paraphrasing techniques in scientific writing with exercises

1. PARAPHRASING

2. • Paraphrasing means changing the wording of a text so that it is significantly different
from the original source
• Paraphrasing restate the information
• Summarizing  reduce information to a suitable length

3. EFFECTIVE PARAPHRASING
Has
different
structure
Different
vocabulary
Keep
some
phrases
Retains the
same
meaning

4. TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING
Changing vocabulary
Changing word class
Changing word order

5. FIND THE
SYNONYMChoose one of these
(there are more words
than sentences)
1. The second factor in the recession was the
loss of confidence
2. Smith’s concept of the division of labour was
presented in 1776
3. Snow is a rare phenomenon in Rome
4. The president’s resignation gave a new
aspect to the national crisis
5. A barcode scanner is a device used at
supermarket checkouts
6. Her field is integrating content and language
learning
7. The world bank is a body created to support
developing countries
8. Mendel’s work on genetics provided new
perspectives for agronomist
• Theory process
• views
organization
• event
area
• Machine feature
• Problem cause

6. FIND THE SYNONYMS OF THE
UNDERLINED WORDS
1. The trend to smaller families has speeded up in the last
decade
2. Professor hicks questioned the findings of the research
3. Three issues need to be examined
4. The institute’s prediction has caused a major controversy
5. They will concentrate on the first option
6. After the lecture she tried to clarify her concept

7. CHANGE THE WORD CLASS
Develop  the noun?
Innovation the adjective?
1. The study by Aaron aims to develop a book for
children. The result is an amazing book.
2. Many innovation in English teaching are learned by
teachers from research result

8. CHANGE THE WORDS ORDER
(YOU CAN ADD OTHER WORDS, IF NECESSARY)
1. Memory is the facility for storage and recovering data.
2. The most serious issue raised in the study is the
unmotivated student
3. English is better taught since an early age because children
learn language better than adult
4. During the semester break students are assigned to write an
essay on what they like or dislike about their holiday
5. Language learners are always afraid of making mistake
which obstacles their learning

9. PARAPHRASING EXERCISE
1. Smith et al., (2010) state that ‘human activities can also change the
climate.’
2. Peterson et al., (2010) point out that ‘climate is controlled by the long term
balance of energy of the earth and its atmosphere.’
3. Smith et al., (2010) note that ‘winds and ocean currents redistribute heat
over the surface of the earth.’
4. Jones & Smith, (2010) argue that ‘the atmospheric amounts of many
greenhouse gases are increasing, especially carbon dioxide, which has
increased by 30 % over the last 200 years, primarily as a result of changes
in land use (e.g., deforestation) and burning coal, and natural gas (e.g., in
automobiles, industry, and electricity generation).’
5. Lucus et al., (2010) mention that ‘the accumulation of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere due to human activities will change the climate by
enhancing the natural greenhouse effect, leading to an increase in in the
earth’s average temperature.

10. ANSWERS
• 1) Smith et al., (2010) state that ‘human activities can also change
the climate.’
• It has been suggested that climate change is influenced by human
activity (Smith et al., 2010)
• 2) Peterson et al., (2010) point out that ‘climate is controlled by the
long term balance of energy of the earth and its atmosphere.’
• According to Peterson et al, (2010) the lasting equilibrium of
energy between the earth and the atmosphere is regulated by the
climate.

11. • 3) Smith et al., (2010) note that ‘winds and ocean currents
redistribute heat over the surface of the earth.’
• The continuous distribution of warmth is through wind and
ocean currents across the periphery of the planet (Smith et al.,
2010).
• 4) Jones & Smith, (2010) argue that ‘the atmospheric amounts
of many greenhouse gases are increasing, especially carbon
dioxide, which has increased by 30 % over the last 200 years,
primarily as a result of changes in land use (e.g.,
deforestation) and burning coal, and natural gas (e.g., in
automobiles, industry, and electricity generation).’
• Jones & Smith’s (2010) argument holds validity that over the
last 20 years there has been a 30% increase in Greenhouse
gases (CO2) due to the manipulation of the environment for

12. • 5) Lucus et al., (2010) mention that ‘the accumulation of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities
will change the climate by enhancing the natural greenhouse
effect, leading to an increase in in the earth’s average
temperature.’
• Lucus et al., (2010) argue that the earth’s average
temperature is increasing because of human activity through
the intensification of atmospheric greenhouse gases.

13. HOMEWORK
To speak fluently English learners need to avoid studying
grammar too much This rule might sound strange to many
English learners, but it is one of the most important rules. If
English learners want to pass examinations, then they should
study grammar. However, if they want to become fluent in
English, then they should try to learn English without studying
the grammar. Johnson (2015) states that studying grammar will
only slow learners down and confuse them. They will think
about the rules when creating sentences instead of naturally
saying a sentence like a native. Only a small fraction of English
speakers know more than 20% of all the grammar rules. Many
English learners know more grammar than native speakers