Organizational ChangeChapter 15Charles R. Swanson, Leo.docx

Organizational Change
Chapter 15
Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,
and Robert W. Taylor
Police Administration:
Structures, Processes, and Behavior
(Eighth Edition)
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)
Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Why Change Occurs in Police Organizations

When Change Should NOT Be Made
Organizational Change Models
Lewin’s
Three-Step
Model
Traditional
Action
Research
Model
Lewin’s Three-Step Model
RefreezingMovingUnfreezing

Traditional Action Research Model
Politics and Organizational Change
• Politicians can be a barrier to change
– This can be unintended as they become overly
involved with the change
• Personal politics are typically at work during
large-scale organizational changes
– This is normal and should be expected
• But it can kill morale when marginally qualified
people who use politics to their advantage effectively
interfere with the change

Involving the Rank-and-File in
Organizational Change
Heightens morale and
commitment
Develops
democratic
skills and habits
Makes for
better
decisions

Why Organizational Change Efforts
Sometimes Fail
External
Threats
Internal
Threats
Budgetary setbacks
Lack of support or
citizen misunderstandings
Lack of leadership
commitment
Conflicting organizational
culture
Lack of support/understanding
from employees
Opposition by politically
powerful

Models Regarding Officer
Receptivity to Change
Organization/
Structural
Officer/
Organizational
Subculture
Life
Experiences/
Life Changes
Create
Opportunity
Ways to Make Organizational Change Successful
Coaching
Assemble

Resources
Seize
Opportunity
Flexible
Priorities
Follow
Through
MurphyJerry_IP2.docx
Jerry Murphy
Sanford Brown
4/10/2017

Contents
Project Description 3
Use Case 4
Three C’s online store use case diagram 5
Three C’s online store Class Diagram 6
Class Diagram 7
References 9
Project Description
Three C's is an international company that has stores in more
than 20 countries. In a bid to enhance their sales and be able to
reach more people from all over the world, the management has

decided to embrace technology by introducing an online store.
Since they majorly deal with electronic products, having an
online store is a plus given their shipment is not that
cumbersome. The development of an online store will not only
enhance its yearly returns but will also cement its reputation as
a global brand. Additionally, being automated, an online store
will guarantee availability throughout, and clients can place
their order any time they need a given item. It will also lower
the marketing cost due to its online presence (How An Online
Store Benefits Your Business, 2017).
Once developed, the online store will allow users to create
accounts, view available products, purchase these products and
maintain a list of already made orders that need shipment
(delivery) to their clients. If a new user accesses the system, he
or she can view the available products, conduct the company's
sale representatives and refer friends to the store. However, a
user who is new to the system will have to register, by
providing his personal information (valid). Once the user has
registered, he will confirm his account and proceed to log into
it. Having an online account means, the user will be in a
position to make orders and provide payment details that will be
used to pay. Once the order has been delivered, it will be
removed from the system.
Use Case
A use case diagram comprises of elements used to represent
different entities of a given business (UML Use Case Diagram
Symbols, 2017). Below are symbols use and their usage:
- represents role played by users or other systems
- Steps that defines interactions between users and the system
- represents system’s scope
- depicts relations between different elements
In the use case diagram, we represent a user who is already
registered. These users will be able to view available orders,
add to cart the items they want to buy, manage their cart by

either adding more items or deleting already existing ones and
finally purchasing the items in the cart. Actors in the use case
include the potential client (buyer), system administrator, credit
payment management system and a porter. The customer can
create order and payment entry, update his or her payment
entry, view order and payment entry and delete it (cart
management). The system administrator will be able to view
items, view purchases made, add more inventory, and view and
update on delivered goods. The credit payment management
system allows the user to process their payments before the
order has been finalized. The payment option would include
PayPal and credit cards. Once the order has been completed, it
is stored where the system administrator can view the placed
orders. The porter's work is to deliver orders to the client. He
works under the supervision of the system administrator,
delivering ordered goods while updating details of the already
delivered orders. Three C’s online store use case diagram
Figure 1
Three C’s online store Class Diagram
A class diagram depicts how different classes of the system
interacts. It not only helps in describing different spect of the
system but also documents the system. It highlights the
attributes of a system and their operations with each having its
own attributes and process. With an object oriented approach, a
class diagram plays a critical role in the development of an
application. It tries to arrive at a solution by dividing the whole
program into simpler modules (classes). In a nutshell, ehat the
class diagram does is analize and design the static view of an
application, elaborate the responsibilities of different parts of
the system, help in reverse and forward engineering and
provide a base for deployment diagrams (UML - Class Diagram,
2017).
While drawing a class diagram the following is usually
considered;

· A meaningful name for class diagram(the name should be
descriptive).
· The elements should be clearly identified and their
relationships.
· Attributes and methods of each class should be identified.
· Before finalizing it, several sketches should be drawn.
Class Diagram
Figure 2
In our class we have seven classes. These are customer, porter,
administrator, cart, orders, shipping info, and order details. The
customer class has several attributes and methods such as login
and updatePtofiles. The porter has properties such as name,
email address and processes viewShippingInfo. Similarly, all
the defined classes have at least one attribute and one method.
The relationship between these classes is defined by used of
links that elaborates a one to one relationship or one to many
relationship.

References
How An Online Store Benefits Your Business. (2017, April 5).
Retrieved from Yell Business:
https://business.yell.com/knowledge/what-are-the-benefits-of-
an-online-store-for-businesses/
UML - Class Diagram. (2017, 4 9). Retrieved from
tutorialspoint:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_class_diagram.htm
UML Use Case Diagram Symbols. (2017, April 5). Retrieved
from Edraw: https://www.edrawsoft.com/uml-usecase-
symbols.php

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