The GIST September-October Edition

The Gist
A Student-Generated Journal of Written Expression
Issue #2 September-October, 2020
By English as a Foreign Language Teaching Major
Third Year Cohort
Prof. Dr. Gilberto Hernández Quirós
Workshop in Written Expression
UNA Nicoya TEFL Academic Professor II Cycle
2020
The Gist: a student-generated journal of written expression.
UNA Nicoya 2020
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The Gist
The Gist is synonymous to essence, core,
nucleus or substance. It is an academic,
student-generated monthly journal of
written expression at the National
University of Costa Rica, Nicoya Campus
as part of the Workshop in Written
Expression.
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Corozalito Beach, Nandayure, Guanacaste

Our Team
Contributors: English as a Foreign Language Teaching Major Third Year Cohort
Editor in Chief: Prof. Dr. Gilberto Hernández Quirós
Course: Workshop in Written Expression (LM420)
Themes: various themes and topics addressed
Disclaimer:
The opinions, beliefs and viewpoints expressed by the various student
authors in this monthly journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs
and viewpoints of the whole UNA community at all its different campuses.
This journal is rather a contextualized written expression project for non-
native students of English in the Workshop in Written Expression at UNA
Nicoya, and its goal is to empower students to project and strengthen their
writing skills as accurately and professionally as possible. There may be
linguistic inaccuracies which will serve to embark on a continuous
improvement process.
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Cerro de La Cruz in the background seen from the west wing of the administrative building by
CENTIC: IT and Communications Training Center and the English as a Foreign Language
Teaching Major Coordination Office

Inside this issue
PAGES
• Educational and Professional Development (4 articles) 5
• Mental Health and Violence (3 articles) 25
• Positive Attitude, Culture and Poetry (3 articles) 37
• Economy and Social Unrest (2 articles) 49
• Current Social Issues in Costa Rica (3 articles) 60
• Gender, Femicide and Sexual Education (4 articles) 67
• Technology and the Digital World (1 article) 86
• Tourism and Folklore (5 articles) 90
• Environmental Awareness and Concerns (2 articles) 110
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Education and Professional Development
• AIESEC Offers Volunteering and Internship Programs at UNA (6 to 10)
By Katherine Castro Arias
• Did You Know That…? (11 to 13)
By Brithany Carrillo Barquero and Melissa García Agüero
• The Power of Words (14 to 18)
By Hilary Dalissa Ruiz Solera and Dencel Yasir Hernández Carrillo
• Preparing for the Job Interview in the New Normal (19 to 24)
By Raúl Fonseca Rosales and Luis Fernando Mendoza Centeno
UNA Nicoya 2020
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AIESEC Offers Volunteering and Internship
Programs at UNA
By Katherine Castro Arias
Key words: Nicoya, international, organization, interests, volunteering
UNA Nicoya 2020
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AIESEC Offers Volunteering and Internship Programs at UNA
by Katherine Castro Arias (1)
Students from different majors and specifically
Systems Engineering, Business Administration,
Commerce and International Business, and English as
a Foreign Language Teaching from the National
University of Costa Rica at Nicoya Campus will notw
have the opportunity to participate in a professional
experience overseas thanks to interchange
international programs from AIESEC.
This organization has opened an office in Nicoya,
Guanacaste. This is a worldwide organization that was
already in Costa Rica, and now they want to provide
Nicoyanos with the opportunity to make a positive
impact in the world.
AIESEC promotes youth leadership movement
through projects such as Global volunteer, Global
talent and Global teacher. To be a global volunteer,
you can choose which project to undertake in
accordance with your interests such as education,
nature and animals.
The Global Talent program is for those who wish
to develop their professional skills by doing an
internship according to their majors. The Global
Teacher Program is for people who prefer to
teach languages such as English or Spanish or
something related to their majors. Undoubtedly,
any of the programs provide the opportunity to
gain professional edge and experience in new
cross-cultural settings.
Apart from the experience by ending the
journey, individuals get a certificate for the task
they did overseas which could be useful for the
professional curriculum.
“It is an opportunity for expanding your horizons
and living an intercultural experience. You get
the adventure in a challenging environment
where you acquire new skills with other global
citizens” Kaslin Zuñiga, President of the Nicoya
Local Office from AIESEC.
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“My volunteering was in Guanajuato, Mexico. It was an experience that
changed my life. You go with the mentality to help, but children taught me
more than I could teach them. There were 6 weeks where I challenged
myself day by day, and I shared with special people with whom I still have a
friendship. Every day it was an adventure. I learned how to get to know
myself better as a person, to be more human and also to develop new skills.”
“I decided to do the volunteering because I wanted to do something
different. I wanted to go abroad, but I did not want to travel as a tourist,
and when I heard about the organization, I did not think it twice. I
specifically I took the opportunity with AIESEC because I saw that they have
many years existing. It is very accessible economically talking, and their
projects are related to objectives of sustainable development and this gives
you the opportunity to work on something that is not related to your major.
I loved that because I wanted to be outside of my comfort zone to a 100%”.
“It has helped me to unwind myself in a better way since before doing this, I
was very indecisive about my capabilities and leave the country for six
weeks out of my routine gave me the confidence I needed. I recommend
embracing the experience with AIESEC because it will make you grow both
personally and academically, and you will impact some community
positively which they need it.” Laura Bogantes , student of International
Relations at UNA.
Pictures from Laura Bogantes, student of Relaciones
Internacionales at UNA
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Another person who has made the decision
to visit Mexico is a neighbor of Nicoya.
“I am interested in generating a positive
impact on other people’s lives. It caught my
attention to discover new cultures, not only
in terms of gastronomy, but also the social
part and, at the same time, I want to
generate an impact in my life”.
Elías Fonseca, graduate from Commerce
and International Business at UNA Nicoya
Campus.
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Photo of Elías Fonseca, graduate from Commerce
and International Business at UNA Campus Nicoya

It is important to take into account that the
opportunities to travel have been postponed
until next year 2021 because of the COVID-19
pandemic.
Did you know that AIESEC was created in
1948 after World War II starting with a cross
cultural experience in 7 countries, but now it
works with more than 120 countries?
For more information:
kaslin.zuniga3@aiesec.net or visit
https://aiesec.org/ ,click in sign up and click in
the local office Universidad Nacional Sede
Nicoya.
References
AIESEC.(2020). About us. Retrieved from
https://aiesec.org/about-us
Bogantes,L. (2020). Personal
Communication, September 20th,2020).
Fonseca, E. (2020). Personal
Communication, September 26th,2020).
Zuñiga, K. (2020). Personal Communication,
September 20th,2020).
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Did You Know That…?
By Brithany Carrillo Barquero and
Melissa García Agüero
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Key words: mispronunciation, words, English, meaning, blooper

UNA Nicoya 2020
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Did you know that?
Did you know that many of the words used in Spanish are
really mispronounced English words? For example, the eminent
Mexican glue “Resistol” is actually a blooper of the English
words’ “resist” and “all” (Resist All). The same happens with the
famous cartoon Popeye which really means “Pop eye” (ojo
saltón in Spanish), or the clothing Overol that is “over” and “all”
(overall). Also, think of the case of the word lunche used to
refers to food its correct spelling is “lunch”. In Costa Rica you
hear parents talking about “lonchera” which their kids take to
school. It is actually a mix of Anglicism and neologism.
Did you know that the day after tomorrow is called “over
tomorrow”, but it is not commonly used? Moreover, the
University of Warwick said that the top of 10 funniest words in
English are “booty, hooter, nitwit, twit, waddle. tit, tinkle, bebop,
and egghead”. Besides, it is incredible that China has more
English speakers than the United States. Indeed non-native
speakers of English outnumber native speakers. Interestingly,
the opposite term of “sparkle” it is “darkle”.

UNA Nicoya 2020
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Did you know that thanks to the works of the poet
William Shakespeare, more than 1000 words were
incorporated into the English language and some of those
words were addiction, bedazzled, swagger, break the ice,
among others.
It is a fact that every two hours a new word is added to
this language. In addition, English has more words than
any other language in the world. Surprisingly, the most
used noun is time, and the most used adjective is good.
Finally, some Old English words are still widely used today,
and these words are I, love, black, mother, fire, hand, and
listen.
Did you know English has been the universal language
since 1945 after World War II? It has also been
termed as “lingua franca”. Additionally, no number
from 0 to 99 is written or pronounced with the letter
“a”. Exceptionally,
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is the
longest word in the English language as this word
has more than 40 letters and its meaning refers to a
type of disease. Finally, the word goddessship is the
only word in this language with tripled letters (sss).

The Power of Words
By Hilary Dalissa Ruiz Solera
and
Dencel Yasir Hernández Carrillo
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Keys words: reading, empathy, sensibility, power, poetry

Benefits of Reading
By Dencel Hernández and Hilary Ruiz (1)
Since the beginning, humanity has tried to save ideas, share
history, stories and culture. Firstly, it was orally, but then,
writing was created to save the information more precisely.
As it started to evolve, it became more complex. The amount
of ideas, thoughts and feelings that have been shared, too. It
changed from some symbols to something more evolved and
stylized.
As it is well-known, reading and writing are connected; they
are the complement of each other. As a consequence, a
person may learn from ancient cultures, others’ feelings,
world views, among other aspects. If this is possible, it
means that reading may affect people in different ways. A
piece of writing is able to affect a person's emotions and
thoughts, academic life, and all aspects of life in general.
Emotions can be transmitted to the reader, and the reading
can affect emotions their emotions in different ways.
Emotions and thoughts can be transmitted by images and
sensory imagery. For example, think on a poem that says
“ When I saw the night color of the rose, I remembered the
darkness of the day I had said goodbye forever to you.”
Thanks to this description, we can deduce two things:
the rose is black, and the man is sad because someone
died, so thoughts and feelings are present in a piece of
writing.
According to Grecucci, A., Sulpizio, S., Tommasello, E.,
Vespignani, F., & Job, R. (2019),
“Visual, auditory and other sensory modalities have
specific neural circuitry to process the emotional
meaning carried by incoming stimuli” (Para. 1, line
1). Then, how can it affect someone?
The human being is characterized by having empathy
and sensibility to other people’s problems and emotions.
In addition, many people have gone through similar
situations, and even if not, they probably can imagine
how they would react or feel in the same situation.

Benefits of Reading
Thus, this is the way reading affects emotions and
thoughts, and the various ways in which thoughts
and emotions are transmitted. It was an example of
sadness, but other emotions can be transmitted, too.
Now that we have realized how reading can affect or
change people, let’s see how it can motivate and
impact a student positively .
As we just read in the last paragraph, lots of
thoughts may be transmitted by words. Some
researchers such as the one provided by Bozack, A.,
& Salvaggio, A. (2013), have shown that people used
to read more before and less nowadays.
For this reason, it is more difficult to find students
who like reading. Further, the same study showed
that the students who liked reading used to have
better grades.
This fact shows that reading has a good impact in
academic life. Probably , it also is beneficial because
these students have more facility to analyze, deduce and
are more comfortable with texts. As a result, reading
benefits students’ academic lives. Moreover, if students
read motivational reading material, it can also help them
in aspects of life such as self-esteem, intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation while keeping a positive mindset.
Undoubtedly, people who read are better informed than
people who do not. Imagine the next situation, you are
going to have a conversation with two people. The first
one does not read a lot and does not share likes or
hobbies with you. Probably that conversation will be
very brief, dull and even stilted. On the other hand, the
other person knows about many topics and can talk
about more things than the previous and the
conversation will be natural, enriching and interesting.

Benefits of Reading
As Marelisa (n.d) says “When you read you’re filling your head
with all sorts of knowledge, and knowledge has a way of
coming in handy when you least expect it . . .”(para.9, line 1)
You probably would like to have another conversation with
the second one so, being knowledgeable helps in social life.
Another illustration is the next one: imagine that you have a
problem, and you do not know how to solve it nor have
something to ask for a solution. That is when reading helps
again. There are lots of texts, webpages, books, among other
sources where you can ask for information you need. Lastly,
reading also exists for pleasure.
There are lots of stories, blogs, poems, novels, articles, and
many more as forms of enjoyable and creative writing that
someone can read and get distracted, entertain, or simply
escape from problems or stress for a while. Reading is also a
therapy especially now that we are confined due to the
COVID-19 pandemic.
As a conclusion, reading is important for the
preservation of human history and evolution, but also
for the transmission of thoughts, knowledge and
feelings, and the human well-being.
These are some reasons to start/continue reading.
Reading truly enriches human life and makes it easier
and more enjoyable to live.
All we need to do is, read about something that we
like, find good sources and materials; it will be great
for your life in general.
As a final thought, reading allows us to acquire
knowledge, and also it will be easier to understand
everything that surrounds us. As an important aspect
about it, reading opens doors of knowledge; in other
words, it gives us the key to inspiration. In the same
way, reading helps us in different situations in life
as much as bad and good times.

Benefits of Reading
References
Bozack, A., & Salvaggio, A. (2013). Relational Effects of Reading
Motivation and Academic Achievement Among Adolescent Boys.
Reading Psychology, 34(6), 507–522.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2012.660302
• http://una.remotexs.co/user/login?dest=http://search.ebscohost.
com.una.remotexs.co/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid,ur
l&db=asn&AN=90430530&lang=es&site=ehost-live
Grecucci, A., Sulpizio, S., Tommasello, E., Vespignani, F., & Job, R.
(2019). Seeing emotions, reading emotions: Behavioral and ERPs
evidence of the regulation of pictures and words. PLoS ONE, 14(5),
1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209461
• http://una.remotexs.co/user/login?dest=http://search.ebscohost.
com.una.remotexs.co/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid,ur
l&db=asn&AN=136757606&lang=es&site=ehost-live
Marelissa.(nd). 13 Ways Reading Will Improve Your Life. Retrieved
from: https://daringtolivefully.com/reading-will-improve-your-life

Preparing for the Job Interview in the New
Normal
By Raúl Fonseca Rosales & Luis Fernando Mendoza Centeno
Key words: interview, virtual interview, digital CV, professionalism,
HR Department, do’s and don’ts
UNA Nicoya 2020
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A job interview is a conversation between a representative of
a company and the person who is applying for a certain job.
During this talk, the representative may ask about academic
achievements, past jobs experience as well as information of
and personal nature among other questions to determine
whether the future worker fulfills the requirements to
develop a specific job in the company. To support this
information, let's take a look at the following quote:
A research interview involves an interviewer, who
coordinates the process of the conversation and asks
questions, and an interviewee, who responds to those
questions. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or
over the telephone. The internet is also emerging as a
tool for interviewing (Easwaramoorthy & Zarinpoush,
2006, p.6).
As we can see from the previous line of reasoning, a job
interview will help to create an opportunity for the person
interviewed to show her or his best strengths, not only in the
academic field, but also in terms of personality traits in order
to be hired.
In addition, it is important to be updated about digital
interviews which have been used recently, and people do not
have to feel strange because technology has also been
introduced to save time and open more job opportunities.
Then, a job interview can be the key for applicants to work in
an important company and improve their lives in social,
economical and emotional competences.
Preparing for the Job Interview in the New Normal
By Raúl Fonseca Rosales and Luis Fernando Mendoza Centeno (1)

Nowadays, job interviews have taken a step further while
incurring the use of modern technology which makes it
possible for interviewers and interviewees to carry out the
process of it much easier. We have passed from a traditional
era to a digital one, this means we miss out on the in-person
interaction that is important to determine the perfect match
during the interview.
However, the new modality has come with big advantages as
in the case of creating digital CVs or résumés which bring
new fundamental elements to society such as visibility,
interconnection, and the measure of our reputation as
professionals.
“With the arrival of the internet, new models of CV have been
generated. If these documents traditionally extended as a
cover letter to companies and institutions, the digital CV is
our cover letter to the world” (María Sobrido Prieto & Miguel
Ángel Talavera Valverde, 2018, p.157).
The way interviews have changed to virtual modality or digital CV’s
This means that CVs have become an indispensable tool,
this is due to the fact that just with a click it is possible to
make available to network all the information you want
about academic and professional achievements. Such is the
impact of these networks in the job search that may lead
HR departments to carry out dynamic search instantly and
be able to localize and contact candidates with the purpose
of covering vacancies in their companies.
All these new ways of conveying information have brought a
huge impact to job interviews; for this reason, it is
important to be updated with the use of those networks in
order to establish the job search successfully.

These are rules about behaviors and activities that people
should or should not do in a specific place. It means that we
can apply these rules while being interviewed because it is
necessary to offer a good impression and avoid some wrong
aspects to catch the attention to the interviewers who
usually take into consideration details such as the following:
DO'S
❖ Be prepared: Look for information about the company,
even the interviewer if you can. View videos about
interviews and practice breathing to control anxiety and
nervousness.
❖ Be punctual: Schedule the time to get to the place for
the interview early. It may include the time for moving
from one city to other one or arriving by public
transportation to avoid a setback.
DO’S and DON’TS during the job interview
❖ Listen and respond according to the topic:It is
polite to listen to what the interviewer says or
ask and not interrupt her/him. After that, you
should respond accordingly to create coherence
in the conversation.
❖ Ask questions about the company: Asking
questions about the organization, its market (in
the case of manufacturing firms) will show
interest to obtain the job.

❖ Do not tell lies: Honesty and sincerity are worthy for
companies to hire employees. So, the information
provided must be true to avoid future troubles to be
discovered.
❖ Avoiding denigrating past jobs: Showing respect to past
experiences in other companies is important and not
making negative comments about them will show your
values and personality.
DON’TS during the job interview
❖ Do not say unnecessary information:Do not add
information that is not required, and it may help
to keep the sense of the interview and avoid
going off on a tangent.
❖ Do not suppose that you are hired:The sense of
triumphalism is a lack of professionalism and
should not be shown before, during and after the
interview. Thus, let your personality, values,
knowledge and experience help you to get the
job.

To respond to specific questions you should take into
consideration some strategies such as going straight to the
answer and avoid using slang to communicate.
Likewise, you should employ complete sentences and be
mindful and self- monitor for pronunciation, grammar and
standard English vocabulary.
Also, it is important for you to focus on your strengths and
not hesitate to answer the negative questions in an
optimistic way. Just tell what you have learned throughout
your experiences.
If you have any doubt while answering the questions, think
about it and then ask for clarification so you can fully
understand. The most important thing you need to take into
account is always listen and pay careful attention to what the
interviewers ask you. This will help you to get the idea of
what they request from you, but also it will lead you to
answer in a concise way that makes it possible for you to
have clear and complete answers.
How to respond to specific questions
References
Easwaramoorthy,M & Zarinpoush, F.(2006). Interviewing
for Research. Imagine Canada. Retrieved from
http://sectorsource.ca/sites/default/files/resources/files/ti
psheet6_interviewing_for_research_en_0.pdf
Sobrido Prieto & Talavera Valverde. (2018). Nuevos
modelos de currículum vitae en la era digital. Vol. 27, N. 3.
From:
http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1
132-12962018000200010
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSx4EGfcKJlPG
OBDXYX8RmoAij4kQDOhdceEg&usqp=CAU

Mental Health and Violence
• Suicide Grows Like Foam in the World (26 to 29)
By Sergio Barboza Villagra
• Public Mental Health Hospitals in Costa Rica (30 to 33)
By Alejandra Godoy Aguirre
• Massacre in Matapalo (34 to 36)
By Yendry Castañeda Bonilla and Fabián Espinoza Hernández
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Suicide Grows Like Foam in the
World
By Sergio Barboza Villagra
Key words: suicide, depression, frustration, adversities, psychological
support
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Nowadays, talking about suicide has become very popular in our
society because suicide tends to cause death in many people
around the world and reaches very high figures, which can be
classified as more dangerous than a war.
In contrast, attempting on life is a problem that all countries
around the world are facing with statistics that suggest that men
have a higher rate than women because of what may be
happing in their living environment and condition of being the
source of support, strength and provision.
However, the confrontation with society is a stage of life with
many changing thoughts and that can develop different
concerns that all human beings go through, which may present
difficult changes in people that cause anxiety and depression
until they reach many times to a suicide attempt.
It is important to know that some people do not want to share
problems with anyone, and they prefer to keep quiet, and the
people around may not realize what may be happening.
For a long time, suicide has been increasing together with the
rates of death, and it has been changing over the years.
However, there are statistics which indicate different rates
between male versus female suicide. It is astonishing to know
that males have the highest percentage of suicide than
females both in developed countries as well as in developing
countries, according to World Health Organization ( 2019):
Globally, the age-standardized suicide rate was 1.8 times
higher in males than in females. Male: female (M: F) suicide
ratios greater than 1 indicate that suicide rates are higher in
males than in females. While the M: F ratio is close to 3 in
high-income countries (i.e. the rates are three times higher in
males), the ratio was more equal in low- and middle-income
countries (p.10).
UNA Nicoya 2020
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Suicide Grows Like Foam in the World
By Sergio Barboza Villagra (1)

Some reasons that society is facing today could be several social
ties that may be influencing the rise in suicide deaths. However,
it must be clear and at the same time understand that people
who try to commit suicide may be going through bad situations
such as terminal illnesses, economic problems, mental disorders,
or depression among others. For that reason, they feel lonely
without any hope and resort to suicidal thoughts. In fact, some
studies show that many people kill themselves every forty
seconds in the world.
The World Health Organization (WHO) published a report in
2014 asserting that a person dies every 40 seconds from suicide
somewhere in the world. In the year 2020, approximately 1.53
million people will die from suicide based on current trends and
according to WHO estimates. Ten to 20 times more people will
attempt suicide worldwide. This represents on average one
death every 20 seconds and one attempt every 1–2 seconds
(Fond et al, 2016.p, 1).
UNA Nicoya 2020
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To conclude, suicide can be seen as a disease or rather as
an epidemic that attacks in silence. Therefore, it maintains
a regime where society is affected because there are many
reasons why people make those misfortunate decisions,
and the saddest thing is that these people with suicidal
tendencies react very impulsively to the adversities of life.
Therefore, these people need to be heard by those who
surround them and provide them with the necessary
psychological support and treatment. Prevention is
somewhat tricky, but you can act and keep these people in
a comfortable space. But sadly, suicide in the world is
growing and people are turning to an unconventional way
of facing life's adversities.
UNA Nicoya 2020
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References
• Fond, G., Llorca, P.-M., Boucekine, M., Zendjidjian, X.,
Brunel, L., Lancon, C., Auquier, P., & Boyer, L. (2016).
Disparities in suicide mortality trends between United
States of America and 25 European countries:
retrospective analysis of WHO mortality database.
Scientific Reports, 20256. Retrieved from: https://doi-
org.una.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/srep20256
• World Health Organization. (2019).Suicide in the world:
Global health Estimate. Retrieved
from:https://www.aulavirtual.una.ac.cr/pluginfile.php?fi
le=%2F810395%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FC
%20%20%20World%20Health%20Organization%20Suici
de%20in%20the%20World.pdf

Public Mental Health Hospitals
in Costa Rica
Key words: mental health, psychiatric hospital,
treatment, equipment
UNA Nicoya 2020
30

Public Mental Health Hospitals in Costa Rica
Nowadays, mental health is a very important topic
in the world because there are many problems
related to mental health.
In many countries, such care is not adequately
provided to people even though it is a serious
problem. Costa Rica is a small country with
approximately 5 million inhabitants, and where
approximately 43,081 people suffer from mental
problems, according to data collected National
Institute of Statistics and Censuses, (2013).
Favorable, Costa Rica is equipped to face these
problems as stated by the World Health
Organization (2008)
"There are 2 mental hospitals in the country, located
in the central area of the capital city, with 22 beds
per 100,000 population“ (p.14)
In this document, I will describe the two mental
hospitals that Costa Rica has and how they function
to face these problems.

On May 4, 1890, was founded the first mental health
hospital called The Insanos National Hospital. It was
formally inaugurated under the direction of Dr. Eduardo
Pinto, with 158 patients and which was the only one in
Central America back then.
A few years later in 1896, it was decided to change its
name to Hospital Chapuí to honor priest Manuel Antonio
Chapuí y Torres, who chose to donate to the Government
what was originally known as Valle de Mata Redonda. This
name was changed to what we currently know as Hospital
Nacional Psiquiátrico Manuel Antonio Chapuí y Torres.
(CCSS, 2006. Translated by the author).
I personally really enjoyed reading about the history of this
important hospital which tells facts about this hospital;
however, I will highlight the most important things.
The Manuel Antonio Chapuí y Torres National Psychiatric
Hospital is located in the province of San José. It provides
specialized care in acute psychiatric pathology, which has
services of nutrition, social work, dentistry, occupational
therapy, clinical psychology, anesthesia, community
psychiatry, statistics and medical records, along with
pharmacy, clinical laboratory, electroencephalography
services; equipment and sterilization center, library and
infirmary, external consultation, rehabilitation,
emergencies and admission, support services and
hospitalization the of patients in serious condition.
Currently, the hospital has 1149 beds, 1080 are for the
general ward and 45 for the children's unit. (CCSS, 2020.
Translated by the author). It is important to mention that
hospital cares for adult patients, seniors, children and
adolescents. It can be deduced that it is a very well-
equipped hospital with personnel and the necessary
infrastructure to face people who suffer from mental
problems.
Another important psychiatric hospital is the Roberto
Chacón Paut known as Sanatorio Chacón in 1951. It was
created because at Chapuí Hospital the limit of patients
had already been reached, and the number of patients
had increased.
In its beginnings, it was an agricultural hospital, then it
went from being a model farm to a Palliative Care Center
for a large number of patients with significant physical
and mental deterioration. In 1977, the Sanatorio Chacón
Paut passed from belonging to the Social Protection
Board to the CCSS, and finally in 1997, it named it as Dr.
Roberto Chacón Paut National Psychiatric Hospital.

The hospital has services such as ambulatory
services, day center, external consultation of
psychiatry, external consultation of psychology,
technical and administrative services, nursing,
financial accounting department, clinical
laboratory, transportation, pharmacy, among
others (CCSS, 2020, Translated by the author).
This institute has 1253 beds and 800 are
destined for the asylum of people with mental
problems. As the years have passed, this
hospital has suffered financial problems, but it is
currently in good condition. This is the second
specialized hospital that we have in our country
to treat people with mental problems. These
hospitals are nationally recognized as the best in
the area.
In conclusion, the emergence of these two
important hospitals has come to give ongoing
support to the population suffering from
mental problems.
They are highly capable of assisting and
treating any type of case, mild or serious;
their stories demonstrate the struggle to be
who they are at the moment.
It is interesting to know in detail some
important things about these hospitals such
as their history, equipment and services. If at
any time someone we know needs help, we
can inform about these institutions because
CCSS will embrace and aid with all pleasure
and duty.

Massacre in Matapalo
By Yendry Castañeda Bonilla
and Fabián Espinoza Hernández
Key words: Massacre, murder, children, events, tragedy, house
UNA Nicoya 2020
34

It was February 16th, 2016 when a Nicaraguan man took five lives by
killing them with no mercy. The Beauchamp family was massacred in the
most brutal way by Michael Adrián Salmerónmwho is now and will
confined for 30 years in a Nicaraguan prison for those despicable and
horrific events.
UNA Nicoya 2020
35
A call for help about a little girl that was crying alerted the officers and forced them to go to this
house where they had previously reported intra-family complaints and reports. Upon entering, the
first body they saw was in a corridor in the house and apparently had been mutilated. It was Dirk
Beauchamp’s body. In the next room there were two more bodies under a white sheet, they were a
woman (Jessica Durán, the apparent partner of the murderer) and the little 6-year-old daughter
(Chantal).
In the bathroom was the semi-naked body of the 12-year-old girl Alisson. The last body was that of
the boy Jack Beauchamp who only 8 years old. All this event was narrated by the brave Officer López,
who was the one who received the call for attention. He lived it firsthand and mentioned that he will
never forget what he saw that day.

The people from Matapalo and each person who passes
in front of that house remember what marked Costa Rica
that day with much pain and sorrow for the two children
who survived this terrible event and trauma.
UNA Nicoya 2020
36
It is important to be alert because we never stop getting to know
people, and we never know what day their feelings may explode within
them. Some people are violent, and they do not even know it.
Therefore, it is important to have communication and an adequate
mental health. Also, drugs and a disorganized lifestyle can generate
problems in families, and that is why people must be aware and care for
their health and wellness.

Positive Attitude, Art and Poetry
• Bringing Out The Best of Our Attitudes in Times of Pandemic (38 to 41)
• Tattoo Legacy in Japan: Behind the Stigma of Body Art Expression (42 to 47)
By Sofía Saprissa Piñar
• The Power of Words: A Poem (48)
By Hilary Dalissa Ruiz Solera and Dencel Yasir Hernández
UNA Nicoya 2020
37

Bringing Out the Best of Our
Attitudes in Times of Pandemic
Key words: attitude, optimism, mental health,
happiness, self-esteem
UNA Nicoya 2020
38

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is known worldwide as COVID-19, and the first
cases began to be detected in December 2019 in the City of Wuhan,
China. This virus has become a global pandemic and has created
millions of deaths in the world. It has also caused significant
problems in all countries, and some of the ways to combat it is by
washing hands, having social distancing, coughing properly and
avoiding crowds. Due to these forms of prevention, a series of
unexpected and abrupt changes have been generated; the most
notable being commerce and the economy, without leaving aside
the emotional part of people around the world.
Costa Rica is one of the countries with fewer cases compared to
others, but many sectors such as tourism and agriculture have been
seriously affected. Despite all the changes that this disease has
caused, many people and some governments have acted in an
optimistic way to face this battle, because only united and abiding
by prevention measures we can avoid contagion. Optimism is one of
the most important points in these times of pandemic and it can be
influenced in many actions such as social norms, social inequality,
and culture.
Social standards are in command by our government, they have
been widely emphasized to achieve positive progress in this
pandemic. These norms greatly influence the positive or negative
behavior of people, and they can vary.
According to Boggio, Capraro, Drury, Mussarat and Ellemers (2019) they
assure: that "Changing behaviors by correcting such misperceptions can
be achieved by public messages reinforcing positive" (p.5).
This is completely true because; for example, one of the protocols most
mentioned by the Minister of Health is the proper way to cough or
sneeze. At the beginning, most people called it exaggerated and even it
had many mockeries, but when reinforced in the news why this norm
should be taken, people changed their attitude and optimistically began
to think that it is better to follow the norm so as not to infect others, due
to the fact that a person can be infected without realizing it, and if it
norm is neglected it an affect to their families and loved ones.
It also happened with the use of alcohol, but now most people use their
alcohol because FANAL, the state’s national liquor factory, has reported
the importance of this product to fight off the virus. The action of
seeking information that affirms what is stated in each standard helps
people to make correct decisions and abide by them positively to
prevent contagion.
Bringing our the best of our attitudes in times of pandemic
By Alejandra Godoy Aguirre (1)

Social inequality is another point that influences optimistic thinking
in people, economic problems, lack of resources, the need to use
public transportation are some of these social inequalities. These
kinds of problems can cause people to make hasty decisions and
they can more quickly expose themselves to the virus.
Although it is known that many people in our countries
unfortunately must use public transportation, it is essential that
everyone take their precautions; for example, wear masks, not
touch their faces and use school, or they can opt for other means of
transportation such as a bicycle.
According to Goldbaum (2020), (she or he?) assures that "As the
coronavirus pandemic shrinks life in major American cities - limiting
pastimes and discouraging use of buses and subways - hundreds of
thousands of Americans are flocking to one of the most basic forms
of mobility: the bicycle"(p. 1).
This is a good initiative that leads us to think optimistically in the
face of this pandemic. I consider that all these problems can be
solved positively despite the fact that in some situations they are
very hard.
There are positive solutions that help us improve mental
health and think positively. Likewise, there are many
examples that I could mention of optimistic actions such
as the lack of food in many homes, but they have been
solved for the most part by people with the desire to
help others responsibly despite the risk as well as in the
area of education and work.
The last concept that influences optimism is culture.
Costa Rica has been characterized for being very liberal
and the laws are not very strict. Despite the latter, the
government has taken very good social norms that have
led us to be one of the countries with fewer cases.
According to Boggio,et al.,(2019)
"Tight rules regarding social distancing are critical, yet
looseness within these constraints may also help to
spawn the development of creative technical solutions
that are needed to contain the pandemic, as well as
creating novel tools to help people feel connected" (p.6).

Our countries experienced this, at the start of the pandemic,
extreme measures were taken, such as the closure of many shops to
be able to avoid infections as much as possible. The government
noticed positive behavior from people and decided to loosen some
rules and prioritize points that may pose a danger like borders. This
behavior causes people to leave their home only if necessary and
with the proper care as issued by the minister.
In conclusion, social norms, social inequality, and culture directly
influence people in decision making, but this can also change by
properly informing themselves and knowing what is good and what
is bad.
In addition, optimistic thoughts include a lot to make the change
and that this pandemic could be less stressful. People who think
positively will most likely have less chance of getting the virus
because they are always up to date with the situation that we are
experiencing. Many think that this will not end and we must
continue with their projects, and it is not bad, the bad thing is to
believe that we are immune –as even stated by President Trump-
and this will not affect us, so we must act responsibly.
• References
• Boggio, P., Capraro, V., Drury J., Mussarat K. and Ellemers
V. (2019). Using Social and Behavioral Science to Support
COVID 19 Pandemic Response. Nature Human Behavior.
Retrieved from http DOI:
10.31234/osf.io/y38m9s://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-
0884-z
• Goldbaum, C. (2020). Thinking of buying a bike? Get
ready for a very long wait.

Tattoo Legacy in Japan:
Behind the Stigma of Body
Art Expression
Key words: culture, legacy, illegal, ink, tattoos
UNA Nicoya 2020
42

Tattoo Legacy in Japan: Behind the Stigma of Body Art Expression
By Sofía Saprissa Piñar (1)
The heritage of tattoos in Japanese culture
makes its appearance 5,000 years with
ancient clay statues that were decorated
with tribal tattoos and are found inside
tombs.
The phenomenon is common in Asia. Some
ancient Chinese scriptures, the oldest from
297 after Christ called Wei Chih, which
recounts the Japanese tradition of tattooing
body decoration. They reported that men of
all ages had designs on all parts of the body,
including the
face.
UNA Nicoya 2020
43

Additionally, indigenous tribal peoples such as the
Ainu have been recognized for their mouth tattoos,
created by adding birch ash to small wounds.
These tattoos were created as a way to distinguish
social status and coming of age. Tattoos also carried a
strong meaning of sacred and religious content.
The Tattoos were protection against demons and
diseases would be kept away due to the ritual. The
ancient Okinawan inhabitants of the Uchinanchu,
tattoos were for women. Tattoos were indigo in color
and on the hands, called hajichi, to symbolize the
beginning of marriage, femininity or social status.
UNA Nicoya 2020
44

Despite the great connection that tattoos had
in Japanese culture with the passage of time,
the Japanese tradition of tattoos is shown as
an unfavorable activity, consequently at the
end of the 19th century, it was officially
banned.
Although it was an expressive folk art,
tattooing was quickly perceived as a negative
practice. The criminals, instead of being
executed or receiving long sentences, were
branded with tattoos. Often these were
bands, symbols, Japanese characters, or dots
on the arm or forehead.
UNA Nicoya 2020
45

Currently, this illegality has been questioned to the
point of carrying out and being in a judicial court.
“For the first time in history, the Supreme Court of
Japan has ruled that it is not illegal to tattoo
without a medical license. The case in question
involved a 32-year-old tattoo artist named Taiki
who had been fined 150,000 yen (just over $ 1,400)
after tattooing three people.” (Connell, 2020)
UNA Nicoya 2020
46

Making a medical license mandatory is a common
excuse that countries with a stigma against tattoos
limit the practice of this art.
Both Japan and South Korea have made laws requiring
a medical license for everything involving needles,
including tattoos.
Like most illicit activities around the world, being
prohibited does not mean that they are not
proceeded, they are committed underground. This
legalization will allow greater quality, safety and
hygiene in the realization of tattoos since tattoo artists
and tattoo shops may be regulated.
UNA Nicoya 2020
47

The Power of Words: A Poem by Dencel Hernández and Hilary Ruiz
There are forests of words that grow easily with just a
thought;
Such as the fruits of the trees give life,
The thousands of words transmit feelings and messages
with the whisper of a word.
The writer is powerful, but the reader, too.
It’s in your hands the power to be affected.
Select all the positive messages, and throw to the trash
all the poisonous words of the envious people around you.
Keep the words of love, peace and motivation.
Even if you fall, get up again.
Listen to the good advice,
but also remember to tell to yourself how strong you are,
So nobody will push you back.
The power of words is amazing,
The power of words is in our hands.
Let’s use them for the edification of forests of positive
messages;
For the preservation of ours and others well-being.
The power of words is within our reach.

Economy
• New Taxes in Costa Rica: What do people think about it? (50 to 53)
By Elieth Torres Gómez, Andrey Álvarez Hernández and Johnder Villagra Guevara
• Taxes on Bank Transactions in Costa Rica: What is the measure about and how
will it affect the wallet of Costa Ricans? (54 to 59)
UNA Nicoya 2020
49

New Taxes in Costa Rica: What do
people think about this topic?
By Andrey Álvarez Hernández
Elieth Torres Gómez and
Johnder Villagra Guevara
Key words: Taxes, governance, citizens, strikes, political panorama
UNA Nicoya 2020
50

In 2019, the government of Costa Rica approved a package of
new taxes called “ Law of Straightening of Public Finances”,
which was implemented due to the necessity of covering all
the obligations of the state. Many people were against this
new law since the country has been affected by an economic
crisis.
Even though it was a tough panorama, the citizens agreed,
and the law was processed. The value added tax was applied
in almost all the services with a percentage of 13% people
are obligated to pay it in any transaction that would be done.
But it was not enough, in 2020, President Carlos Alvarado is
now talking again about new taxes. The government will have
a meeting with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to ask
for more credit. In this context, the pandemic of COVID- 19
has affected dramatically the public finances of the country.
The president is raising more awareness among other
politicians and the civil society to think of his proposal. He
says that the implementation of new taxes is required since
the resources to afford all the necessities of the country
cannot be covered if new charges are not executed.
Moreover, some deputies are giving support to Alvarado’s
proposal. On the other hand, other politicians are against
what he is proposing, and they argue that the population is
not able to pay more taxes because a big majority of low and
medium-class people do not have employment anymore or
income whatsoever.
Additionally, many of them had received economical support
by the government through Bono Proteger to overcome the
first months of the crisis provoked by the pandemic. In this
sense, there are divided opinions regarding the topic of new
taxes, so politicians and the population need to come to an
agreement in order to find a prompt and proper solution.
New Taxes in Costa Rica: What do people think about this topic?
By Andrey Álvarez Hernández, Elieth Torres Gómez and Johnder Villagra Guevara (1)

Conversely, citizens in Costa Rica do not agree with the idea that
President Carlos Alvarado has because people in this country people
continue losing their jobs every day due to the current pandemic,
and the government seems to have been ignoring this situation.
In Latin America and the Caribbean, around 34 million people have
lost their jobs because of the global pandemic that we are facing
(the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Mandujano 2020).
This reflects that people do not have a stable job, so they could not
pay higher taxes that the government wants to implement. That is
why people decided to go on daily strikes and blockades resulting
from the issue of value added tax (VAT) and the different activities
that are aimed at adding the collection of taxes such as a bank
transaction.
Even though people are doing their best to be heard, the
government does not deign to back down from their plans.
Supposedly, it is for the improvement of the economy and if this
transaction is completed, it will be the people who have lowest
resources the ones who will be the most affected and thus directly
negatively impacted.
As a consequence, the Costa Rican government is not taking
into account the crisis that many people around the country
are facing because the major part of the population have lost
their jobs, and people who continue working are not
generating enough money to subsist since they are afraid to
go out, knowing that the virus is spreading quickly on
community contagion at this unfortunate stage.
The latter means that persons are not ready to pay more
taxes due to the economic crisis that continues increasing
daily. The private sector is the most affected by the current
pandemic because a major part of the unemployment is
private sector, and the public sector has not been affected by
the salary cuts (Corrales in Sibaja 2020).
Meanwhile, a major part of the population in Costa Rica is
suffering a lot resulting from the pandemic, and there are
other people who are not being affected by this economic
crisis, which is something that irritates the Costa Rican
population.

For this reason, people striking in many places throughout
the national territory is a synonym of a clear answer to
Alvarado’s government and the Executive Power to measure
the taxes, as once Alfredo González Flores said, “the rich pay
as rich and the poor as poor”.
References
Mandujano, C. (2020). Some 34 million jobs lost in Latin
America due to pandemic Some 34 million jobs lost in Latin
America due to pandemic. The Tico Times.
From:https://ticotimes.net/2020/09/30/some-34-million-
jobs-lost-in-latin-america-due-to-pandemic
Sibaja, M. (2020). Costa Rica mired in difficult internal
negotiations regarding agreement with IMF. The Tico Times.
From: https://ticotimes.net/2020/09/30/costa-rica-mired-in-
difficult-internal-negotiations-regarding-agreement-with-imf

Taxes on bank transactions
in Costa Rica: what is the
measure about and how will
it affect the wallets of Costa
Ricans?
Key words: taxes, Banks, electronic
transferences, income
UNA Nicoya 2020
54

Taxes on bank transactions in Costa Rica: what is the measure about and how will it
affect the wallets of Costa Ricans? (1)
On September 17, 2020, the government's
proposal to create a new tax package circulated
through many newscasts and web magazines.
The Costa Rican Banking Association (ABC)
communicated that “the intention of
government is apply a tax to financial
transactions is a measure that will directly affect
all clients of the national financial system."
(Jiménez, L. 2020) But what does this tax
package really propose? What benefits does this
measure bring to the country's economy?
UNA Nicoya 2020
55

Taxes on bank transactions in Costa Rica: what is the measure about and how will it
affect the wallets of Costa Ricans? (2)
For four years, bank transactions are going to be
charged. In the first half of this period, it will be
a rate of 0.3% on the amount of the transaction,
and in the following two years, the charge will
drop to 0.2%.
UNA Nicoya 2020
56
Transaction 0.3% payment in years 1 and 2 0.2% payment in years 3 and 4
₡1.000 ₡3 ₡2
₡10.000 ₡30 ₡20
₡25.000 ₡75 ₡50
₡50.000 ₡150 ₡100

Taxes on bank transactions in Costa Rica: what is the measure about and how will it affect the
wallets of Costa Ricans? (3)
Otherwise according to Mario Gómez, legal
advisor to the ABC, referred to the consequences
that could represent taxing bank transactions.
Gómez explained how the collection of the
tribute would affect companies and businesses,
which would have to pay it even at the time of
depositing workers’ wages.
The government's proposal also includes an
increase in income tax on salaries of more than
¢800,000 per month in addition to a tax on
government property and another on
cooperatives.
UNA Nicoya 2020
57

According with Danilo Montero, general
director of the OCF. The Central Bank of Costa
Rica has made a huge investment of money for
years in a payment system that is a world
example.
It has facilitated the access of the entire
population to the benefits of a safe and efficient
platform to make transfers or payments,
reducing costs for individuals or companies.
Now creating a tax on these movements is also
an invitation to leave the system.
UNA Nicoya 2020
58

Consumers do not consider it a fair
tax, what they will do is move to
cash, to keep bags of bills to pay at
the grocery store, to send funds to
a relative or to pay for public
services.
For specialists, the proposal is
contradictory to the efforts of the
country in terms of financial
education and the banking of the
population.
UNA Nicoya 2020
59

Social Issues in Costa Rica
• The Pura Vida Country (61 to 63)
By Elieth Zúñiga Fajardo
• Independence Day: Are Women Truly Free in Costa Rica? (64 to 67)
By Dayana Amador Marchena, Diana García Gómez, Indiana Abarca Pérez and
Yuritza Marchena Guevara
• Self-Control in Uncontrolled Times (67 to 71)
By Melissa Viales Guevara and Rolando Matarrita Brenes
UNA Nicoya 2020
60

The “Pura Vida” Country
By Elieth Zúñiga Fajardo
Key words: Costa Rica, Pura Vida, crime, security,
government
The Gist: a student-generated journal of written expression. UNA Nicoya 2020 61

The “Pura Vida” Country by Elieth Zúñiga
This is the story of a country which is worldwide known as a peaceful place, rich
for its natural attractions and kind citizens. Costa Rica is also famous for its
democracy and its absence of army; besides, this country flaunts its educational
system and social security as well. This country is also known as one of the favorite
destinations for tourists around the world due to the natural beauties that it
possesses. Among all these positive aspects which make the country appealing,
there is another famous one: the fact of being recognized to be the “Pura Vida”
country. But what does it mean?
The phrase “Pura Vida” is used all over the country, and it has to do with the way
“ticos” live their lives. Moreover, it is used as a characteristic way of greeting
which indicates that everything is going great, even when it may not. The point is
that being the “Pura Vida” country is related to the idea that everything here is
nice and good, that Costa Rica is a perfect place to live or to visit for the many
reasons as mentioned above. Therefore, every time you say you are from this
country, foreigners commonly reply “Costa Rica Pura Vida”. It is like if you cannot
separate the phrase from the country. Both are bound together.
There are many aspects for the Costa Rican government and citizens to feel happy
and proud; however, there are a lot of essential things that must change or be
eliminated in our society. For instance, drug trafficking, which is catching and
killing the youth, the amount of femicides which increase daily, the crime rate and
insecurity that lurk on the streets, and the poverty and unemployment rates just
to mention some of them. So, before telling the world this is a “Pura Vida”
country where you can walk and live peacefully, comfortably and safely; it is
important to analyze if Costa Rica really guarantees the local and tourists that
philosophy of life.

It is not fair to sell this fake “Pura Vida” image to the world when reality is quite
different as the insecurity this country faces, and it does not distinguish between
locals and foreigners; the daily news support this terrible fact. It is evident, Costa
Rica is facing hard times regarding security which is also linked to the difficult
economy in times of pandemic. Unfortunately, many take the excuse of the lack of
employment to get involved in prostitution, trafficking, or any other types of crime
in search of illegal and easy money.
Certainly, the government has a huge challenge to change those actions that are
undesirable, but also it is the responsibility of the whole society to eradicate many
behaviors that do not contribute to having the country we want. For example, the
male chauvinistic preconceptions that remain and continue harassing and killing
women, the intolerance towards the fellow men as well as the indifference towards
others’ needs.
The daily reality of Costa Rica is a depressed evidence about how far our country is
from being the “Pura Vida” place as we all dream. Consequently, efforts are
required from the authorities of the government and the Costa Rican people to
change the course of things. We celebrated our Independence recently, and it is a
good opportunity to reflect upon the little or huge contributions we can do to the
improvement of our country.

Independence Day: Are women truly free in Costa Rica?
By Dayana Amador Marchena
Diana García Gómez
Indiana Abarca Pérez
Yuritza Marchena Guevara
Key words: independence, Costa Rican, women, violence, male chauvinism
UNA Nicoya 2020
64

Independence Day: are Women Truly Free in Costa Rica ?
By Dayana Amador, Diana García, Indiana Abarca, Yuritza Marchena.
This year our beautiful nation Costa Rica is celebrating its 199th
Independence Anniversary from Spain. Definitely, there have been
a lot of meaningful moments throughout our history that have
marked us for better times or in order to improve as a whole
nation. With this in mind, one of those moments was on the 19th
of July 1949 when women were historically allowed to vote or be
elected as political representatives. In fact, Costa Rica has been
ranked 46 of countries that have allowed women to participate in
this right and duty.
Following this, in the year 2010, Laura Chinchilla Miranda was
elected to become the first female president of Costa Rica, also
becoming the fifth woman to represent the country in Latin
America in this position. In the same way, Claudia Poll and Hanna
Gabriels have been good examples of how our country is a place in
which discipline and passion are in the feminine role. On the
other hand, there is no need to mention all those Costa Rican
personalities who are famous in foreign lands and who highlight
and uphold the important role that Costa Rican women must have
and be engaged to make this country advance.
Sadly, Costa Rica, since many years ago has been marked with the
male chauvinistic culture, and more than that, the violence against
women. Even though, in the political sense, we could be considered
as a country in which persons have the right to be free to go wherever
they want and yet women are struggling to be able to do so.
The young girl Allison Bonilla and doctor María Cedeño are two
examples of this internal issue. Admittedly, they were women that
once had the opportunity to live a future with infinite possibilities,
love, success, and great moments and personal and professional
development. Nonetheless, right now they are part of the history of
women who have been killed by cowards who thought they had the
right to drown their families in dreadful suffering and unacceptable
behaviors.
Certainly, Costa Rica has advanced in terms of women's rights;
however, we are still in diapers in comparison to other societies, but
what is the role of the government against women’s abuse? In 2018,
the current government announced violence against women as a
national emergency (Adamson, Menjívar, & Walsh, 2020). It
generated that many women around the country felt supported by
the idea that their situation would improve and that better times
would come soon.
UNA Nicoya 2020
65

Independence Day: are Women Truly Free in Costa Rica ?
By Dayana Amador, Diana García, Indiana Abarca, Yuritza Marchena.
Nevertheless, two years later is likely to see that the purpose of that
declaration was to quieten women’s fears about their situation of
insecurity. In addition, there are around forty actions proposed by the
current government to decrease the rate of violence against women
which must be included in the public sector and any other institution
in order to avoid the presence of behaviors of male chauvinism against
ladies (Valverde, 2018). However, with the murders committed this
year, those actions seem to have no effect. Then, the institutions in
charge of women’s rights are doing their job of controlling and
implementing those actions, but how reliable is it?
On the other hand, the government of Costa Rica needs to focus its
attention on verifying that if those actions are being applied in any
field of the country, and other measures must be implemented to
help to carry out those actions successfully.
On Independence Day it is necessary to stop and analyze if women are
truly free, free to walk on the streets of Costa Rica feeling safe and
valuable. We must not let the death of these women be a forgotten
issue. The voice of these women must never be silenced.
UNA Nicoya 2020
66
References:
Adamson, E., Menjívar, C., & Walsh, S. D.
(2020). The Impact of Adjacent Laws on
Implementing Violence Against Women Laws:
Legal Violence in the Lives of Costa Rican
Women. LAW AND SOCIAL INQUIRY-JOURNAL
OF THE AMERICAN BAR FOUNDATION, 45(2),
432-459.
Valverde, R. (2018, 14 de agosto). Gobierno
lanza decreto con 40 acciones para combatir la
violencia de género. seminario universidad.
From
https://semanariouniversidad.com/ultima-
hora/gobierno-lanza-decreto-con-40-acciones-
para-combatir-la-violencia-de-genero/

Self-Control in Uncontrolled Times
By Melissa Viales Guevara and Rolando Matarrita Brenes
Key words: emotions, health, self-control,
lifestyle, strengthen, willpower

Have you ever found yourself regretting saying something when
you were angry? Do you ever find yourself scrolling through
social media despite knowing that you have to study? Do you
ever find yourself doing something that you promised you
wouldn’t do again? If the answer is “Yes”, then self-control is a
topic you probably would like to explore.
Now, what is self-control? The online dictionary, Lexico,
describes it as “the ability to control oneself, in particular one's
emotions and desires or the expression of them in one's
behavior, especially in difficult situations.”
If the previous definition is genuinely correct, and it most likely
is; then it is also correct to attribute several human behaviors to
self-control, or rather, a lack of it in a financial, an emotional,
and a perspective aspect.
In fact, linking the self-control absence to problematic behaviors
such as impulse buying, maladaptive eating patterns, and
procrastination (Gillebaart, 2018), among others; is entirely
possible, so anyone could be facing a problem caused not
knowing how to control one’s self. However, the important self-
control that has been mentioned can be adopted into one’s
behavior in several ways.
In order to get closer to self-control, it is important to focus on
how emotional self-control helps you cope with your life, and to
do so you need to get to know yourself more. It does certainly
sound a bit philosophical, but by taking a look at who you are as
a person, the chances of understanding your habits increases,
and by understanding them you can also learn to tell apart the
ones that are helping you build a healthy lifestyle and the ones
that are causing you nothing but trouble.
However, knowing the problem can also help a person find the
right solution to it, as Albert Einstein once said “if I were given
one hour to save the planet, I would spend 59 minutes defining
the problem and one minute resolving it” (as cited in Spradlin,
2012, para. 1).
In other words, if you understand the reason behind a certain
issue in your life, you can also learn indirectly about the solution
to such, making it easier to solve because you are not trying to
achieve an unknown objective. Although, realizing about how
emotional self-control influences your life is the first step you
should take when getting involved into the world of a self-care
and self-control journey.

First, emotional self-control is the most significant in the list of types
of self-control and it may be described as a “game-changer” in a
person’s lifestyle since how a person reacts, behaves and
communicates with others is directly influenced from his or her
emotions.
To have emotional self-control refers to having control over one’s
emotions and impulses, even under stressful circumstances. A person
who does not have a properly developed emotional self-control is
likely to fail under those circumstances, bursting in anger during an
argument can be seen as a result, and crying uncontrollably when
unable to express one’s self is in there, too, because the person is
incapable of coping when placed under certain pressures.
To improve your emotional self-control, there are various simple
activities that you can do. First, you can give yourself a short break to
calm yourself down and think properly about the situation. If you’re
in an argument, it could help to avoid stretching the problem
unnecessarily, especially if taking into consideration that during an
argument, the chances to make a good decision decrease (Letzter,
2017), so it is also allowing you to reach a solution faster.
You can also point out the circumstances that threaten your
patience by analyzing your habits, your attitude when facing
them, if it’s positive or negative; and the excuses you make up
to either detach yourself from the situation or to bring yourself
into it again.
By doing the previously mentioned analysis, you can either
avoid the triggers in your environment or you can learn to
properly face them. It is quite important for you to know how
to improve your self-control in three steps in order to help you
cope with your life. First of all, taking the environment of
teaching and learning as an example you need to become a
mental energy accountant.
Many students plan how they spend their time, but few of
them plan how they spend their limited self-control energy.
Encourage students to spend the next week considering what
they will do and how much self-control energy they will need to
do it. Being mindful of when to spend and when to conserve
their mental energy will help students navigate their
environment and achieve their goals.

Moreover, build self-control strength, you can strengthen your self-
control by doing seemingly unrelated self-control tasks. For two weeks,
encourage your students to use their nondominant hand to complete
everyday tasks (e.g., cleaning, brushing their teeth). Research indicates
that this simple exercise increases self-control in other domains, such as
reducing aggression (Denson et al., 2011).
Play offense against your environment. In their book “Willpower,” Roy
Baumeister and John Tierney (2011) argue that self-controlled people
take control over their environment. If they are motivated to lose weight,
they do not bring junk food into the house.
If they are driven to write 2,000 words a day, they block their email to
prevent distractions. Encourage students to identify one way they can
change their environment to help them achieve a specific goal. Ask them
to implement the change for three days. Later, ask students to share their
experiences about how the environmental change influenced their ability
and motivation to achieve their goal.
Take the mind out of the middle. Self-control hurts because we have to
battle against ourselves. Should I exercise now or later? Should I have
zero, one, two or 10 doughnuts? A solution is to take the mind out of the
middle by setting up a mental contract, what psychologist Peter
Gollwitzer call implementation intentions (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).
To achieve an academic goal, students might say, “When I get home from
class, I will read Chapter 5.” Now the decision-making is done. They know
when they will study. It sounds simple, but it works.”

References
Gillebaart, M. (2018). The ‘Operational’ Definition of Self-Control.
Frontiers in Psychology, 9. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01231
Letzter, R. (2017). 6 unexpected psychological reasons people get
into fights. Business Insider. Retrieved from:
https://www.businessinsider.com/6-unexpected-psychological-
reasons-people-fight-2017-4
Spradlin, D. (2012). Are You Solving the Right Problem? Harvard
Business Review. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2012/09/are-you-
solving-the-right-problem

Gender, Femicide and Sexual Education
• Femicide in Costa Rica (68 to 70)
By Fanny Valeria Agüero Briones
• Let’s Talk About Sexuality (71 to 74)
By Melina López Obando and Gustavo Rojas Jiménez
• Machismo or Male Chauvinism Should not be Part our Culture: Let’s Stop It!
(75 to 79)
By José Andrey Villafuerte Matarrita
• Femicide and the Feminist Movement in Costa Rica (80 to 85)
By Alexandra Gómez Montiel and Jeison Parra Hernández
UNA Nicoya 2020
72

Femicides in Costa Rica
Key words: female, murder, femicide, violence and suffer

A femicide is the murder of a woman by her partner or most
commonly by a man. This is penalized in Costa Rica by law.
When most femicides occur, they do not report
mistreatment to the authorities. Also, there are two types of
femicides, one of which occurs because the victim’s partner
murdered her and the other one by men who had no
relationship with her .
Before men murder women, they usually suffer assaults
where they use their hands to harm. This with interest that
women suffer and be denigrated. Some men who commit
these murders kill themselves by finding no answers to their
raging anger. That could happen in views of avoiding a
judicial process so that the true reasons why they
committed the murders are not known.
A good example of femicide in Costa Rica is the case of the
young Eva Morera who was killed by a shot in the back by
the father of her son.
The murder occurred one afternoon in Heredia. She arrived
with her son at her ex-partner's house. Both were arguing
when suddenly the murderer's mother heard a gunshot, and
she immediately called the police to alert what had
happened.
A year before Eva's death, she had posted a reflection on
Facebook about the abuse that women suffer without
thinking that she was going to be one of them.
Additionally, she had tried many times to get away from her
son's father, but somehow they made up. Also, she had
placed a restraining order on another man who had been
her partner. She had been receiving psychological help
because of her ex-partners’ abusive behaviors. In 2019, she
was the 11th victim of the femicides in Costa Rica. The worst
thing was that his killer was left with a freedom benefit. He
had already been in jail for drug sales.
Femicides in Costa Rica

In less than two decades, nearly 400 women have died violently men.
Men did this out of the desire for dominance and control.
Between 2019 and so far this year, 21 women have been murdered by
their partner or ex-partner, relatives, acquaintances or sexual attackers.
Four of them were minors, including two girls aged 3 and 4. Another 13
were mothers of 31 people, including 23 minors. Others studied, were
professionals and had a future when their lives were taken from them.
Most are cruel homicides, with a dose of terrible violence and cruelty.
That is the characteristic by which femicides are considered hate
crimes.
The work that the INAMU (National Institute of Women) has been
carrying out with respect to the problem of femicides has led to some
actions such as projects to prevent femicides, monitoring of the
Protocol for Women at Risk of Death which must be applied by the
corresponding institutions and analysis of the said problem.
In the Law on Criminalization of Violence against Women, Law No.
8589, femicide is defined in article 21: "The death of a woman who
maintains a marriage relationship declared de facto union or not with
her perpetrator“.
.
Not every homicide of a woman is femicide, but rather those in which a
logic linked to unequal power relations between genders is identifiable
There are undoubtedly a significant number of women who die in
assaults and other criminal acts in which the target is both the female
and the male population is the perpetrator. But it is equally true that
there are many femicides that try to present themselves as casual
homicides, the product of gangs or common crime.
References
Navarro, A. (2019). Five femicides during this 2019: The last one was
registered in San Carlos. [Photograph]. Monumental. Retrieved From
https://www.monumental.co.cr/2019/05/02/cinco-femicidios-durante-
este-2019-ultimo-se-registro-en-san-carlos/
Zuñiga, A. (2019). Remembering Eva. Tico Times. Retrieved From
https://ticotimes.net/tags/femicide

Let’s Talk about Sexuality
Key words: Sexuality, sex education,
partners, safe sex, porn
By Melina López Obando and Gustavo Rojas Jiménez
UNA Nicoya 2020
76

By Melina López Obando and Gustavo Rojas Jiménez (1)
Nowadays sexuality is easy to find everywhere,
in social media, T.V and the information has
been displayed within the wrong concept
because media is transmitting the erroneous
idea about pleasure where purportedly just
men have the right to feel pleasure. Thus, with
such mindset and behavior; women are being
seen as sexual objects that men can use
whenever they want. Having and possessing
many women as they feel is supposed to be a
symbol of strong masculinity, showing the
wrong idea about what being men is all about.
In addition, porn is a very common tool in young
people to try to learn about something normal
like sex. It shows perfect bodies, perfect roles
and scenarios although the reality is so
different. Media is giving wrongful information
about what and how sex is in real like and this is
creating a new generation with frustration
about this topic.

Sexuality needs to be considered a topic of
importance including same sex couples that need
to know they have the right to feel free to enjoy
sex, discover, and stimulate the points where they
feel pleasure and not feel compelled to do
something they do not want to do. They have the
right to enjoy with their partners having
communication, loving each other in order to have
a relation where both are capable of feeling
mutual satisfaction over their sexual intercourse.
Even though some people just want to have casual
sex, and they have to know the importance of
having safe sex to avoid contracting or transmitting
sexual diseases.
Media shows perfect bodies when they are talking
about sex, even in private parts they show
something is far from reality. Bodies do not need
to be perfect to enjoy having sex and feeling good
with what you truly are. Every person has her or
his own way to be and feeling special, and media
should not have influence on those feelings.
Everyone needs to know the importance of feeling
good about their bodies and love it to enjoy sex
and appreciate life.
UNA Nicoya 2020
78

The importance of a good sex education during
this century is a necessity. We are living times of
crazy sexuality, and it is getting out of control.
People do not know whom they are going to
find and this is why it is important to be
cautious and try to be prepared to avoid future
problems and diseases.
Sex education is a topic of controversy between
young people and their parents and even to
society. A bad concept can be a catastrophe to
young people who are just trying to find,
understand and enjoy their sexuality. Now kids
and young people are exposed to sexually
explicit content on T.V, music, and social media
and cause them to feel like they have to do or
somehow get engaged at any cost to have
pleasure when reality is different from what
they want to sell. A good and early sex
education and a good guide during the process
can help young people to obtain more
information to have a healthy sexuality, and this
way they can avoid unwanted pregnancies or
sexually transmitted diseases.
UNA Nicoya 2020
79

Machismo or Male Chauvinism
Should not be Part of our Culture,
Let’s Stop It!
By José Andrey Villafuerte Matarrita
Key words: male chauvinism, female chauvinism, culture, aggression,
violence
UNA Nicoya 2020
80

Machismo or Male Chauvinism Should not be Part of our Culture, Let's Stop It!
By José Andrey Villafuerte Matarrita (1)
Male chauvinism has been among the Costa Rican
population for a long time, the male gender being the main
bearer of this stereotype, but it is very important to begin to
know what “machismo” or male chauvinism is.
According to Mirandé & Niemann, (2016) “The construct of
machismo describes beliefs and expectations regarding the
role of men in society; it is a set of values, attitudes, and
beliefs about masculinity, or what it is to be a man” (as
quoted in Nuñez, et al, para.5).
In Costa Rica, being macho is today a trend among the
inhabitants of this country. Machismo is among us, and it is
difficult to eradicate this patriarchal thought because it is
part of the “tico” culture. Henfling states that (2014)
“Machismo is part of the Latin culture; therefore, machismo
is very visible in Costa Rica, even though you will find a lot of
it in other cultures as well” (para.3).
Nonetheless, the best we can do as a population is to try to
decrease to such an extent that it does not affect the female
population, who is seriously affected, so how is it possible to
reduce this problem so that it does not harm us all?
First of all, people get their culture from the people around
them, whether it be their father, mother, grandparents,
siblings, among others, so it is very important that people
start training children from an early age in order to form a
thought of equity and stability between both genders. All
this can be achieved from home or educational centers
where children develop learning values that do not allow
them to be part of a macho community.
Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com

Male chauvinism is often promoted among the women
themselves or at home which in turn comes to be known
as female chauvinism.
Ingoldsby & Bron (1985) “Most women also believe in male
superiority (Stycos, 1955), and they want their men to be
strong and to protect them” (p.4).
On the other hand, it is very important for women not to
allow any act of machismo in their homes or share ideas
with their children such as,
“Su papa es el que manda” (Your dad is the one who rules
and wears the pants in this house), “Usted como mujer que
es debe servirle a su esposo” (You as a woman must serve
the husband), ”Vos deberías buscarte un hombre con
dinero” (You should find yourself a man with money).

On the other hand, phrases like these are commonly heard among
the Costa Rican population and that should be completely
eradicated in any type of democratic culture.
In addition, machismo is a word so extensive that even men must
deprive themselves of certain things such as closing their feelings
because whoever has not heard the phrase that "men should not
cry".
As a matter of fact, educating young people from an early age is a
fundamental stage in the learning and growing process so that
masculine patriarchy is eradicated, and it is possible to live in a
society of more liberal and less oppressed women.
In relation to the above, it is very important to emphasize the series
of problems that come from a sexist society where the female
gender is the most affected. According to Heather Fabrikant under
the supervision of Joanna Bourke-Martignoni (2003) “This tendency
can be seen in the Costa Rican society, which tolerates femicide, as
a natural manifestation of machismo, understood positively as
excessive love and respect for women, but more accurately
corresponds to notions of possessiveness and control” (p.23).
One of the main problems that the female population in Costa Rica
has and that derives from a patriarchal system with macho traits is
the murder of women by men who are their sentimental partners,
friends and even relatives, to this action that is better known as
femicide. It is painfully common in and outside of Costa Rican
homes and that begins with "simple" actions.

“Piropos” (catcalling) - Costa Ricans are characterized by their
kindness, and for being helpful, that is why whenever they see a
person on the street, you may hear a "pura vida mae" everywhere.
However, in many cases there are macho men who, whenever they
see a woman walking, even more take advantage of the situation
and aggravate with offensive and vulgar words, threatening her
integrity as a person. So, no matter how small a "piropo" is and
even if it is considered part of the ethical culture, but if it
contributes sexual connotation it is considered a sexist act and will
be penalized, so before whistling at a woman or making a vulgar
comment, think twice.
Touching - Another act that is reprehensible but that unfortunately
is also part of the daily lives of many women in Costa Rica is
touching, throughout Costa Rica, but especially in the greater
metropolitan area. This form of harassment is another
objectionable way of expressing their lack of education and
machismo by many unscrupulous men, this act is punished in Costa
Rica as well, but there are people who do not even care
whatsoever.
It is crucial for all men and women to understand they must respect
each other regardless of any gender, ethnicity, nationality, sexual
orientation or any other traits as all humans deserve respect. It is
important to educate people from an early age, so that they learn
to respect their peers.
In Costa Rica toxic and domineering male chauvinism is a trend, but
if the correct measures are applied, it is very possible to reduce it,
because from machismo other gaps are opened to that the men
who abuse women. It may sound cruel, but it is a reality that we
are experiencing and that should be stopped as soon as possible.

Femicide and the Feminist
Movement in Costa Rica
By Alexandra Gómez Montiel
and
Jeison Parra Hernández
Key words: feminist movement, male and female
chauvinism, manifestation, femicide
UNA Nicoya 2020
85
Photo 1: Cynmor_ photography. Jicaral, Puntarenas. C.R. 2020

Femicide has been a topic that has been affecting our society since
many years ago. Many women have lost their lives in someone else’s
hands, including their significant others.
Furthermore, many Latin American countries have been presenting
many cases in a rising way, and Costa Rica is not the exception.
So, what about femicide in Costa Rica during these past few years?
Among Spanish speaking countries, Costa Rica does not have the
highest rates although Brazil, Mexico and Honduras do wo with 100.000
women in 2018 according to the United Nations.
Costa Rica, on the other hand, has one of the lowest rates in
comparison to these countries; however, the population in Brazil, and
Mexico cannot be compared to the population of Costa Rica, since in
Costa Rica there are about 5 million citizens, including immigrants.
UNA Nicoya 2020
86
Femicide and Feminist Movement in Costa Rica
By Alexandra Gómez Montiel and Jeison Parra Hernández (1)
Photo 2: Cynmoro_photography. Jicaral, Puntarenas, C.R. 2020

UNA Nicoya 2020
87
Paraphrasing the United Nations (2018). In Costa Rica
per 100,000 women, 24 died violently as a result of
femicides in 2018. Therefore, it is possible to imagine
how such data has changed in the past few years.
2019 was a year in which a lot of females were
murdered. Many stories were all over the internet,
such as the story of Eva Morera, a 19- year-old mom
of a little baby boy who was horribly murdered by
her ex partner in November, 2019.
This story, as well as many others went all over the
place, and many people showed their support to this
family of femicide.
In addition, it should be noted that people have been
showing the real feeling of sadness while facing the
reality that females are suffering presently, and the
Costa Rican feminism movement does not go
unnoticed.

So, What have Costa Rican people been doing in order to make
manifest their points of view about feminism in this country?
In answer to this question, we have to recognize that Costa Rica has
been showing the importance of the role and participation that its
citizens have against femicides in our country, and it is that after a
lot of femicides such as Eva and Ellison’s femicides which are the
most recent and recognizable femicides that have unfortunately
taken place in the past few years.
Thus, it is important to mention that there exists an important and
big movement of manifestation in which people participate to
create awareness on the importance of eradicating violence against
women. This movement protests peacefully in the whole GAM,
and in different parts of the country, as well.
.
UNA Nicoya 2020
88
By Alexandra Gómez Montiel and Jeiso Parra Hernández (3)

UNA Nicoya 2020
89
Besides, there is a recognizable and amazing
photography shot named “Soy mujer, libre y
segura”.
The event took place in Jicaral, Lepanto, Puntarenas
some days ago which transmitted and produced a lot
of feelings or emotions among people that saw
those pictures and scenes portrayed.
That that was a great idea by Cynthia Morales Rojas,
an wonderful photographer who had the aim of
giving a message for people regarding femicides.
According to Morales (2020).“The main goal of this
project was to give a message using photographs as
a creative way of making an impact among people in
social media and websites” (Personal
communication, October 1st, 2020. Translated by
Parra, J).

Likewise, as a way to achieve her idea and make it possible,
Morales joined with group of local people from Jicaral who shared
her same point of view about her project to make it possible. Then,
they decided to give her enough support for the project in order to
achieve the goal and create awareness on the most people as
possible through social media.
Finally, it is great to know that there are many ideas, projects,
manifestations around the country with the same objective of
decreasing the growth of cases of femicide in Costa Rica.
Therefore, knowing that there are emerging new ideas and support
for Costa Rican women, it is one more reason to not stop talking
about femicides, it cannot be silenced by other news in our
newspapers and news channels. Any movement against femicides
and murderers can help, even when you think that movement does
not count
UNA Nicoya 2020
90
References:
• Cynmoro_photography. (2020). Soy mujer, libre y segura”.
[Images]. Retrieved from:
https://www.facebook.com/1577598858989235/posts/3
391892484226521/?sfnsn=mo
• United Nations. (2018). Femicide or feminicide. Retrieved
from: https://oig.cepal.org/en/indicators/femicide-or-
feminicide
• Zúñiga, A. (2019). Remembering Eva. Retrieved from:
https://ticotimes.net/2019/11/04/costa-rica-femicide-
remembering-eva-morera

Technology and the Digital World
A Reaction Paper to Nicholas Negropontes Being Digital (87 to 89)
By Yuritza Marchena Guevara
UNA Nicoya 2020
91

A Reaction Paper to Nicholas
Negroponte’s Being Digital
By Yuritza Marchena Guevara
Key words: gadgets, bits, technology, reality, intelligence,
websites
UNA Nicoya 2020
92

A Reaction Paper to Nicholas Negroponte’s Being Digital
by Yuritza Marchena Guevara (1)
The current pandemic has placed us in very difficult
situations not only economically but also psychologically.
It has lead us into a technological reality where we need
it to carry out most of the tasks without leaving our
homes. The latter include studying, working and even
shopping. When we talk about technology there are
several terms that are part of it either physically or
intangibly. For instance, the word bit as part of
technology is that unit that transports information, so it
is something that we cannot perceive.
Regarding “when all media are bits”, bits are present in
our daily lives through different websites that we
consult. All the announcements that we perceive in
many sites like YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
among others, carry a lot of information from one place
to another, and this information contains certain amount
of bits.
UNA Nicoya 2020
93

A Reaction Paper to Nicholas Negroponte’s Being Digital
by Yuritza Marchena Guevara (2)
Then, it means that the reality that we are dealing with
leads us to use more bits than before since all the apps and
websites that we need to continue studying or working are
made by bits.
Finally, to answer the question where does intelligence
live? I would say that it lives in all technological devices
that are able to provide us with information and even to
carry out some of the tasks that we as humans perform.
One of the ways in which we can see that intelligence
manifested is through a machine that would be able to give
us the information from one website or another. I think
that it is something that we had not experienced before . In
the future, with all the technological advances, we will
probably have the opportunity to see that intelligence
present in most of the gadgets we will have.
UNA Nicoya 2020
94

Tourism and Folklore
• Corozalito Beach: A Place Where You Can Enjoy the Arrival of Turtles (91 to 93)
By Rosiris Matarrita Vásquez
• The Real Costa Rican Oxcart (94 to 96)
By Olman Aguirre Mendoza
• Myths, Legends, Dwarfs and Serpents at Cerro de La Cruz (97 to 101)
By Gabriel Estefan Chaves Chaves
• Guatil’s Pottery (102 to 106)
By Eimy Espinoza Obando
• Nosara Tourism: An Uncertain Future (107 to 109)
By Gustavo Rojas Córdoba
UNA Nicoya 2020
95

Corozalito Beach: a place where you can
enjoy the arrival of sea turtles
by Rosiris Matarrita Vásquez
UNA Nicoya 2020
96
Key words: turtles, arrival, birth, nestled,
CREMA Project

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