Many polymers can form neat fibers, as long as certain intermolecular forces can occur between chains, holding them together in a crystal-like fashion. Polymer fibers are strong materials with excellent tensile strength, which makes them very useful as textiles.
Now days, a Small buildings are replaced by high rise buildings and sky scrapers. This arises one of
the problem in deriving natural light in building, due to obstruction of nearby structures. Due to this problem
use of artificial sources for illumination of building is increased by great amount. LiTraCon (light transmitting
concrete) successfully produced the first transparent concrete block in 2003, It is very essential to reduce the
artificial light consumption in structure, Since concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension and
flexure
Applications of SiC-Based Thin Films in Electronic and MEMS DevicesMariana Amorim Fraga
Mariana Amorim Fraga, Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa, Marcos Massi and Homero Santiago Maciel (2012). Applications of SiC-Based Thin Films in Electronic and MEMS Devices, Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices, Dr. Yasuto Hijikata (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/50998. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices/applications-of-sic-based-thin-films-in-electronic-and-mems-devices
Now days, a Small buildings are replaced by high rise buildings and sky scrapers. This arises one of
the problem in deriving natural light in building, due to obstruction of nearby structures. Due to this problem
use of artificial sources for illumination of building is increased by great amount. LiTraCon (light transmitting
concrete) successfully produced the first transparent concrete block in 2003, It is very essential to reduce the
artificial light consumption in structure, Since concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension and
flexure
Applications of SiC-Based Thin Films in Electronic and MEMS DevicesMariana Amorim Fraga
Mariana Amorim Fraga, Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa, Marcos Massi and Homero Santiago Maciel (2012). Applications of SiC-Based Thin Films in Electronic and MEMS Devices, Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices, Dr. Yasuto Hijikata (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/50998. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices/applications-of-sic-based-thin-films-in-electronic-and-mems-devices
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to trace the necessity for cabling of optical fibers, reasons for different kinds of losses that occur in optical fibers, methods for mitigation of losses and a few examples of practical optical fiber cable structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Nano technology in construction materialsMir Ansaf
Uses of nano technology in construction
1.Nano Technology for concrete
2. Nano Technology for Steel
3. Nano Technology for wood
4. Nano Technology for glass
5.Sustainability and environment
Nano Technology & Nano Materials
by Ray Fernando, PHD
California Polytechnic State University
Polymers and Coatings Program
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
San Luis Obispo, CA
www.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu
Delivered 22 June 2009 @ SLINTEC
Metals, however much we need it or admire it , the drawbacks of it has to be considered.( high density, susceptibility to corrosion,availability etc)
Instead planes of carbon fibre composites can be made without using a tiny scrap of metal, if only we can alter its conductivity issues. that is addressed by a research paper , on the basis of which my ppt is based.
Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection than metal wires.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to trace the necessity for cabling of optical fibers, reasons for different kinds of losses that occur in optical fibers, methods for mitigation of losses and a few examples of practical optical fiber cable structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Nano technology in construction materialsMir Ansaf
Uses of nano technology in construction
1.Nano Technology for concrete
2. Nano Technology for Steel
3. Nano Technology for wood
4. Nano Technology for glass
5.Sustainability and environment
Nano Technology & Nano Materials
by Ray Fernando, PHD
California Polytechnic State University
Polymers and Coatings Program
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
San Luis Obispo, CA
www.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu
Delivered 22 June 2009 @ SLINTEC
Metals, however much we need it or admire it , the drawbacks of it has to be considered.( high density, susceptibility to corrosion,availability etc)
Instead planes of carbon fibre composites can be made without using a tiny scrap of metal, if only we can alter its conductivity issues. that is addressed by a research paper , on the basis of which my ppt is based.
Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection than metal wires.
This powerpoint Deals with basic Concepts of optical Fibers.It was prepared to assist students to get knowledge about Optical fibers and their working principle as well.
Read it ,, share it ,, Cheers...(C) Regmi Milan
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances.
Garth naar - optical fibre communication telecommunicationsgarthnaar
Fibre optic communication has revolutionised the telecommunications industry. It has also made its presence widely felt within the data networking community as well. Using fibre optic cable, optical communications have enabled telecommunications links to be made over much greater distances and with much lower levels of loss in the transmission medium and possibly most important of all, fiber optical communications has enabled much higher data rates to be accommodated.
Garth naar - the role of fiber optic cables in computer networkinggarthnaar
Garth Naar proud to be the industry connection to the most innovative optical products, technologies and technical experts while integrating this manufacturing knowledge and vast experience into customers’ worldwide operations.
Garth naar - a complete guide to fiber optic internetgarthnaar
Fiber optic Internet is the future of broadband. It uses fiber-optic technology to reach the fastest speeds available today, as fast as 10000 Mbps (1Gpbs). Broadband is essential to the modern world we live in.
Garth naar - fiber optics and its applicationsgarthnaar
Fiber optics transports light in a very directional way. Light is focused into and guided through a cylindrical glass fiber. Inside the core of the fiber light bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the end of the fiber where it eventually escapes. The light does not escape through the side walls because of total internal reflection.
Garth naar - optical fibers waveguiding fundamentalsgarthnaar
Garth Naar specialize in providing leading edge solutions and manufacturing technology products such as industrial networking cables, illumination fibers and bundles, medical assemblies and optical sensors.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
FIA officials brutally tortured innocent and snatched 200 Bitcoins of worth 4...jamalseoexpert1978
Farman Ayaz Khattak and Ehtesham Matloob are government officials in CTW Counter terrorism wing Islamabad, in Federal Investigation Agency FIA Headquarters. CTW and FIA kidnapped crypto currency owner from Islamabad and snatched 200 Bitcoins those worth of 4 billion rupees in Pakistan currency. There is not Cryptocurrency Regulations in Pakistan & CTW is official dacoit and stealing digital assets from the innocent crypto holders and making fake cases of terrorism to keep them silent.
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Training my puppy and implementation in this story
Garth naar - what are optical fibers made of
1. Garth Naar - What are Optical Fibers Made Of ?
Surely the word fiber is not new for you, is it? Here is a fiber page that you could visit right
now, just in case you don't know what fibers are.
Many polymers can form neat fibers, as long as certain intermolecular forces can occur
between chains, holding them together in a crystal-like fashion. Polymer fibers are strong
materials with excellent tensile strength, which makes them very useful as textiles.
But have optical fibers something to do with those fibers we are talking about? Well, yes
and no. In fact, optical fibers have polymers in their composition. However, the term optical
fiber doesn't tell us anything about the polymers, but about two transparent, dielectric
tubes or cylinders, one surrounding the other, like this:
The First Steps
Back in the 1870s, British scientist John Tyndall performed a demonstration in which he
showed light guiding by means of a curved stream of water flowing from an illuminated
tank.
Between 1900 and 1930 numerous experiments followed Tyndall's demonstration. It was
discovered that bent thin glass rods not only could transmit light, but using a bundle of glass
rods (or optical fibers, as they were called later) complete images could be carried as well.
What type of phenomenon was involved in these sensational findings? Well, it was just
reflection, total internal reflection, as the walls of the thin fiber acted like mirrors in which
the incident light bounced back and forth.
You have many examples of total internal reflection in your everyday life. Just look for down
asphalt road on a hot, sunny day, and you should see reflection from the road surface, as if
the road had become a mirror. Well, it has due to the same property that causes internal
reflection: if light hits at a low enough angle, it can't penetrate the surface, and just bounces
off. Weird, hey?
This reflection, governed by Snell's law, is made possible due to the differences between the
refractive index of the glass and the air, the latter having the lowest value.
However, the usefulness of light guidance would not be completely appreciated until 1950,
when many scientists began to think in its potential applications. They were smart enough
to understand that such applications ranged from medicine, enabling the visualization of
inaccessible regions of the human body, to communication networks, in place of metal
wires.
2. But there were a number of drawbacks that arose in those first applications: light couldn't
be carried too far, and the transmitted images came pretty poor and distorted.
That was because the fibers had no coating at all surrounding them to increase the
difference in refractive index. For that reason, if such fibers got wet, for example, the glass-
air interface didn't remain fixed and the way the light reflected inside was changed.
Only in the mid 50s, Dutch Abraham van Heel designed a covering layer surrounding the
fiber with another cylinder of glass, of lower refractive index than that in the middle. This
way, the total reflection was not affected by water, dirt or other contamination. Finally, a
third layer was added, in order to protect the glass fiber from damage, and to make it easier
to handle. Guess what type of material was used in this third layer?
So what are optical fibers made of then?
Turns out they can be made of just glass, glass plus polymers, or just polymers ("plastic
optical fibers" -POF-). The most basic optical fiber consist of:
An inner cylinder with high refractive index, called the core.
A middle cylinder with a lower refractive index, called the cladding.
An outer protective polymer layer (usually polyurethane or PVC) called the jacket.
For glass optical fibers, the diameter of the core ranges between 10-600 microns, the
cladding thickness is between 125-630 microns, and that of the jacket varies between 250-
3. 1040 microns. For POF all diameters range between 750-2000 microns. As can be seen, one
of the main differences between glass and plastic optical fibers is their diameter. This makes
POF easier to handle.
The material used for currently commercialized fibers (core and cladding) include pure glass
(SiO2), plastic, or a combination of both. The use of one or the other material will be
determined by such factors as quality and economics.
Plastic optical fibers (POF) have the advantage of being made of cheaper materials than
glass and to operate in the visible range of the spectrum. However, they show a high loss,
and for that reason their applications are confined to short distance transmission. In spite of
this, POF is widely used for medical and industrial instruments, and currently research is
carried out about using POF as a replacement of copper wiring for data transmission in
automobiles.
If you use silica glass for the core, it must be high purity in order to allow the light to be
transmitted along the core with minimal loss.
Many Optical Fibers In The Market
There are several types of fibers based both on the transmission modes and the refractive
index profile. We won't discuss them in detail, but it is important to know that the design of
an optical fiber depends on the needs it is supposed to meet. Key parameters like
attenuation, bandwidth, dispersion, and tensile strength are the most considered.
Also the protection of the fiber from external factors like humidity, heat, cold, and water is
contemplated. That's why plastic sheaths where the fiber is enclosed in, are used. The
whole material comprising the single fiber or bundle of fibers, the sheaths, and the jacket, is
usually referred as a fiber cable.
Obviously these cables also must satisfy requirements such as high flexibility, resistance to
kinks and crushing, and light weight.
Designing Your Own Fiber Cables
In the first example on the right we have a multi-layered system in which the fiber is firstly
surrounded by a buffer tube. This buffer tube is usually a layer of silicone or epoxy resin,
softer than the external jacket, and has no optical function. It keeps the fiber from
"microbends" due to physical contact with the other components of the cable. As relatively
fragile materials, fibers need some mechanical reinforcement. Many materials in form of
strands or filaments can play this role. One of them is fiberglass, and in the example, we can
see a bunch of fiberglass strands surrounding the buffer tube.
4. Of course, since fiberglass is a stiff material, another layer of polyurethane is added, to
provide cushioning. If your fiber cable needs a good tensile strength as well as electrical
insulation, which is highly desirable, you can place a layer of Kevlar®. Have you ever heard of
Kevlar® and its wonderful properties? If not, click here to learn something about it. Usually
Kevlar® is arranged into the cable in the form of filaments. Finally, you must think that your
fiber cable may be placed in a number of different environments: in the air, into the water,
or under ground. Therefore an external protective jacket becomes essential. PVC and
polyurethane are the most used materials for that purpose. But be careful with the choice:
PVC is a better material than polyurethane when considering its resistance to: water, flame,
acids, alkalis, hydrocarbons, and alcohol. Conversely, polyurethane has certain advantages
over PVC when dealing with its resistance to: abrasion, nuclear radiation, and low
temperatures.
In the second example on the left (redrawn from "Fibre Optics" / S. Ungar, John Wiley &
Sons, 1990) we have an exterior fiber cable with a buffer jacket which can be constituted by
two sheaths: one of silicone, and the other of Hytrel®, extruded on silicone. Hytrel® is a neat
polyether-ester block copolymer, a thermoplastic elastomer with optimum water resistance,
sold by DuPont. Between two layers of Kevlar® filaments, a moisture barrier is inserted. This
moisture barrier can be made of plastic (often polyethylene), metal (particularly aluminum),
or both. Lastly, a PVC coating ensures the utility of this fiber cable to be installed in free air.
5. The third example on the right (redrawn from "Fibre Optics" / S. Ungar, John Wiley & Sons,
1990) is a slight modification of the second. Only this time an underground fiber cable is
shown. Since it requires a further protection against humidity, two sheaths have been
inserted between a Kevlar® layer: a moisture barrier and a metallic shield.
Last But Not Least: Why Optical Fibers Are So Useful?
Don't get confused:
Fiber optics (FO) is a science, by which electrical energy is converted into light (or optical
energy); that light is transported through optical fibers to some other place, and finally is
converted again in electrical energy.
Sounds amazing that the waves along our telephone line or our cable television travel in
form of light, which many times falls in the visible frequency spectrum.
The enormous advantages of the optical fiber telecommunications compared to metal wire
or coaxial transmission may be summarized as follows:
High bandwidth, completely independent of the cable size.
Low attenuation, i.e., optical loss is reduced to a minimum.
Extremely low electromagnetic induction, induced noise, and crosstalk.
Availability of long distance light-weight cables.
Lower cost in installation and maintenance.