Cervical Disc Injury Research

Cervical Disc Injury Research Paper
If you have a chronic pain in the neck, you may want to seek out expert cervical disc surgeons. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, cervical discs
between the vertebrae wear and degenerate with age. When they start to bulge, collapse, or wear away, your vertebrae or even part of the damaged
disc can press on your spinal nerves or spinal cord, causing neck pain and stiffness, weakness in the limbs, arm numbness, and possibly even
headaches. While Web MD recommends exercise to strengthen the neck and shoulder muscles to alleviate neck pain, when a cervical disc is worn
away, many times the only option is surgery.
Two Options For Cervical Disc Surgery
Surgery on the cervical spine used to be a major procedure. It is still a serious process,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cervical Stenosis Case Study Essay
The patient is a fifty–six–year–old male who was admitted on 10/3/16. His reason for admission was his involvement in a motor vehicle accident
where his car was t–boned by another vehicle. Upon arrival to the emergency department, his chief complaint was his inability to detect sensation from
the nipple line down, and his inability to move his extremities. He was otherwise alert, oriented and able to breathe on his own. After an assessment
confirmed his inability to feel anything from the chest down, a portable x–ray of his chest was ordered, but this did not show any acute findings.
Multiple computed tomography scans were then ordered for his head, cervical spine, abdomen and pelvis, chest and thoracic spine; but all of these
scans resulted in no acute findings. However, a computed tomography scan of the lumbar spine did show spinal stenosis secondary to disc protrusion,
and magnetic resonance imaging scans were then ordered for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. The magnetic resonance scans showed multiple
compression fractures from the C3 to C5 vertebrae, with ligament injuries from C5 to C7, bruising of the spinous process of C6, mass bone bruising
and soft tissue injuries at C3 and C4 with edema, severe spinal stenosis with cord compression at C3 and C4, and cord contusion at T2. The patient was
then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient's chart said that he stated upon admission that he was employed and working for one of the local television stations; however, he did not
state his current position at his job. He also stated that he did not have a history of smoking or alcohol use. His OTC and recreation drug use history
was listed as unknown. None of these statements could be confirmed due to the patient being sedation and intubation with no family

Symptoms And Treatment Of Injury Essay
This is a 52–year–old female with a 4/1/2002 date of injury. A specific mechanism of injury has not been described.
DIAGNOSIS: Cervicalgia, Contracture right shoulder, long term (current) use of opiate analgesic.
01/25/16 Progress Report indicated that the patient has continued pain in the cervical spine, which radiates down to the right arm above the elbow.
There is some aching at the cubital tunnel with no distal numbness in the forearm and hand. She takes OTC ibuprofen to reduce pain. She presented
with a pain of 2/10–level. The ongoing neck pain is located diffusely. It is described as burning. ROS was positive for insomnia, anxiety and
depression. The exam revealed cervical spine tenderness. There is decreased ROM on flexion, extension, rotation and left lateral bending. Right & Left
Shoulder: there was tenderness to palpation at the subacromial space and pain with restricted ROM on abduction. Lumbar: there was tenderness to
palpation over the facet joint. The ROM was decreased on flexion, extension and lateral bending. Treatment Plan: continue Ibuprofen; recommend MRI;
and Electro diagnostic studies of the right upper extremity. Follow–up is on 04/18/16.
10/26/15 UDT Report was negative for all drugs, including amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepine, cocaine metabolite, methadone, and Opiates.
10/26/15 UDT Report described that the patient has neck pain located centrally. It is described as aching and is constant. The symptom is ongoing. The
pain is rated

Chronic Inflammation Research Paper
I have decided to write a blog from my personal experience with inflammation. I currently have inflammation in the back of my neck not knowing
the exact cause. I hurt myself at work a few months ago and was seen by a few professionals. They discovered a hump on the back of my neck and
an MRI was needed to be done. The hump is from inflammation and the doctor does not believe it's from my accident. He believes it's from a steroid
shot given to me while I was pregnant to help with the lung development of my daughter. Either way I have a hump on my back and the cause of this
is inflammation. I am currently nursing and will be from some time and medication is not the answer for me. For this hump to go away I need to make
a drastic change to my diet. What is Inflammation? There are two types of inflammation, acute inflammation and chronic inflammation. Acute
inflammation is a good inflammation, it helps the body heal after the immune cells and nutrients destroy the bacteria and repair the damage tissue.
Chronic inflammation is the bad inflammation, it comes when the body is not able to heal itself properly. It is also brought on by our immune system
being overstressed or over exposure to the unhealed wound. A lot of foods like white bread, French fries, red meat and margarine are another... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many ways to heal chronic inflammation, medication, certain types of foods, exercise. Healing chronic inflammation tends to become a
whole life style change. The medication usually recommended for healing inflammation can be naproxen, ibuprofen, aspirin and cortisol. These
medications also have a lot of side effects like stomach pain, high blood pressure, stomach ulcers and liver or kidney problems and for pregnant or
nursing mothers some of the same side effects can be in danger to the child and reduce or even stop milk production. People who have allergies to
these medications are also in danger of these

Case Study Of Vertebrae
The adult vertebral column usually consists of 33 vertebral segments. the usual number of vertebrae is 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral
and 4 coccygeal, the fifth lumbar vertebra may be wholly or partially incorporated into the sacrum. The five lumbar vertebrae are distinguished by
their large size and the absence of costal facets and transverse foramina. The body is transversely wide [1]. Congenital fusion of cervical vertebral
bodies is a common finding, where as the incidence of fused thoracic vertebrae is less frequent and fusion of lumbar vertebral bodies is rare. Sharma
reported fusion of upper cervical vertebrae 6.25%. Two Thoracic vertebrae in two thoracic spines were fused in 4.16%. Twolumbar vertebrae of one
lumbar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If fusion occurs in cervical level it causes restriction of motion, short neck, torticollis, and neurological abnormalities of variable degree, depending on
the extent of involvement and the type and number of the associated malformations. Abnormal degrees of motion at the unfused levels may be
responsible for impingement on neural structures. Although block vertebrae are most commonly found in the cervical region, they can also be found
throughout the spine. Individuals with block vertebrae, when viewed through MRI, typically show calcified disk space, fusion of apophyseal joints,
and malformation or fusion of the spinous processes. They may also suffer from muscle weakness and/or atrophy, and neurological sensory loss.
Vertebral fusion is often limited to the thoracic and lumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis where spinal abnormalities initially appear in the
thoracolumbar and lumbosacral junctions and may subsequently extend to the remainder of the spine. Classic radiographic abnormalities include thin,
vertically oriented syndesmophytes [4]. Congenital deformities of the spine 0.5/1000 births [5], identified at birth are due to anomalous vertebral
development in the embryo caused by genetic and environmental influences that occur during somitogenesis around the third week after fertilization.
Minor bony malformations of all types occur in 12% of the general population and are usually not apparent, often diagnosed only on routine chest films
or

Trigger Point
A Trigger Point in Your Rear End that can Provide Back Pain Relief
A trigger point found in Gluteus Maximus and Gluteus Medius is step one in treating low back pain that radiates across the back just above the hip
bones and just below the hip into the hamstrings. Some people may find this location in their butt to be the one that relieves most if not all their pain. It
is also the spot where some may actually have superficial dimpling, although not everyone will see dimpling it can be useful in finding this important
trigger point. In the image gluteus maximus is highlighted in light green and the gluteus medius is highlighted in a deeper green.
As can be seen from the image plate from Gray's Anatomy the gluteus maximus lies over the medial portion of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is suggested to try a tennis ball 1st, while lying on the floor for back pain relief. Place the tennis ball, lacrosse ball or massage block below your ribs
and above your hips. Allow the weight of your body to apply deep pressure to provide back pain relief. To treat the lateral edge of the QL turn onto
your side supporting your head with a bent elbow and resting on your hand. Place a tennis ball below your lowest rib and above the hip allow your
body weight to sink into the ball. Move the ball closer to the hip bone or ilium, again allowing the weight of your body to sink into the ball. You
can also use a tennis ball or lacrosse ball by leaning at a slight angle against a wall. To treat trigger points in the QL without the use of a tennis ball.
Place your hands on your hips with your thumbs directed toward your spinal column. Work on one side at a time. It may be easier to start with a
loosely held fist using the knuckles to push in toward the spin and up toward the 12th rib, then down toward the hip

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pedicle Screw Anchorage
The use of pedicle screw instrumentation in the spine has evolved over the last two decades. The preliminary use of pedicle screws began in the lumbar
spine. As surgeons became more comfortable with the complex anatomy required for accurate screw placement, the use of pedicle instrumentation has
evolved to include their use in the thoracolumbar and thoracic spine. The impetus behind their increased use is a result of the many advantages that
pedicle screw anchorage offers over traditional hook and rod constructs. Improved deformity correction and overall construct rigidity are two important
advantages of pedicle screw instrumentation due its 3–column control over the spinal elements. First, pedicle screw instrumentation precludes the need
to place instrumentation within the spinal canal with its inherent risk of neurologic injury. Second, the placement of pedicle... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(1818) reported "twelve cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 169 cases of pedicular screw placement. Most root sleeves are anchored inferiorly to
the subjected pedicle".7 In the lumbar region, the distance between the vertebral rami and the lateral border of the pedicle is 4.8 mm at L1 and 3.1 at
L5.8 Pedicle morphometric parameters show considerable variations in different studies due to different characteristics of population studied. Proper
preoperative evaluation should be done to accurately ascertain pedicle size before surgery so improper use of screw can be avoided. Different
morphometric studies suggests the method for determining actual pedicle dimensions is by careful measurements of pedicles.9 Studies suggest that the
pedicle morphometry is variable in different population.10 Thus, the present study desires to study the morphometric parameters of the thoracic and
lumbar pedicle in Indian population for its surgical

Fibromyalgia Case Study
DIAGNOSIS Due the patient's symptom reproduction with the straight–leg–raise test, the SLR measurements remaining between 30–60 degrees hip
flexion, the positive slump test, the described radicular pattern, and diminished Achilles DTR the therapist concluded that the examination findings
were consistent with the medical diagnosis of L5/S1 disc herniation with associated nerve root involvement. (CITE) Therefore, the physical therapists
diagnosis was practice pattern 4F: Impaired Joint Mobility, Motor Function, Muscle Performance, Range of Motion, and Reflex Integrity Associated
with Spinal Disorders. (CITE) Once tested, the sacroiliac (SI) tests determined SI joint dysfunction which warranted interventions to improve SI joint
mobility. (CITE)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rationale for this plan was that reducing muscle guarding and tone surrounding the lumbar spine to allow for greater lumbar and bilateral LE
AROM aiding in a decrease of symptoms. Once acute symptoms were managed, incorporation of stabilization techniques, strengthening and aerobic
exercise would be prescribed to reduce the risk of lumbar re–injury and control fibromyalgia symptoms, addressing the musculoskeletal and
neuromuscular examination findings. It was recommended that the patient's intervention plan consist of 2–3 sessions a week for 4 weeks. After 4
weeks the patient's progress would be measured to determine the efficacy of the current POC. The patient's progress would be informally measured
prior to each treatment session with a subjective pain rating and patient feedback regarding any improvements, declines, or stasis in the patient's

The Vegertebral Column
The vertebral column, also known as the spine or backbone, forms the body's major axial support, allowing you to stand up straight, bend, and twist.
It carries all the weight of the body above the pelvis. Additionally, it surrounds and protects the delicate spinal cord and provides points of attachment
for the ribs and muscles of the torso. There are three distinct and natural curves in the spine that give it it's "S" shape which prevent shock to the head
in walking and running and provide flexibility to the body trunk.
The posteriorly concave cervical curvature contains seven vertebrae (C1 to C7 from top to bottom) in total. Two uniquecervical vertebrae are C1 and
C2 also known as the atlas and axis and allow a person's "yes" and "no" head

Moving and Positioning
UNIT 4222–232 MOVE AND POSITION INDIVIDUALS ACCORING TO THEIR PLAN OF CARE (HSC 2028) Outline the anatomy and
physiology of the human body in relation to the importance of correct moving and positioning of individuals. The back is made up of the spine or
vertebral column which is formed from a number of different groups of bones. It protects the spinal cord and allows flexibility of the upper body.
The bones are held together by ligaments and small muscles which stretch from one bone to the next to give protection and keep the joint aligned.
Between each bone and the next is a disc which is a shock absorber. Each disc consists of a soft semi fluid centre part, the nucleus, which is
surrounded by a tough and fibrous outer coating, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maintain safe and healthy workplace with the necessary facilities. Provide a health and safety policy statement when employing five or more people
They must also ensure that workplaces and work activities do not put visitors, members of the public and others at unnecessary risk. Management of
Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. Employees also have a legal responsibility. They must: Take care of their own health and safety at work
Take care of the health and safety of others. Co–operate with the employer. Not misuse or interfere with anything provided for health and safety
purposes. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999. Employers, managers and supervisors must undertake a range of tasks
including: Carrying out risk assessments Making arrangements for the planning, organisation, control monitoring and review of health and safety
measures. Appointing a competent person or persons to assist with health and safety. Establishing emergency procedures. Providing health and safety
information training. Monitoring and managing occupational health issues. As manual handling is the single largest cause of reportable injury specific
legislation has been introduced to ensure that steps are taken to reduce the risk of accidents while carrying out manual handling operations. These
regulations emphasise the necessity for all members

Symptoms And Treatment Of Medical Records
This is a 56–year–old female with a 1–11–2015 date of injury, when he tripped over some cables and fell.
01/08/16 DWC Form RFA for Acupuncture; X–Rays C/S, T/S, Bilateral shoulders; Referrals FCE, Ortho surgeon, pain management; medical records
are requested; and re–evaluate.
01/08/16 Progress Report noted that the patient sustained an initial injury in June 2014, due to a cumulative trauma. She sustained a new injury in
January 2015 as well. She sustained an injury to her neck, right shoulder, right arm, and right knee. She had X–rays and MRI post injury. Her right
knee swelled, but improved right after she received treatment for her right shoulder and right knee. She received PT and chiropractic treatment twice a
week, medications and surgery to her right shoulder in May 2015. She has received no treatment for her neck or left shoulder. She has not received
acupuncture. The patient presented today with complaints of occasional, mild to moderate, throbbing neck pain, stiffness and cramping. The physical
exam of the cervical spine revealed positive tenderness to palpation of the cervical paravertebral muscles and bilateral trapezii. There is also a muscle
spasm of the cervical paravertebral muscles. The cervical ROM is decreased and painful. Shoulder depression causes pain. The exam of the thoracic
spine showed tenderness to palpation of the thoracic paravertebral muscles, right trapezius, T1–T2 spinous process, T2–T3 spinous process, right
Rhomboid and right lateral

Trauma Case Study Essay
no difficulties and showed no difficulty getting up from a chair. She did not use assistive devices or bracing materials. Full range of motion was
recorded in the shoulder joints, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, and ankles. Cervical spine rotation right and left was 80 degrees, with full flexion
and extension. The straightaway walk was unremarkable as was the tandem step test, toe lift, heel walk, one–foot stand, and Romberg test. The claimant
did not use any assistive devices. Dr. Keown diagnosed the claimant with chronic right shoulder pain, refractory bursitis, or a partial tear of the
rotator cuff. She opined the claimant had the ability to sit six to eight hours, walk or stand six to eight hours, occasionally lift 35 to 40 pounds,
frequently lift 10 to 15 pounds and would not require assistive devices (Ex. 7F). On March 20, 2017, the claimant reported to Dr. Harrison she was
feeling fine and only needed refills of her medication. All medications were refilled (Ex. 10F). The claimant went to the St. Bernard's Emergency
Department on August 16, 2017 complaining of low back pain and headache. It was noted upon examination that her range of motion was mildly
limited due to pain. However, due to insurance requirements, an appointment was made to see her primary care... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As required by SSR 82–62, this work was substantial gainful activity, was performed long enough for the claimant to achieve average performance,
and was performed within the relevant period. The claimant's past relevant work was performed at the very heavy or heavy exertional level. The
claimant's residual functional capacity is less than light exertional level. Accordingly, the claimant is unable to perform past relevant work as actually
or generally

Cervical Spine
In the article, Assessment of the Cervical Spine Range of Motion After the Use of the Saunders Traction Device in Different Positioning of the
Upper Extremities, cervical spine complaints are seen to be increasing due in part to our society becoming more health aware.1 The pain begins with
increased tension or stiffness in the muscles of the posterior neck, with varying levels of pain that begin to spread to other areas of the body over
time. The positioning of the head towards protraction, pushing forward the shoulders, and an increase in spine inclination is the cause of the pain. If
this pain goes untreated, range of motion of the area will decrease, resulting in an overload of other areas attempting to compensate for the injured site.
These... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The modified position yielded a higher statistical significance post procedure.1 From the observation of each patients pain levels both before and after
each treatment, it was determined that the traditional position was more successful at reducing pain symptoms. Traditional positioning also created a
higher level of comfort and allowed for a more forceful level of traction.1 The modified position gave patients painful and uncomfortable feelings that
the traditional position was able to avoid. This discomfort is what caused the complaints of pain form patients that made it impossible to finish a
session of traction. The force of traction was noted earlier by patients in the modified position, which leads researches to question if this position puts
the muscles in a more injury prone position. The authors concluded that there is no difference in the effectiveness of differing positions of the arms
while traction is

Pain Management Report: Brain Injury
This is a 58–year–old male with a 5/27/2010 date of injury. He was working in an awkward position underneath a machine on the bottling line when
he heard and felt a painful pop in his left knee, as well as a "funny" sensation in his right knee.
DIAGNOSIS: R. knee pain
01/06/16 Pain management Report described that the patient has a history of chronic low back pain and right lower extremity pain. The patient has a
spinal cord stimulator since 01/30/15. The patient visited today for follow–up and medication refill. He reported that his pain has been stable since the
last month. His pain is 5/10–scale level with the use of medications and 8/10–scale levels without the use of medication. The patient reported that the
medications, activity restriction, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He underwent the right knee arthroscopy on 03/17/04 and the left knee arthroscopy on 07/26/07. He contracted knee injury in 2010, and was
subsequently underwent bilateral (left and right) knee arthroscopies were performed on 10/19/2011. He reported no significant improvement in pain
affecting his knees. A decision was made to proceed with bilateral knee replacements. Bilateral total knee arthroplasties were performed on 01/31/2012.
He had several other surgeries including, 4–compartment fasciotomies of the right lower leg and multiple debridement surgeries. He also had tendon
lengthening of the FHL and FDL tendons for the right foot problems. An SCS trial on performed in April 2014 relieved pain for 3 days. He did have
permanent spinal cord stimulator implantation on 01/29/2015, through T11–12 laminectomy, which provided 25 % pain relief. Mr. Lopez had
continued ongoing use of opiate analgesic medication, which is honestly not significantly decreased from prior to spinal cord stimulator placement. He
continues to use fentanyl patch 50 mcg per hour, 2 to 3 Percocet per day, Neurontin/gabapentin 900 mg 3 times daily, Prilosec, and compounded
neuropathic pain cream. He also continues warfarin anticoagulation, multiple antihypertensives, simvastatin, and diazepam/Valium. It was reported on
07/14/15 that the patient has chronic pain syndrome, opiate dependence, and vocational

Case Study: 3D Physical Therapy
As you have been informed, I represent Larry Darnell Williams in connection with the injuries he sustained due to an automobile collision that occurred
on July 2, 2015.
CLEAR LIABILITY ON THE PART OF YOUR INSURED
On July 2, 2015, at approximately 12:34 PM., Mr. Williams was traveling northbound on Preston Rd. attempting to turn left onto the westbound lanes of
SH–190 in Dallas County, Texas. Ms. Carlton was also traveling northbound on Preston Rd., attempting to turn right on the westbound lanes of SH–190.
Mr. Williams was attentive and patiently waiting for the green arrow in order to proceed safely onto SH–190. When Larry attempted to turn left, Ms.
Carlton failed to behave in accordance with the traffic lights and turned right onto the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Williams admitted to Gateway Diagnostics on August 8, 2016. There, he was evaluated by Dr. Skiles. Mr. Williams complained of continued back
pain, neck pain and headaches. At Gateway Diagnostic, Mr. Williams was performed a Lumbar Spine MRI, Thoracic Spine MRI, and a Cervical
Spine MRI. The Lumbar Spine MIR diagnosed a multilevel degenerative anterior endplate spurring, disk desiccation, disk bulge, facet degeneration and
a bilateral neural foraminal stenosis. The Thoracic Spine MRI, diagnosed a discogenic marrow endplate change in the superior portion of the T6
vertebral body, multilevel degenerative anterior endplate spurring in the mid and lower portions of the thoracic spine, uncovertebral hypertrophy, and a
disc osteophyte complex effacing the thecal sac nearly contacting the

Observation Of The Client, The Head
On observation of the client, the head is rotated a little to the left as well as a slight chin poke is noticed. Also, more bulk is noticed on the right
trapezius musculature. Range of motion examination of the cervical spine indicates pain 2 type on active and passive extension. Similarly, pain 2 type
is reproduced on right side flexion on both active and passive movement. On passive accessory intervertebral movement examination, Postero–anterior
central pressure (PA) reproduces pain before resistance at the 6thcervical vertebrae. Postero–anterior unilateral pressure on the right articular processes
patient experiences pain before resistance at the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae. A transverse pressure on the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae produced
pain before resistance as well.
Manual muscle testing indicates a weakness of the right triceps. Since the upper traps were painful moving into position they were not tested. On
palpation, the right upper trapezius was tight and painful as well as the right scalenes. The joints above and below were tested with decrease in ROM
detected. ROM at the shoulder was examined with decrease in flexion of the glenohumeral joint and decrease in the range of medial rotation of right
shoulder.
On carrying out of special tests, Myotomes were positive for triceps weakness and dermatomes were positive for tingling at C6 level on right. Upper
limb tension tests (ULTTs) were carried out with ULTT1 and ULTT2a positive due to pins and needle

Exam/Projections: PA Chest
Exam/Projections: PA Chest
Critique:
This is a proper radiograph and meets all evaluation criteria.
All desired anatomy is demonstrated such as lungs, apices, and costophrenic angles.
The scapula does not overlap the lung field.
The right and left sternal ends of the clavicles are the same distance from the center line of the spine thus ensuring no rotation and good positioning.
It shows a minimum of ten pairs of posterior ribs.
The radiograph displays exposure at the end of 2nd deep inspiration with no motion.
There are sharp outlines of the diaphragm, lung, and heart markings. Plus it displays faint shadows of ribs and superior thoracic vertebrae.
Marker was placed correctly.
Correct collimation was used.
A lead ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A 14x17 cassette was used. Dependent on body habitus it was either placed crosswise or lengthwise. A grid is used onchest x–rays to reduce scatter and
improve image contrast.
Source to image receptor distance is 72–120 inches. The longer the source to image receptor distance causes less magnification because the x–ray beam
has less divergence.
Central Ray:
Central ray is aligned correctly. It is perpendicular to T7, or 7–8 inches below vertebrae prominens. Which is also near the level of the inferior angle of
the scapula. The top of the image receptor was about 2 inches above the shoulders.
The patient is in an erect position facing the image receptor to result in less heart magnification. Feet should be slightly apart with weight distributed
evenly. The chin was raised, and hands are placed on the bilateral hip regions with palms facing out, or having both arms around the bucky. The
shoulders should be rolled forward and depressed to down to prevent superimposition of scapulae over the lung field.
The midsagittal plane of the body was placed in the middle of the image receptor to ensure no rotation.
Labeled Anatomy:
A.Air filled trachea
B.Left

Physical Therapy : Spine ( Lumbar / Cervical Thoracic )
1.Physical Therapy 3X6 – Spine (Lumbar/Cervical/Thoracic) Regarding Physical Therapy 3X6–Spine (Lumbar/Cervical/Thoracic); CA MTUS
supports an initial course of physical therapy with objective functional deficits and functional goals. The claimant has basically whole body pain with
limitations in range of motion and tenderness in most all body parts. Medical necessity has been established. However, initial 6 visits are given.
Additional requests should include functional improvement, discussion of functional goals and patient's progress in meeting these goals. Recommend
modified certification of PT 2X3 Spine (Lumbar/Cervical/Thoracic). 2. MRI – Spine (Lumbar/Cervical/Thoracic) Regarding MRI–Spine (Lumbar
/Cervical/Thoracic); the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, plain films were not obtained. There is no clear rationale for the indication of shoulder MRI with unequivocal objective findings and absence
of plain films. In addition, there is no focal neurological deficit on the exam. There are no sensory or motor deficits noted. Medical necessity has not
been established. Recommend non–certification. 4. MRI – right wrist Regarding MRI right wrist; CA MTUS criteria for hand/wrist MRI include
normal radiographs and acute hand or wrist trauma or chronic wrist pain with a suspicion for a specific pathology. However, as noted above, no plain
films were obtained. There is no documentation or indication of an acute trauma to the wrist. Recommend non–certification. 5. MRI – Left knee
Regarding MRI left knee; CA MTUS recommends MRI for an unstable knee with documented episodes of locking, popping, giving way, recurrent
effusion, clear signs of a bucket handle tear, or to determine extent of ACL tear preoperatively. In addition, ODG criteria include acute trauma to the
knee, significant trauma, suspect posterior knee dislocation; nontraumatic knee pain and initial plain radiographs either nondiagnostic or suggesting
internal derangement. This is a chronic injury patient. There is no documentation of any acute injury to the knees. In addition, there is no
documentation of locking, giving away, recurrent effusion, or signs of a bucket handle tear

Comparing Mammal Species Across Different Habitats
Comparing Mammal Species Across Different Habitats In marine mammal biology a large portion of the study is dedicated towards the study of
adaptations to the marine environment. By comparing the anatomy between marine mammals and terrestrial mammals scientists can better
understand evolutionary history of how these two categories of mammals diverged from one another. The purpose of this lab was to study the
anatomy of different marine and terrestrial mammals and compare their similarities and differences in homologous traits and how adaptations were
made specifically for marine mammals to survive the aquatic environment. To accomplish this bones of different species of animals were studied
since these structures serve as the basis for comparison across species as well as an indicator of each animal's individual morphology and
physiology. A standard measurement protocol for bones of particular regions of the skeleton was established with emphasis on length versus width
ratio as well as it's overall size relative to its more complex features, i.e. humerus length versus hand length. Materials and Methods: Materials for this
laboratory included Microsoft excel to compile data, a pen and paper to record data, a 15cm ruler, string, a caliper, and a two meter ruler. Since bones
often times vary in width in certain portions of the same bone due to the presence of joints and processes the bone was measured at the midpoint along
its length for its true width. Measurements

Leg Injury Case Study
CHIEF COMPLAINT: Left shoulder and left lower leg injury.
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Ms. Branson is here today for followup evaluation of her left tibial shaft fracture for which she underwent
operative stabilization with intramedullary nailing and small medial plate, three weeks ago. She also sustained a grade 3 AC joint separation on the left
at the time of injury. She has been attending physical therapy and has shown excellent progress with her range of motion in the shoulder. She remains
nonweightbearing on the left lower extremity, as instructed, and is tolerating this well. She has not required any pain medication, other than over the
counter anti–inflammatories for the last one to two weeks and feels good with her progress.

Treatment Of The Plaintiff In Dr. Fichtel's Case
Because Dr. Fichtel has not treated the Plaintiff in seven years, he is not in a position to give an opinion as to the cause of the Plaintiff's injuries.
Prior to him giving an opinion as to the cause of the Plaintiff's cervical spine injuries, he would have to examine her, which he has not. The MRI
ordered by Dr. Vardiman in 2000 showed the C6–7 as normal appearing with no disk bulge and no impingement on the C–6 nerve root. Dr. Ficthel
stated that the did not treat the Plaintiff for any injury other than at the C5–6 level because based on his exams and the radiology studies, there was no
need to perform treatment at any other levels. Following the 2007 surgery, the pain the Plaintiff was complaining of was not indicative of adjacent

Analysis Of A Functional Capacity Analysis
All available documentation submitted for this claim has been reviewed from the perspective of Internal Medicine. The claimant is a female (DOB
07/08/1978) who is claiming disability from 07/10/2017 to 07/31/2017. The claimant works as a Senior Operations Production Coordinator, with job
demands such as continuous sitting. The basic description of work was performed via a computer daily.
The claimant underwent medial branch block on C3–C6 bilaterally on 09/30/2016, followed by radiofrequency ablation on 12/23/2016. The claimant
underwent transforaminal epidural steroid injection bilaterally on L4–L5 and L5–S1 on 01/06/2017, 02/07/2017, 03/10/2017, 04/25/2017,
A Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE) report dated 05/05/2017 was completed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The claimant was diagnosed with radiculopathy in the lumbosacral region.
SOAP note dated 06/23/2017 stated that the claimant complained of cervical, thoracis and lumbar spine pain. The claimant also had swelling related to
neuropathy. The claimant's blood pressure was 141/105. The physical examination revealed significant muscle spasm with moderately reduced and
painful range of motion in the cervical spine, as well asn neck pain. There was positive cervical dystonia and positive facet loading as well.
Examination of the back revealed significant muscle spasm and moderate pain with range of motion, positive bilateral hip and sacroiliac joint
tenderness. There was decreased mobility, decreased lumbar spine extension and positive facet loading test. There was positive bilateral L5
radiculopathy. There was numbness in the lower extremities and non–pitting edema in the bilateral legs. The claimant was diagnosed with cervical
spine pain, chronic lower back pain, chronic pain syndrome, lumbar spine radiculopathy and radiculitis nad cervical sponsylosis without myelopathy.
The treatment plan included continuing with chiropractic care, physical therapy, LSO, and medication management.
Blood glucose level dated 06/30/2017 was elevated at 119. Chest x–ray was stable with appearance of focal consolidation in the mid right lung,
suggestive of pneumonia. CT of the cehst, abdomen, and pelvis revealed a large consolidation within the posterior right upper lobe with air

Trunk Rotation Essay
Clinicians frequently assess movement performance during a trunk rotation task to observe
19 biomechanical deficits. The degeneration of the sensory (Brumagne et al., 2004) and motor systems (Horak et
20 al., 1989) is inevitable as age increases; thereby altered movement and/or postural control in older adults is
21 apparent.(Pyykko et al., 1990) For example, compared to younger adults, older adults show less rotational
22 ROM of the cervical spine (Trott et al., 1996) and of the thoracic spine (Baird and Van Emmerik, 2009) during
23 axial trunk rotation while standing as well as in sitting (Doriot and Wang, 2006). A comprehensive
24 investigation on different directions of rotation is required since trunk asymmetry exists during daily activities. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A VAS for pain intensity provides a quantitative measure of subjective pain and a total functional
68 disability score ranging from 0 to 100 mm.(Huskisson, 1983) The pain was generally rated during the
69 individual's daily activities.
70 As indicated in Figure 1, in order to capture the angular displacement of trunk rotation, reflective
71 markers were attached to the bilateral shoulders, the first thoracic spine (T1), the 10th thoracic spine (T10), the
72 first sacrum (S1), and the bilateral posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS). Six digital cameras captured the
73 motion of each marker three–dimensionally (Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA). The signals
74 from the marker trajectories were filtered with a fourth–order zero–phase Butterworth low–pass filter with a
75 cutoff frequency of 6 Hz to eliminate noise from the raw data with the sampling rate at 100 Hz. The captured
76 data was recorded in a personal computer and further analyzed by customized software in MATLAB (The
3
MathWorks, I 77 nc. Natick, Massachusetts,

Postural Fitness Tests : A Fitness Screening Tool
Postural Fitness Tests: (In Order)
1.FMS (Functional Movement Screening): FMS is a fitness screening tool used to identify movement asymmetric or major limitations in functional
movement patterns (Cook, Burton, & Fields, 2016). If athletes have a low movement quality and or muscle imbalances, then it is more likely they are
compensating and are at a higher risk of injury. It consists of 7 tests that focus on the basic function, mobility, andstability. The 7 tests include: o Deep
Squat
п‚§Procedure: The individual assumes the starting position by placing his/her feet approximately shoulder width apart with the feet aligned in the
sagittal plane. The individual then adjusts their hands on the dowel to assume a 90–degree angle of the elbows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The individual is then asked to place the end of their heel on the end of the board. The previous tibia measurement is then applied from the end of the
toes of the foot on the board and a mark is made. The dowel is placed behind the back, touching the head, thoracic spine and sacrum. The hand opposite
to the front foot should be the hand grasping the dowel at the cervical spine. The other hand grasps the dowel at the lumbar spine. The individual then
steps out on the board placing the heel of the opposite foot at the indicated mark on the board. The individual then lowers the back knee enough to touch
the board behind the heel of the front foot and then returns to starting position. The lunge is performed three times bilaterally in a slow, controlled
fashion. If one repetition is completed successfully, then a three is given (Cook, Burton, & Fields, 2016). o Shoulder Mobility
п‚§Procedure: The tester first determines the hand length by measuring the distance from the distal wrist crease to the tip of the third digit. The
individual begins standing with feet together, and remains in this position throughout the test. The individual is instructed to make a fist with each
hand, placing the thumb inside the fist. They are then asked to try and touch their hands along their back. During the test the hands should remain in a
fist and they should be placed on the back in one smooth motion. The tester then measures the distance between the two closest bony

Iw Case Studies
This is a 52–year–old male with a 8/21/2014 date of injury. IW is a milker, who was pushing cows, when one backedup onto leftshoulder injuring his
neck. DIAGNOSIS:
Spinal stenosis of cervical region
02/09/16 Progress Report noted that the patient has neck pain, upper back pain, and shooting pain down the arms. The pain is on the left side. It is rated
as 3–4/10. It is stabbing, burning, and pins and needles. Medications and rest alleviate the pain. Work, standing, walking, and activity aggravate it. The
patient has tried muscle relaxants, strong pain meds, PT, hot packs, and ice, all of which have helped, but he continues to experience substantial pain.
The exam revealed that the DTRs were mildly diminished in the left upper extremity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiculopathy must be documented by physical examination and corroborated by imaging studies and/or electrodiagnostic testing. In addition, no
more than two nerve root levels should be injected using transforaminal blocks, and no more than one interlaminar level should be injected at one
session. The patient is s/p C5–C7 anteriorcervical discectomy and fusion performed on 04/14/15. The latest progress report noted that the patient has
neck pain, upper back pain, and shooting pain down the arms. The exam revealed that the DTRs were mildly diminished in the left upper extremity.
The strength and sensation were mildly diminished in the left upper extremity as well. Spurling sign was also weakly positive on the left. It is noted
that the patient has tried and failed conservative treatment, including medications and PT. However, review of the records revealed that the postop PT
was put on hold due to his increased pain. In addition, the MRI Report showed that the disc space was normal and there was no significant disc
herniation at the requested level i.e. C7–T1. The spinal canal and neural foramen are patent. In addition, EMG Report revealed that there was no
evidence of peripheral nerve entrapment or underlying peripheral neuropathy on nerve conduction studies. Considering the minimal/mild physical
examination findings and normal imaging and EDS testing; the medical necessity of C7–T1 cervical ESI has not been established. Recommend

Literature Summary Of Thorax
Review of literature
Thorax is a composed of many integrated systems including the muscles, bones and other soft tissues organ systems, the biomechanics of which, impart
the thorax a high mechanical resistance to injury, mainly due to distinctive elastic properties of the rib and spine system supported by muscles. So,
understanding the complex mechanics of the thorax is critical for understanding the vast multiplex of injuries sustained in various different
circumstances.
Anatomy
The skeleton of the thoracic wall is formed by
the spinal column and 12 thoracic vertebrae
the sternum
12 paired ribs and costal cartilages
The sternum
It is a dagger–shaped bone, which forms the anterior part of the thoracic cage and consists of three parts.
The manubrium
The body
The xiphoid process
The ribs
The ribs run in an oblique, inferior direction from their posterior articulation to their anterior articulation. For example, rib 2 articulates with the T2
vertebra posteriorly but with the sternal angle at the T4 vertebral level anteriorly.
There are three types of ribs

1)True ribs –
1st to 7th ribs which attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.
2)False ribs –
8th to 10th ribs which are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them
3)Floating ribs –
11th and 12th rib which do not connect even indirectly with the sternum
Ribs can be further classified as –
1)Typical ribs – 3rd to 9th.
A typical rib has a head, neck,

Physical Therapy Case Study Essay
The claimant had a physical therapy evaluation on 10/23/2017. It was noted that the claimant had complaints of right shoulder pain after he lifted a
tire. He heard and felt a pop on his shoulder. He did have an immediate pain and continued to work. He reported that the pain had decreased and only
had minimal discomfort with reaching movements or laying on his shoulder. Objective findings showed a normal active range of motion of the shoulder.
There was tenderness in the right distal supraspinatus tendon attachment. He was diagnosed with a right supraspinatus tendonitis.
As of 11/03/2017, the claimant had completed a total of 6 PT visits.
On 11/21/2017, the claimant presented for a follow–up for his right shoulder. He reported right shoulder pain rated at 3/10. He stated that the range of
motion had returned to normal. On examination of the right shoulder, a full range of motion was noted with resolved tenderness. The impingement
sign was positive. X–ray of the right shoulder on 10/20/2017 was negative for fracture or dislocation. He was diagnosed with a traumatic arthropathy of
the right shoulder. Continued physical therapy was recommended. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was noted the muscle testing was consistent with a supraspinatus dysfunction. He had decreased reaching, lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, and
overhead stacking.
As of 12/18/2017, the claimant had completed a total of 7 PT visits since he restarted PT on 12/04/2017.
A prior review dated 12/01/2017 indicated that the claimant was approved for 12 visits of physical

Left Broker Injury: A Case Study
CHIEF COMPLAINT: Left shoulder injury. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Ruby Pearce follows up today for reevaluation of her left proximal
humerus fracture sustained secondary to a fall on July 9, 2015. She was seen in the office on July 15, 2015 and a course of nonoperative treatment for
proximal humerus fracture was begun. She was given a prescription for physical therapy and instructed on home exercise program including pendulum
motions and wall walking. She has not attended physical therapy, but has been diligent with her home exercise program. Her pain is intermittent and
sometimes sharp, but is easily controlled with medications. She states she has a 5–6/10 at times. She takes Tylenol to control these symptoms. She
notes no neurovascular

Personal Narrative Report
On 8/25/17, I attended Mr. Barrera's follow–up appointment with Dr. Dietzel to evaluate the status of his left shoulder postoperative. X–rays were
taken prior to him being seen. Mr. Barrera presented ambulating with both shoulders in alignment. He reported pain only while participating in
therapeutic exercises. He demonstrated lifting his right arm only to shoulder height, was able to extend elbows with minimal difficulty, but unable to
reach arm behind back to the sacrum. After his exam, Dr. Dietzel stated Mr. Barrera was making good progress but still exhibited decrease range of
motion, which was normal at his stage of recovery. He continued saying physical therapy could begin working on strengthening his scapular muscle but
wanted... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barrea at the office of Dr. Dietzel. Prior to the appointment I had called Mr. Barrea and introduced myself. He was aware of the file transfer. Mr.
Barrea is able to demonstrate reaching above shoulder level activity. Passively he is able to reach above his head. Dr. Dietzel reports the strength
is slowly improving. He wants Mr. Barrea to continue with his home exercise program and attending physical therapy 2 times per week. He is to
concentrate on increasing his range of motion and strength. Mr. Barrea spoke with Dr. Dietzel about the favored work. Dr. Dietzel said that was
fine as long as they follow the restrictions and the physical therapy continues. WORK STATUS On 9/22/17, Dr. Dietzel reluctantly wrote that Mr.
Barrera could return to work with no use of the right upper extremity. No pushing, pulling, or lifting. Also, needs to be able to do physical therapy 2
times a week. Ms. Castle updates the employer. ASSESSMENT Mr. Barrera is progressing as expected, slowly regaining range of motion and
strength to his right shoulder. Based on his current status, I see no barriers inhibiting his return to full duty within the time frame given by Dr.
Dietzel. He remains positive and appears motivated to return to work and his previous level of activity. Mr. Barrea is not happy about returning to the
favored work, he claims the distance for him to drive is too

Therapeutic Mobilisations вЂ“ Case Study SS568
Therapeutic Mobilisations – Case Study SS568
Introduction
This case study is about a twenty–six year old graphic designer. Who is an amateur rugby player, who trains twice a week for two hours and has
games once per week. In terms of previous injury they fractured their left ankle three years ago. The main problem of the client is left–sided neck pain
and restriction of range of movement (ROM). The cause was a tackle during a match which resulted in heavily landing on left shoulder they played on
but, it gradually stiffened during the match. On observation the client has a poking chin, increased thoracic kyphosis and an elevated left shoulder, also
on touch of the left shoulder the upper trapezius is tight. Aggravation of the injury ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to the case study the client has pain in the neck at the end of a working day.
Irritability
This relates to the amount of activity done to aggravate a client's symptoms, the scale of it and time taken for the symptoms to reduce. Irritability is
evaluated by two factors, aggravation (what makes the injury worse) and easing (what makes the injury better). In terms of this case study the
aggravating factor for p1 is left side rotation, left side flexion and general stiffness at EOR. When the client sleeps they occasionally change direction
because of pain and stiffness. This is a contraindication for Maitland and Mulligan techniques for the reason that neither tests are meant to hurt when
performed. However the easing comes from the head being in a neutral position therefore it can be done but therapist must be cautious in carrying out
mobilisations. The other form of easing comes from heating, this is beneficial in reducing joint stiffness. A study by (Mclean 1989) states joint
stiffness is decreased by surface heating techniques when applied to superficial joints. In summary based on the aggravating causes and easing
methods the irritability would be considered low because of how easy the pain can subside.
Nature
Nature represents the therapist view of the client's condition. The nature is based on three different factors, chemical, mechanical and neurological.
Chemical comes and goes and is worse post activity and is often

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7)– Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE– Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its
position, the clavicular pectoralis major is commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of four... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the
upper ribs and inserts along the medial border of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone. SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of
the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

Sacrum Research Paper
The sacrum consists of five vertebrae that begin to fuse during adolescence and completely fuse around the age of thirty. There are four curvatures of
the vertebral column the cervical and lumbar are termed lordotic and project posteriorly while the thoracic and sacrum curvature is known as a
kyphotic and curves anteriorly. Another name for the coccyx is the tailbone. Knee The artery that is located behind the knee is the popliteal artery
which branches off of the femoral artery. Blood Flow through the Body after Entering the Aorta Once the oxygenated blood has been pushed through
the aortic semilunar value into the ascending aorta and through the aortic arch it branches into three arteries of the systemic system; the ascending
aorta, arch... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mesentery also supports the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall. The greater omentum is a double fold of
the peritoneal membrane that hangs from the stomach over the transverse colon and small intestine. Visceral peritoneum is an inner membrane layer
that covers the solid viscera such the stomach, spleen, liver, jejunum, ileum, kidneys, bladder and uterus. Parietal peritoneum is the thin membrane that
lines the abdominal and pelvic walls. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that forms a sac within the abdominal cavity. Retroperitoneal organs
include the aorta, inferior vena cava, duodenum, kidneys, ascending and descending colon, pancreas (except the tail), ureters, urinary bladder, and

Persistent Shoulder Pain
Are you suffering from persistent shoulder pain, limited shoulder movement or weakness? These could be signs of a separated shoulder or other
shoulder injury. Other common symptoms include shoulder bruising or swelling, a bump and swelling at the top of your shoulder, weakness in your
shoulder or arm or other general shoulder pain. Common causes of a separated shoulder include:
Causes:
A direct blow to the shoulder
A fall that results in landing directly on your shoulder
Sports–related injury typically resulting from a contact sport such as football or hockey or sports that have a high–risk of falls such as skiing,
gymnastics, or volleyball
Most people recover completely from a separated shoulder with conservative treatment, however problems

Gymnasts In Gymnastics
Gymnastics is a very difficult sport that takes a lot of commitment. Many children take on gymnastics at a young age and strive to become Olympic
gymnasts by competing their whole lives, but not a lot of people are able to pursue that dream due to the challenges that come with being a gymnast.
Coaches are currently conditioning and training their gymnasts at very demanding and advanced levels. Although the sport has several positive health
benefits on the body, it also puts gymnasts at a very high risk of injury. It is not very common for theseinjuries to be severe, however, if they are not
treated properly it is likely for them to lead to chronic pain and even bone fractures.
One of a gymnasts' most common injuries is a stress fracture involving the lower back. The medical term for this is Spondylosis. The back is a very
crucial part of gymnastics, it is constantly working hard and being used. Amongst gymnasts, the most common cause of a stress fracture is overuse.
However, they can also occur due to an awkward fall or a fall from a height. Almost everything in gymnastics calls for a combination of great speed
and power which puts any gymnast at high risk of falling or landing wrong. Whether it's a fall or an awkward landing, the pressure is being applied to
the spine and joints, increasing the chances of injury. Back injuries in adolescent athletes stem from repetitive stressful body movements, like bending
and twisting that can cause trauma to the spinal column. The

Trigger Point Injection Essay
Medical records:
08/10/2017, Jack Akmakjian, M.D., PTP Progress Report
ITEM 1. Trigger point injections, cervical spine, per 08/10/17 order. QTY: 2.00
Denied. The request for Trigger point injections, cervical spine, per 08/10/17 order. QTY: 2.00 is not certified.
ODG Criteria for the use of trigger point injections:
Trigger point injection (TPI) with a local anesthetic with or without steroid may be recommended for the treatment of chronic neck pain with
myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) when all of the following criteria are met:
(1) Documentation of circumscribed trigger points with a twitch response and referred pain upon palpation;
(2) The symptoms have persisted for more than three months;
(3) Medical management therapies (such as ongoing stretching exercises, physical therapy, NSAIDs, and muscle relaxants) have failed to control the
pain; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Use as a sole treatment is not

Bone Structure
The bone structure of a dolphin is similar to that of a human. Starting at the base of the skull, are cervical vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae, lumbar
vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, below the caudal vertebrae are the chevron bones. The cervical vertebrae, which in dolphins is unfused and provides
great neck mobility. The thoracic vertebrae support the ribs of the animal and tend to be less flexible then the other vertebrae regions. The lumbar
vertebrae are more flexible dorsoventrally (up and down) than laterally (side to side). The caudal vertebrae or bones of the tail vary with species, in
humans these vertebrae have fused to form the coccyx. The chevron bones function to protect elements in the tail like nerves and blood vessels from
being damaged during movement of the tail. Below the thoracic vertebrae are the ribs. The ribs protect the chest cavity, like the lungs and heart.
The flipper of a dolphin in similar to the arm of a human. Starting at the scapula, there's the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
The scapula or the shoulder blade. The humerus, which connects the scapula to the radius and ulna. The radius that is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They used recorded calls of prey fish and measured the directions dolphins traveled and their rate of echolocation. What they found was dolphins
changed their direction towards the sound and used echolocation to locate where it was. Based on their results they believe dolphins use passive
listening to find prey and use their echolocation to find its exact location. They hypothesized there could be costs to dolphins using echolocation, such
as energy costs and giving out their own location to possible predators, they believe this could be why dolphins do not constantly use

Concussions In Sports Narrative
October 16th 2013 I was at work performing my normal duties, when as I lifted on a box to put it on a self above my head, I felt and heard a tearing
/popping sound coming from my left shoulder. I was in serious pain after that. My employer had me feel out an accident report, and then sent me to
their doctor. After being examined by the doctor, I was told that I just strained my leftshoulder and put me on a temporary restriction, which limited the
amount of weight I could lift. I was also told to come back for physical therapy once a week. After 5 weeks of physical therapy and with the pain
almost unbearable, I decided to go to my own doctor. My doctor examined me and immediately scheduled an MRI. The MRI showed that I had a tear
down the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He described symptoms which he noted as "slowed movement, tremors, confusion, and speech problems typical of the condition" (institute).
Harrison dubbed the condition "punch drunk", since his test were being done on boxers. (institute) Since 1966 CTE was known as a disease boxers
received from constant blows to the head during fights, which caused concussions. The medical community and medical literature believed this issue
was entirely a boxing one, since from 2009, 39 out of 49 cases were of boxers. There have been other cases not related to boxing, which have the
symptoms of CTE. Cases such as a "battered wife, an epileptic, two mentally challenged individuals with head–banging behavior, and an Australian
circus performer who was also involved in what the medical report authors referred to as "dwarf–throwing"

Symptoms And Treatment Of Pain Essay
This is a 71–year–old female with a 2/29/2000 date of injury, when she slipped and fell because of oil on the ground.
Diagnoses: Pain in thoracic spine; low back pain; traumatic arthropathy, unspecified site; unspecified sprain of unspecified wrist
12/01/15 Progress report describes that the claimant has increased right shoulder pain. The pain was previously well controlled with medications. The
patient stated that she may not be able to drive to her appointments much longer given she also gets radiation. PE revealed normal gait. There was
slight to moderate spasm over the lumbar spine R>L. AROM: flexion 70 %, extension 60 %, Right lateral flexion 70 % and Left lateral flexion 70
%. SLR is positive on the right. Slight spasm was noted over the cervical spine. AROM: flexion 80 %, extension 80 %, right lateral flexion 70 %
and left lateral flexion 70 %. Spurling test is positive on the right. Shoulder exam revealed mild tenderness of the bicipital groove and AC region
R>L. Impingement sign was positive. AROM: Right 120 degrees, flexion 140 degrees, extension 40 degrees and adduction 40 degrees. There was
mild tenderness of the volar aspect of right wrist. ROM was normal. TInel and Phalen's signs were negative. Treatment plan includes Tylenol, Soma,
Prilosec/Omeprazole and continue home exercising and stretching. Follow up is in 2 months.
09/30/14 progress report states that the patient has a history of cervical spine discomfort at 3/10, right shoulder discomfort at 6/10

Cervical Radiculopathy Case Study
Cervical Radiculopathy Cervical radiculopathy is also known as a "pinched nerve". In this paper it discusses the presentation, pathophysiology,
differential diagnoses, treatment modalities and patient education. Presentation Upon observation the patient with cervical radiculopathy usually
presents with a head tilt away from the injury or a stiff neck, active range of motion may also be reduced and increased pain with lateral bending
away from the affected side. The patient upon palpation may have tenderness along the paraspinal muscles and hypertonicity or spasm of the affected
side may occur (Malanga, 2016). There may also be muscle weakness or numbness down one arm even extending to the fingertips. Pathophysiology
Cervical radiculopathy is usually caused by a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the cases that the cervical radiculopathy does not improve than a soft neck collar can be used to rest the neck or a neck pillow at night. Physical
therapy may be used and neck traction may be used in order to reduce the compression of the nerve root. A short burst of oral steroids may be used
however no controlled studies have been done to prove their effectiveness. Dosages of 60mg of oral steroids for 7 days may be used to help alleviate
inflammation (Malanga, 2016). To further help reduce inflammation icing and nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be used in the
initial phase of treatment. The usual dosage for cervical radiculopathy is Ibuprofen 800mg by mouth three times daily for the next 10–14 days
(Malanga, 2016). There have also been studies showing that tricyclic antidepressants have helped have an analgesic effect on chronic and neuropathic
pain, such as Elavil or Pamelor (Malanga, 2016). If these treatments still do not give relief then a referral to an orthopedic surgeon is needed. At that
point a steroid injection may be performed or a surgical intervention may be

Cervical Disc Injury Research

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Gladys Cepparulo

More from Gladys Cepparulo (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Cervical Disc Injury Research