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Ch02
1.
VECTOR MECHANICS FOR
ENGINEERS: STATICS Eighth Edition Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Lecture Notes: J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University CHAPTER © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Statics of Particles
2.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Contents Introduction Resultant of Two Forces Vectors Addition of Vectors Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces Sample Problem 2.1 Sample Problem 2.2 Rectangular Components of a Force: Unit Vectors Addition of Forces by Summing Components Sample Problem 2.3 Equilibrium of a Particle Free-Body Diagrams Sample Problem 2.4 Sample Problem 2.6 Rectangular Components in Space Sample Problem 2.7
3.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Introduction • The objective for the current chapter is to investigate the effects of forces on particles: - replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single equivalent or resultant force, - relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a state of equilibrium. • The focus on particles does not imply a restriction to miniscule bodies. Rather, the study is restricted to analyses in which the size and shape of the bodies is not significant so that all forces may be assumed to be applied at a single point.
4.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Resultant of Two Forces • force: action of one body on another; characterized by its point of application, magnitude, line of action, and sense. • Experimental evidence shows that the combined effect of two forces may be represented by a single resultant force. • The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of a parallelogram which contains the two forces in adjacent legs. • Force is a vector quantity.
5.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Vectors • Vector: parameters possessing magnitude and direction which add according to the parallelogram law. Examples: displacements, velocities, accelerations. • Vector classifications: - Fixed or bound vectors have well defined points of application that cannot be changed without affecting an analysis. - Free vectors may be freely moved in space without changing their effect on an analysis. - Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along their line of action without affecting an analysis. • Equal vectors have the same magnitude and direction. • Negative vector of a given vector has the same magnitude and the opposite direction. • Scalar: parameters possessing magnitude but not direction. Examples: mass, volume, temperature
6.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Addition of Vectors • Trapezoid rule for vector addition • Triangle rule for vector addition B B C C QPR BPQQPR += −+= cos2222 • Law of cosines, • Law of sines, A C R B Q A sinsinsin == • Vector addition is commutative, PQQP +=+ • Vector subtraction
7.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Addition of Vectors • Addition of three or more vectors through repeated application of the triangle rule • The polygon rule for the addition of three or more vectors. • Vector addition is associative, ( ) ( )SQPSQPSQP ++=++=++ • Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
8.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces • Concurrent forces: set of forces which all pass through the same point. A set of concurrent forces applied to a particle may be replaced by a single resultant force which is the vector sum of the applied forces. • Vector force components: two or more force vectors which, together, have the same effect as a single force vector.
9.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.1 The two forces act on a bolt at A. Determine their resultant. SOLUTION: • Graphical solution - construct a parallelogram with sides in the same direction as P and Q and lengths in proportion. Graphically evaluate the resultant which is equivalent in direction and proportional in magnitude to the the diagonal. • Trigonometric solution - use the triangle rule for vector addition in conjunction with the law of cosines and law of sines to find the resultant.
10.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.1 • Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides equal to P and Q is drawn to scale. The magnitude and direction of the resultant or of the diagonal to the parallelogram are measured, °== 35N98 αR • Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P and Q head-to-tail and to scale. The magnitude and direction of the resultant or of the third side of the triangle are measured, °== 35N98 αR
11.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.1 • Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule. From the Law of Cosines, ( ) ( ) ( )( ) °−+= −+= 155cosN60N402N60N40 cos2 22 222 BPQQPR A A R Q BA R B Q A +°= °= °= = = 20 04.15 N73.97 N60 155sin sinsin sinsin α N73.97=R From the Law of Sines, °= 04.35α
12.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.2 a) the tension in each of the ropes for α = 45o , b) the value of α for which the tension in rope 2 is a minimum. A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of the forces exerted by the tugboats is 5000 lbf directed along the axis of the barge, determine SOLUTION: • Find a graphical solution by applying the Parallelogram Rule for vector addition. The parallelogram has sides in the directions of the two ropes and a diagonal in the direction of the barge axis and length proportional to 5000 lbf. • The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is determined by applying the Triangle Rule and observing the effect of variations in α. • Find a trigonometric solution by applying the Triangle Rule for vector addition. With the magnitude and direction of the resultant known and the directions of the other two sides parallel to the ropes given, apply the Law of Sines to find the rope tensions.
13.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.2 • Graphical solution - Parallelogram Rule with known resultant direction and magnitude, known directions for sides. lbf2600lbf3700 21 == TT • Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule with Law of Sines ° = ° = ° 105sin lbf5000 30sin45sin 21 TT lbf2590lbf3660 21 == TT
14.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.2 • The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is determined by applying the Triangle Rule and observing the effect of variations in α. • The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when T1 and T2 are perpendicular. ( ) °= 30sinlbf50002T lbf25002 =T ( ) °= 30coslbf50001T lbf43301 =T °−°= 3090α °= 60α
15.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Rectangular Components of a Force: Unit Vectors • Vector components may be expressed as products of the unit vectors with the scalar magnitudes of the vector components. Fx and Fy are referred to as the scalar components of jFiFF yx += F • May resolve a force vector into perpendicular components so that the resulting parallelogram is a rectangle. are referred to as rectangular vector components and yx FFF += yx FF and • Define perpendicular unit vectors which are parallel to the x and y axes. ji and
16.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Addition of Forces by Summing Components SQPR ++= • Wish to find the resultant of 3 or more concurrent forces, ( ) ( )jSQPiSQP jSiSjQiQjPiPjRiR yyyxxx yxyxyxyx +++++= +++++=+ • Resolve each force into rectangular components ∑= ++= x xxxx F SQPR • The scalar components of the resultant are equal to the sum of the corresponding scalar components of the given forces. ∑= ++= y yyyy F SQPR x y yx R R RRR 122 tan− =+= θ • To find the resultant magnitude and direction,
17.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.3 Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the resultant of the force on the bolt. SOLUTION: • Resolve each force into rectangular components. • Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant. • Determine the components of the resultant by adding the corresponding force components.
18.
© 2007 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.3 SOLUTION: • Resolve each force into rectangular components. 9.256.96100 0.1100110 2.754.2780 0.759.129150 4 3 2 1 −+ − +− ++ −− F F F F compycompxmagforce 22 3.141.199 +=R N6.199=R • Calculate the magnitude and direction. N1.199 N3.14 tan =α °= 1.4α • Determine the components of the resultant by adding the corresponding force components. 1.199+=xR 3.14+=yR
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Equilibrium of a Particle • When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is in equilibrium. • Particle acted upon by two forces: - equal magnitude - same line of action - opposite sense • Particle acted upon by three or more forces: - graphical solution yields a closed polygon - algebraic solution 00 0 == == ∑∑ ∑ yx FF FR • Newton’s First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Free-Body Diagrams Space Diagram: A sketch showing the physical conditions of the problem. Free-Body Diagram: A sketch showing only the forces on the selected particle.
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.4 In a ship-unloading operation, a 3500-lb automobile is supported by a cable. A rope is tied to the cable and pulled to center the automobile over its intended position. What is the tension in the rope? SOLUTION: • Construct a free-body diagram for the particle at the junction of the rope and cable. • Apply the conditions for equilibrium by creating a closed polygon from the forces applied to the particle. • Apply trigonometric relations to determine the unknown force magnitudes.
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.4 SOLUTION: • Construct a free-body diagram for the particle at A. • Apply the conditions for equilibrium. • Solve for the unknown force magnitudes. ° = ° = ° 58sin lb3500 2sin120sin ACAB TT lb3570=ABT lb144=ACT
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.6 It is desired to determine the drag force at a given speed on a prototype sailboat hull. A model is placed in a test channel and three cables are used to align its bow on the channel centerline. For a given speed, the tension is 40 lb in cable AB and 60 lb in cable AE. Determine the drag force exerted on the hull and the tension in cable AC. SOLUTION: • Choosing the hull as the free body, draw a free-body diagram. • Express the condition for equilibrium for the hull by writing that the sum of all forces must be zero. • Resolve the vector equilibrium equation into two component equations. Solve for the two unknown cable tensions.
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.6 SOLUTION: • Choosing the hull as the free body, draw a free-body diagram. °= == 25.60 75.1 ft4 ft7 tan α α °= == 56.20 375.0 ft4 ft1.5 tan β β • Express the condition for equilibrium for the hull by writing that the sum of all forces must be zero. 0=+++= DAEACAB FTTTR
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.6 • Resolve the vector equilibrium equation into two component equations. Solve for the two unknown cable tensions. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) jT iFT R iFF iT jTiT jTiTT ji jiT AC DAC DD ACAC ACACAC AB 609363.084.19 3512.073.34 0 lb06 9363.03512.0 56.20cos56.20sin lb84.19lb73.34 26.60coslb4026.60sinlb40 −++ ++−= = = −= += °+°= +−= °+°−=
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.6 ( ) ( ) jT iFT R AC DAC 609363.084.19 3512.073.34 0 −++ ++−= = This equation is satisfied only if each component of the resultant is equal to zero ( ) ( ) 609363.084.1900 3512.073.3400 −+== ++−== ∑ ∑ ACy DACx TF FTF lb66.19 lb9.42 += += D AC F T
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Rectangular Components in Space • The vector is contained in the plane OBAC. F • Resolve into horizontal and vertical components. yh FF θsin= F yy FF θcos= • Resolve into rectangular components hF φθ φ φθ φ sinsin sin cossin cos y hy y hx F FF F FF = = = =
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Rectangular Components in Space • With the angles between and the axes,F ( ) kji F kjiF kFjFiFF FFFFFF zyx zyx zyx zzyyxx θθθλ λ θθθ θθθ coscoscos coscoscos coscoscos ++= = ++= ++= === • is a unit vector along the line of action of and are the direction cosines for F F λ zyx θθθ cosand,cos,cos
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Rectangular Components in Space Direction of the force is defined by the location of two points, ( ) ( )222111 ,,and,, zyxNzyxM ( ) d Fd F d Fd F d Fd F kdjdid d FF zzdyydxxd kdjdid NMd z z y y x x zyx zyx zyx === ++= = −=−=−= ++= = 1 andjoiningvector 121212 λ λ
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.7 The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. Determine: a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force acting on the bolt at A, b) the angles θx, θy, θz defining the direction of the force SOLUTION: • Based on the relative locations of the points A and B, determine the unit vector pointing from A towards B. • Apply the unit vector to determine the components of the force acting on A. • Noting that the components of the unit vector are the direction cosines for the vector, calculate the corresponding angles.
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.7 SOLUTION: • Determine the unit vector pointing from A towards B. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) m3.94 m30m80m40 m30m80m40 222 = ++−= ++−= AB kjiAB • Determine the components of the force. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )kji kji FF N795N2120N1060 318.0848.0424.0N2500 ++−= ++−= = λ kji kji 318.0848.0424.0 3.94 30 3.94 80 3.94 40 ++−= + + − =λ
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: StaticsEighth Edition Sample Problem 2.7 • Noting that the components of the unit vector are the direction cosines for the vector, calculate the corresponding angles. kji kji zyx 318.0848.0424.0 coscoscos ++−= ++= θθθλ 5.71 0.32 1.115 = = = z y x θ θ θ
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