This document discusses the origins of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It notes that Kashmir was strategically important for both countries, with its Muslim majority population wanting to join Pakistan, while the Hindu ruler wanted to remain independent. When the ruler signed to join India, Pakistan objected and fighting broke out. The conflict displayed incompatible long-term goals between the two states over Kashmir. While Jinnah wanted to liberate Kashmir militarily, Liaquat Ali Khan preferred a diplomatic solution. However, India gained control on the ground and applied diplomatic pressure. In 1949, the UN enforced a ceasefire but the dispute remained unresolved, with both sides dissatisfied, increasing distrust between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

1. The Origins of
Foreign Policy
Cornerstone..
A Presentation By;
JahanZeb Ahmed
Roll No. 457

2. The Princely State of
Jammu and Kashmir
Strategically located to the
North of British India
between Tibet, China,
The USSR and Afghanistan
Kashmir was termed as
Pakistan’s Jugular Vein
by The Quaid-e-Azam
As it contained
the headwaters of
Pakistan’s major rivers.
Kashmir’s Muslim
majority population
wanted to join Pakistan
but the Hindu Maharaja
had different designs.

4.  Pakistan
 Azad Forces
 Gilgit Scouts
 Pathan Militias
India
State of Jammu &
Kashmir
British Indian Army
Great Britain
The Kashmir Conflict displays a persistent, fundamental and
long term incapability of goals between the two states.

5. Jinnah argued that Kashmir was an integral
part of Pakistan’s Muslim identity and would
remain incomplete without it.
Nehru believed that losing Kashmir
would undermine India’s secular
identity.

6. Jinnah's strategy to liberate Kashmir
was using the military forces and thus
to "kill two birds with one stone“ namely
decapitate India by controlling Kashmir,
and to find a domestic solution through
aggressive foreign policy and military
intervention.
Liaquet Ali Khan’s disagreement with Jinnah
arise over Kashmir issue as he preferred a
"harder diplomatic" and "less military stance".
The prime minister sought a dialogue with his
counterpart Pundit Nehru, and agreed to resolve
the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner
through the efforts of the United Nations.

9. India’s
Bounded
Rationality
Nehru and his comrades
felt that they had gained
enough in Kashmir
through military operations
and could now bully
Pakistan on ground and
through applying
diplomatic pressure in the
United Nations.
Liaquet Ali Khan's
acceptance of diplomatic
stance was met with
hostility by the Pakistan
Armed Forces notably by
the mid-higher level
command who would later
sponsor an alleged coup
against his government.

10. 1st Jan, 1949 -
UN Enforces
a Cease Fire
Nehru took the Kashmir Issue
to the UN and argued that
India was the aggrieved party.
He claimed that Hari Singh’s
accession was legal and that
the only matter for discussion
was how to get Pakistan to vacate
the raiders Jinnah had sent in.
Pakistani delegates made
the UN to take a broader,
more humanitarian view of
the problem than merely
a land dispute and got
a plebiscite prescribed.
Till that time there were
two parties to the dispute,
India and Pakistan. The Security
Council’s Resolution 38
added a third party, the people of
Jammu and Kashmir specifically
and the wider world generally.

11. Based on Hensel’s evolutionary concept, a first confrontation ending in a stalemate
and dissatisfaction among both is likely to increase distrust and hostility.