb
†kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| cvnvocy‡ii fv¯‹‡h© ivgvqY-gnvfvi‡Zi
A‡bK Kvwnbx Ges K…òjxjvi A‡bK K_v †Lvw`Z Av‡Q| GQvov,
mvaviY gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi A‡bK K_vI G fv¯‹‡h© iƒc †`qv
n‡q‡Q| †Lvw`Z fv¯‹h© QvovI cÖvPxb evsjvq †cvovgvwUi wkí LyeB
DbœZ wQj| Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnv‡o †ek wKQy †cvovgvwUi djK I g~wZ© Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb
†KvwUel© bMixi aŸsm¯Í~‡cI A‡bK¸‡jv †cvovgvwUi djK Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| cwÊZMY G¸‡jv‡K †gŠh©, k~½,
KzlvY, ¸ß I cvj hy‡Mi e‡j Abygvb K‡i‡Qb| †MŠ‡oi ivRavbx KY©mye‡Y©i aŸsmve‡k‡lI wKQy †cvovgvwUi g~wZ©
cvIqv †M‡Q|
wPÎwkí : cvj hy‡Mi c~‡e©Kvi †Kv‡bv wPÎ AvR ch©šÍ cvIqv hvqwb| wKš‘ cÖvPxbKv‡jB evsjvq †h wPÎ A¼‡bi PP©v
wQj Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| mvaviYZ: †eŠ× wenvi I gw›`‡ii †`qvj †mŠ›`h©gq Kivi Rb¨ wPÎv¼b Kivi
ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj|
34 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv
Qwe : Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i Avwe¯‹…Z aŸsmve‡kl
Qwe : cvnvocy‡ii gw›`i Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z †cvovgvwUi djK