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Genetic instructions 
development and functioning 
Biopolymer of nucleotides 
More than 98% for humans is 
non-coding
pyrimidines
Befo-Miescher 
X-ray Crystallography 
Rosalind-Franklin Maurice Wilkins 
James-Watson Francis Crick
Atomic Force Microscopy with Nano scale Cantilevers Resolves 
Different Structural Conformations of the DNA Double Helix 
1-reduced the invasiness and enhanced the spatial resolution of atomic force 
microscopy (AFM). 
to visualize, for the first time, different structural conformations of the two 
polynucleotide strands in the DNA double helix, for single molecules under near-physiological 
conditions. This is achieved by identifying and tracking the anomalous 
resonance behavior of Nano scale AFM cantilevers in the immediate vicinity of the 
sample. 
2-by imaging threads of DNA resting on a silicon bed of nails.
Made up of six molecules wrapped around an seventh acting as a core. 
That's because the electron energies are high enough to break up a single DNA 
molecule. 
Using more sensitive detectors that can respond to lower-energy electrons should 
soon allow the team to see individual double helices, and even unwound single 
strands of DNA.
References 
• http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2240913/DNAs-double-helix- 
pictured-time-Researchers-hope-new-technique-reveal-molecule-works. 
html 
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography 
• http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22545-dna-imaged-with-electron- 
microscope-for-the-first-time.html#.VDFKx_l_vDc 
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA 
• http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl301857p 
• http://www.alarabimag.com/Article.asp?ART=11270&ID=117 
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLBbI9XKpCU&list=UUv58x1Tq13e 
dv6ULE14NiYw 
• Atomic Force Microscopy for Biologists
Dna

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Dna

  • 1.
  • 2. Genetic instructions development and functioning Biopolymer of nucleotides More than 98% for humans is non-coding
  • 3.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Befo-Miescher X-ray Crystallography Rosalind-Franklin Maurice Wilkins James-Watson Francis Crick
  • 15.
  • 16. Atomic Force Microscopy with Nano scale Cantilevers Resolves Different Structural Conformations of the DNA Double Helix 1-reduced the invasiness and enhanced the spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM). to visualize, for the first time, different structural conformations of the two polynucleotide strands in the DNA double helix, for single molecules under near-physiological conditions. This is achieved by identifying and tracking the anomalous resonance behavior of Nano scale AFM cantilevers in the immediate vicinity of the sample. 2-by imaging threads of DNA resting on a silicon bed of nails.
  • 17. Made up of six molecules wrapped around an seventh acting as a core. That's because the electron energies are high enough to break up a single DNA molecule. Using more sensitive detectors that can respond to lower-energy electrons should soon allow the team to see individual double helices, and even unwound single strands of DNA.
  • 18. References • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2240913/DNAs-double-helix- pictured-time-Researchers-hope-new-technique-reveal-molecule-works. html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography • http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22545-dna-imaged-with-electron- microscope-for-the-first-time.html#.VDFKx_l_vDc • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA • http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl301857p • http://www.alarabimag.com/Article.asp?ART=11270&ID=117 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLBbI9XKpCU&list=UUv58x1Tq13e dv6ULE14NiYw • Atomic Force Microscopy for Biologists

Editor's Notes

  1. 1-ولكنز توصل إلى الاستنتاج بأن (الدنا) تشبه حبلا مجدولا 2-واطسن ضعيفا في الكيمياء والتصوير البلوري والرياضيات أما كريك فكان جاهلا مسائل الجينات 3-المعلومات التي تنتقل إلى البروتينات, حاملة الأوامر لبناء الحياة, لا تستطيع أن تخرج منها, وبالتالي فإن من غير الممكن تعديل المعلومات. وقد أطلق كريك على هذا التصور أو نظرية انتقال المعلومات اسم (الدوغما المركزية), أي العقيدة المركزية التي هي بمصاف العقائد اللاهوتية 4-بربارا ماكلينتوك : المعلومات تنتقل كذلك من البروتين إلى (الدنا) وحصلت علي نوبل 5- الصور البلورية التي التقطها ولكنز استطاع الحصول على معلومات 6-القدرة التقنية التي وفرتها فرانكلين للعلماء للحصول على صور أشعة لبلورات الجزيء الرطب الدقيق والسريع العطب هي التي مكنت العالم من الوصول إلى النظرية الجديدة دليل المادة الوراثية: 1-ثبات كمية (الدنا) 2-مبدأ التحويل (بكتريا اس المميتة) والمغلية الميتة
  2. variability and flexibility