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chapt3.pptx
1.
VECTOR MECHANICS FOR
ENGINEERS: STATICS Eighth Edition Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Lecture Notes: J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University CHAPTER © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces
2.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Contents © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 2 Introduction External and Internal Forces Principle of Transmissibility: Equivalent Forces Vector Products of Two Vectors Moment of a Force About a Point Varigon’s Theorem Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force Sample Problem 3.1 Scalar Product of Two Vectors Scalar Product of Two Vectors: Applications Mixed Triple Product of Three Vectors Moment of a Force About a Given Axis Sample Problem 3.5 Moment of a Couple Addition of Couples Couples Can Be Represented By Vectors Resolution of a Force Into a Force at O and a Couple Sample Problem 3.6 System of Forces: Reduction to a Force and a Couple Further Reduction of a System of Forces Sample Problem 3.8 Sample Problem 3.10
3.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Introduction • Treatment of a body as a single particle is not always possible. In general, the size of the body and the specific points of application of the forces must be considered. • Most bodies in elementary mechanics are assumed to be rigid, i.e., the actual deformations are small and do not affect the conditions of equilibrium or motion of the body. • Current chapter describes the effect of forces exerted on a rigid body and how to replace a given system of forces with a simpler equivalent system. - moment of a force about a point - moment of a force about an axis - moment due to a couple • Any system of forces acting on a rigid body can be replaced by an equivalent system consisting of one force acting at a given point and one couple. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 3
4.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition External and Internal Forces • Forces acting on rigid bodies are divided into two groups: - External forces - Internal forces • External forces are shown in a free-body diagram. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 4 • If unopposed, each external force can impart a motion of translation or rotation, or both.
5.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Principle of Transmissibility: Equivalent Forces • Principle of Transmissibility - Conditions of equilibrium or motion are not affected by transmitting a force along its line of action. NOTE: F and F’ are equivalent forces. • Moving the point of application of the force F to the rear bumper does not affect the motion or the other forces acting on the truck. • Principle of transmissibility may not always apply in determining internal forces and deformations. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 5
6.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition - are distributive, - are not associative, © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 6 Vector Product of Two Vectors • Concept of the moment of a force about a point is more easily understood through applications of the vector product or cross product. • Vector product of two vectors P and Q is defined as the vector V which satisfies the following conditions: 1. Line of action of V is perpendicular to plane containing P and Q. 2. Magnitude of V is V PQ sin 3. Direction of V is obtained from the right-hand rule. • Vector products: - are not commutative, Q P P Q PQ1 Q2 PQ1 PQ2 PQ S PQ S
7.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Vector Products: Rectangular Components • Vector products of Cartesian unit vectors, i k j j k i k k 0 i i 0 k j i i j k j i k k i j j j 0 y x PxQy P Q k • Vector products in terms of rectangular coordinates V Pxi Py j Pzk Qxi Qy j Qzk PyQz PzQy i PzQx PxQz j i j k Px Py Pz Qx Qy Qz © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 7
8.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Moment of a Force About a Point • A force vector is defined by its magnitude and direction. Its effect on the rigid body also depends on it point of application. • The moment of F about O is defined as MO r F • The moment vector MO is perpendicular to the plane containing O and the force F. • Magnitude of MO measures the tendency of the force to cause rotation of the body about an axis along MO. MO rF sin Fd The sense of the moment may be determined by the right-hand rule. • Any force F’ that has the same magnitude and direction as F, is equivalent if it also has the same line of action and therefore, produces the same moment. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 8
9.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Moment of a Force About a Point • Two-dimensional structures have length and breadth but negligible depth and are subjected to forces contained in the plane of the structure. • The plane of the structure contains the point O and the force F. MO, the moment of the force about O is perpendicular to the plane. • If the force tends to rotate the structure clockwise, the sense of the moment vector is out of the plane of the structure and the magnitude of the moment is positive. • If the force tends to rotate the structure counterclockwise, the sense of the moment vector is into the plane of the structure and the magnitude of the moment is negative. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 9
10.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Varignon’s Theorem • Varigon’s Theorem makes it possible to replace the direct determination of the moment of a force F by the moments of two or more component forces of F. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 10 • The moment about a give point O of the resultant of several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the moments of the various moments about the same point O. 1 2 r F F r F1 r F2
11.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force yF k k x yFz zFy i zFx xFz j xFy i j x y z Fx Fy Fz M O M xi M y j Mzk z © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 11 F Fxi Fy j F k The moment of F about O, M O r F , r xi yj zk
12.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force The moment of F about B, B M r F A /B y x A B A A B r F F i F j F k z x x i y y j z z k B r r A B A/ B A © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 12 B i j k xA x y y B z A zB Fx Fy Fz B M
13.
Eighth Edition Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force For two-dimensional structures, MO xFy yFz k MO M Z xFy yFz MO xA xB Fy yA yB Fz k MO M Z xA xB Fy yA yB Fz © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 13
14.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.1 A 100-N vertical force is applied to the end of a lever which is attached to a shaft at O. Determine: a) moment about O, b) horizontal force at A which creates the same moment, c) smallest force at A which produces the same moment, d) location for a 240-N vertical force to produce the same moment, e) whether any of the forces from b, c, and d is equivalent to the original force. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 14
15.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.1 a) Moment about O is equal to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and O. Since the force tends to rotate the lever clockwise, the moment vector is into the plane of the paper. MO Fd d 24cmcos60 12 cm MO 100N12 cm MO 1200 Ncm © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 15
16.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition 20.8cm F 1200 N cm Sample Problem 3.1 c) Horizontal force at A that produces the same moment, d 24cmsin60 20.8cm MO Fd 1200 N cm F20.8cm F 57.7 N © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 16
17.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition 24cm F 1200 N cm Sample Problem 3.1 c) The smallest force A to produce the same moment occurs when the perpendicular distance is a maximum or when F is perpendicular to OA. MO Fd 1200 N cm F24cm F 50 N © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 17
18.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition 240 N OBcos60 5 cm Sample Problem 3.1 d) To determine the point of application of a 240 lb force to produce the same moment, MO Fd 1200 N cm 240 Nd d 1200 N cm 5 cm OB 10cm © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 18
19.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.1 e) Although each of the forces in parts b), c), and d) produces the same moment as the 100 N force, none are of the same magnitude and sense, or on the same line of action. None of the forces is equivalent to the 100 N force. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 19
20.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.4 The rectangular plate is supported by the brackets at A and B and by a wire CD. Knowing that the tension in the wire is 200 N, determine the moment about A of the force exerted by the wire at C. SOLUTION: The moment MA of the force F exerted by the wire is obtained by evaluating the vector product, M A rCA F © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 20
21.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition A i j k 0.3 0 0.08 120 96 128 M A M 7.68 Nmi 28.8 Nmj 28.8 Nm k rC D © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 21 128 N k 0.5m 0.32 m k 120 Ni 96 N j 0.3mi 0.24 m j 200N Sample Problem 3.4 SOLUTION: M A rC A F rCA rC rA 0.3 mi 0.08 mj F F 200 N rCD
22.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition - are distributive, © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 22 Scalar Product of Two Vectors • The scalar product or dot product between two vectors P and Q is defined as P Q PQcos scalar result • Scalar products: - are commutative, PQ Q P 2 1 2 1 P Q Q P Q P Q - are not associative, P Q S undefined • Scalar products with Cartesian unit components, k i 0 i j 0 j 0 k i i 1 j j 1 k k 1 x y z x y z P Q Pi P j P k Q i Q j Q k 2 x y z x x y y z z P P 2 P2 P2 P P P Q P Q P Q PQ
23.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Scalar Product of Two Vectors: Applications PQ cos PxQx • Angle between two vectors: P Q PQ cos PxQx PyQy PzQz PyQy PzQz • Projection of a vector on a given axis: Q POL P cos POL P cos projection of P alongOL P Q P Q PQ cos OL © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 23 Px cosx Py cosy Pz cosz P P • For an axis defined by a unit vector:
24.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Mixed Triple Product of Three Vectors • Mixed triple product of three vectors, S PQ scalar result • The six mixed triple products formed from S, P, and Q have equal magnitudes but not the same sign, S PQ PQ S Q S P S Q P P S Q Q P S • Evaluating the mixed triple product, S PQ Sx PyQz PzQy Sy PzQx PxQz Sz PxQyPyQx Sx Sy Sz Px Py Pz Qx Qy Qz © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 24
25.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Moment of a Force About a Given Axis • Moment MO of a force F applied at the pointA about a point O, © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 25 O M rF • Scalar moment MOL about an axis OL is the projection of the moment vector MO onto the axis, O OL r F M M • Moments of F about the coordinate axes, zFy xFz yFx M x yFz M y zFx M z xFy
26.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Moment of a Force About a Given Axis • Moment of a force about an arbitrary axis, A B © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 26 A B MBL r r r A B r F MB • The result is independent of the point B along the given axis.
27.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.5 A cube is acted on by a force P as shown. Determine the moment of P a) about A b) about the edge AB and c) about the diagonal AG of the cube. d) Determine the perpendicular distance between AG and FC. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 27
28.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.5 • Moment of P about A, A F A A F A M r ai a j ai j M r P 2i j P P 2 i 2 j P ai jP 2i j A M aP 2i j k • Moment of P about AB, A AB i aP M i M 2i j k M AB aP 2 © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 28
29.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.5 • Moment of P about the diagonal AG, 6 3 2 2 3 aP 111 j k j k j k i a 3 ai aj ak 1 r AG A rA G A G A AG M 1 i aP i aP i j k M M M 6 AG M aP © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 29
30.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.5 • Perpendicular distance between AG and FC, 2 3 6 P P j 1 i j P 0 11 k k 0 Therefore, P is perpendicular to AG. AG M aP Pd 6 6 d a © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 30
31.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Moment of a Couple • Two forces F and -F having the same magnitude, parallel lines of action, and opposite sense are said to form a couple. • Moment of the couple, M r F r F A B r r F A B r F M rF sin Fd • The moment vector of the couple is independent of the choice of the origin of the coordinate axes, i.e., it is a free vector that can be applied at any point with the same effect. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 31
32.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Moment of a Couple Two couples will have equal moments if • F1d1 F2d2 • the two couples lie in parallel planes, and • the two couples have the same sense or the tendency to cause rotation in the same direction. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 32
33.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Addition of Couples • Consider two intersecting planes P1 and P2 with each containing a couple 2 1 1 1 M r F in plane P 2 2 M r F in planeP • Resultants of the vectors also form a couple 1 2 M r R r F F 1 2 M M • By Varigon’s theorem M r F r F 1 2 • Sum of two couples is also a couple that is equal to the vector sum of the two couples © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 33
34.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Couples Can Be Represented by Vectors • A couple can be represented by a vector with magnitude and direction equal to the moment of the couple. • Couple vectors obey the law of addition of vectors. • Couple vectors are free vectors, i.e., the point of application is not significant. • Couple vectors may be resolved into component vectors. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 34
35.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Resolution of a Force Into a Force at O and a Couple • Force vector F can not be simply moved to O without modifying its action on the body. • Attaching equal and opposite force vectors at O produces no net effect on the body. • The three forces may be replaced by an equivalent force vector and couple vector, i.e, a force-couple system. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 35
36.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Resolution of a Force Into a Force at O and a Couple • Moving F from A to a different point O’requires the © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 36 addition of a different couple vector MO’ M r F O' • The moments of F about O and O’are related, O M M sF r'F r s F r F s F O' • Moving the force-couple system from O to O’requires the addition of the moment of the force at O about O’.
37.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.6 Determine the components of the single couple equivalent to the couples shown. SOLUTION: • Attach equal and opposite 20 N forces in the +x direction at A, thereby producing 3 couples for which the moment components are easily computed. • Alternatively, compute the sum of the moments of the four forces about an arbitrary single point. The point D is a good choice as only two of the forces will produce non-zero moment contributions.. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 37
38.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.6 • Attach equal and opposite 20 N forces in the +x direction at A • The three couples may be represented by three couple vectors, M x 30 N18cm 540 N cm M y 20 N12 cm 240N cm Mz 20 N9cm 180 Ncm 180N cm k M 540 N cmi 240N cm j © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 38
39.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition 12 cm k 9cm j 20Ni Sample Problem 3.6 • Alternatively, compute the sum of the moments of the four forces about D. • Only the forces at C and E contribute to the moment about D. M MD 18cm j 30 Nk 180N cm k M 540 N cmi 240N cm j © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 39
40.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition System of Forces: Reduction to a Force and Couple • A system of forces may be replaced by a collection of force-couple systems acting a given point O • The force and couple vectors may be combined into a resultant force vector and a resultant couple vector, M R O r F R F • The force-couple system at O may be moved to O’ © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 40 with the addition of the moment of R about O’, R O M R sR M O' • Two systems of forces are equivalent if they can be reduced to the same force-couple system.
41.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Further Reduction of a System of Forces • If the resultant force and couple at O are mutually perpendicular, they can be replaced by a single force acting along a new line of action. • The resultant force-couple system for a system of forces will be mutually perpendicular if: 1) the forces are concurrent, 2) the forces are coplanar, or 3) the forces are parallel. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 41
42.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Further Reduction of a System of Forces • System of coplanar forces is reduced to a O force-couple system R and M R that is O its moment about O becomes MR mutually perpendicular. • System can be reduced to a single force by moving the line of action of R until • In terms of rectangular coordinates, xR yR M R y x O © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 42
43.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.8 For the beam, reduce the system of forces shown to (a) an equivalent force-couple system at A, (b) an equivalent force couple system at B, and (c) a single force or resultant. Note: Since the support reactions are not included, the given system will not maintain the beam in equilibrium. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 43 SOLUTION: a) Compute the resultant force for the forces shown and the resultant couple for the moments of the forces about A. b) Find an equivalent force-couple system at B based on the force- couple system at A. c) Determine the point of application for the resultant force such that its moment about A is equal to the resultant couple at A.
44.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.8 SOLUTION: a) Compute the resultant force and the resultant couple at A. R F 150N j 600 N j 100N j 250 N j R 600 Nj M R A r F 1.6i 600 j2.8i 100 j 4.8i 250 j M R A 1880 N m k © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 44
45.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.8 b) Find an equivalent force-couple system at B based on the force-couple system at A. The force is unchanged by the movement of the force-couple system from A to B. R 600 Nj The couple at B is equal to the moment about B of the force-couple system found at A. M R B 2880 Nm k 1880 N m k 1880 Nm 4.8 mi 600 N j k M R r R A B A M R B 1000 N m k © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 45
46.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.10 Three cables are attached to the bracket as shown. Replace the forces with an equivalent force- couple system at A. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 46 SOLUTION: • Determine the relative position vectors for the points of application of the cable forces with respect to A. • Resolve the forces into rectangular components. M R A r F • Compute the equivalent force, R F • Compute the equivalent couple,
47.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.10 SOLUTION: • Determine the relative position vectors with respect to A. D A C A B A r r r 0.075 i 0.050km 0.075 i 0.050km 0.100 i 0.100j m 175 © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 47 r B rE B E B B 75i 150 j 50k • Resolve the forces into rectangular components. F 700 N D N 600 i 1039j C F 0.429i 0.857 j 0.289 k F 300i 600 j 200 N k 1000 Ncos45i cos45 j 707 i 707 j N F 1200 Ncos60i cos30 j
48.
Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics Eighth Edition Sample Problem 3.10 • Compute the equivalent force, R F 300 707 600i 6001039 j 200 707 k R 1607i 439 j507k N • Compute the equivalent couple, k k k i D D A c C A M R A i r r 0 163.9 k 0.100 600 1039 0 F 0.100 707 j i j 0 0.050 17.68 j 707 0 F 0.075 j 0 0.050 30i 45k 300 600 200 rBA F B 0.075 r F M R A 30 i 17.68j 118.9k © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 48
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