2. SOCIALISM
• The idea that is based on the belief that all people are
equal and that property should be equally distributed in
Society.
• Any individual person could not hold the entire property.
• Socialist were absolutely against private property.
• The believed that the root of all the trouble was only
private properties.
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3. PHILOSOPHERS
• Robert Owen:-Wanted people to work in association and
divide profits among themselves according to their work.
• Louis Blanc :- Wanted governments to make cooperatives
and was against private ownership of property.
• Karl Marx:- industrialist society was ‘capitalist’ and they
owned the capital and invested in factories . He believed
that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation ,
workers had to construct a radically socialist society
where all property was socially controlled.
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4. LIBERALS
• Wanted to bring change in the society.
• Liberals wanted secularism.
• They opposed uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
• They believe government should be elected by the
people.
• The government should do what is good for people.
• They did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise.
• Only man who had property could vote.
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5. RADICALS
• Radicals wanted a nation which government was
based on the majority of a country’s population.
• They opposed the privileges of great land owners
and wealthy factory owners.
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6. CONSERVATIVES
• They were the people who supported monarchy
and nobility.
• The contended that gradual changes should be
brought in the society.
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7. RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT BEFORE
REVOLUTION
• Monarchy: The Czar (Tsar)
• Until 1905 the Tsar's powers were unlimited.
• Russia had no constitution, no political parties or voting
• A strong secret police terrorized the people and ensured loyalty
to the tsar.
• All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.
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8. POLITICAL PARTIES IN RUSSIA
Russian Social
Democratic Workers
Party
• Formed for workers
• Worked in Urban Area
Socialist Revolutionary
Party
• Formed by peasants
• Worked in Rural Area
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9. RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORKERS PARTY
Bolsheviks
• Head of Bolsheviks
was Vladimir Lenin.
• The Bolsheviks
believed that the
party should be
disciplined.
Mensheviks
• Head of Mensheviks
was Julius Martov.
• The Mensheviks
believed that the
party should be open
for all
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10. Tsar Nicholas II (1894)
Last Tsar of Russia
Nicholas II was a harsh and weak ruler
The Russian economy was bankrupt because
of the Russo-Japanese War
(1904-5)
Then because of WWI (1914)
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12. Tsar Nicholas II and Family
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13. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Dispute over Manchuria with Japan (Japan won
it… and then wanted more in the 1930s)
Shook national confidence in their progress and
rule of Tsar; revolutionary feelings started boiling
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15. BLOODY SUNDAY
• 10,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike
demanding a reduction in working hours, increase in
wages and improvement in working conditions.
• Procession led by Father Gapon reached the Winter
Palace.
• They were attacked by police.
• Over 100 workers were killed and 300 wounded.
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16. CONSEQUENCES OF BLOODY SUNDAY
• People started protesting and revolted in different places.
• Workers, lawyers,doctors,engineers started making
unions and demanded formation of constituent
assembly.
• Tsar allowed to make elected parliament which was
called Duma.
• First Duma was dismissed in 75 days, 2nd was also
dismissed.
• Third continued but Tsar made changes in the voting laws
and kept only his supporters in the Duma likes
conservatives and eliminated liberals and radicals from it.
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17. RUSSIA AND WORLD WAR I- 1914
• Two groups were Germany. Turkey, Austria Vs.
France,Britian, Russia
• Saint Petersburg name was changed to Petrograd
as it was a German name.
• People stopped supporting Tsar during war
because
• Tsar refused to consult the main parties in Duma.
• Rasputin was the chief advisor of Tsar.
• And Alexendra Queen of Tsar was of German
origin.
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18. • Russia was Germany’s Eastern front and suffered early
losses at Tannenburg
• The war was wildly unpopular
• Rationing of food led to starvation
• Nicholas II left St. Petersburg to lead the war front.
• This left his wife Alexandra at home under the
influence of a strange man named Rasputin
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19. 1914-1917
• The Russian army was badly defeated by the Germans
and Austrian forces.
• 7 million people were dead.
• 3 million people lost their homes.
• The crops were destroyed.
• The buildings were also destroyed.
• The railway lines were broken.
• The supply of goods had stopped.
• Many factories were closed.
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25. FEBRUARY REVOLUTION (1917)
• Extreme cold during February . Workers were starving.
• On 22 February Government closed all the factories.
• 50 factory workers went from left bank to right and started their protest in
Nevskii Prospekt.
• Government imposed curfew and protestors had to go back.
• But they came back on 25-25 February and started their protest.
• Tsar ordered cavalry and people to keep an eye on protestors.
• On 25th Tsar suspended Duma and politicians of Duma too protested
aginst Tsar.
• Tasr ordered cavalry to fire on protetors but this time they refused to do
so.
• Now, workers and police together formed a political body aginst Tsar
named Petrograd Soviet.
• Tsar Gave his resign on 2 March,1917
• Petrograd Soviet and Duma together formed a provisional government.
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26. OCTOBER (BOLSHEVIK) REVOLUTION-1917
• Lenin demanded 3 things(April Thesis)
• Wanted to finish war
• Land should be transferred to peasants.
• Bank’s to be nationalized.
• Led by VIadmir Lenin: “Peace, Bread, and Land”
• Provisional Government started putting those in prison who
opposed them.
• People started hating provisional government and lenin decided
to revolt against it.
• Along with Petrograd Soviet Lenin made a committee named
Military Revolutionary Committee(Leader-Leon Trotsky)
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27. BOLSHEVIK VS PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
• On 24th October Bolshevik’s revolted.
• Prime Minister Kerenskii ordered the troops and they
seized the building of two Bolshevik newspapers.
• Bolshevik arrested officers and ministers of provisional
government.
• Bolshevik won this civil war.
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28. RULE OF LENIN
• Most banks were nationalized.
• Land was declared social property.
• Peasants were allowed to snatch the land of the nobility.
• Uniforms were changed of Army and officials.
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29. • The Bolsheviks conducted the elections of the
constituent assembly which they lost.
• After this Lenin dismisses whole assembly.
• Lenin made peace with Germany at Brest Livestock.
• People of Russia didn’t had fundamental rights and
freedom.
• Lenin appointed a secret police who killed everyone who
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30. CIVIL WAR
Between 3 types of people
• Red- supporters of Lenin(Bolshevik)
• Green- Revolutionary(peasants)
• White:- Pro- Tsarist (Tsar Supporters)
• Green and whites were supported by foreign
countries as well.
• But ultimately Green and whites loose the war.
• By January 1920 The Bolsheviks controlled most of
the Russian Empire.
• Lenin’s government started making 5 year plans for
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31. DEVELOPMENTS UNDER LENIN’S RULE
• During first two plans(1927-1932 and 1933-1938)
government fixed all prices to promote industrial
growth.
• Schooling system was also developed.
• Improvement in Healthcare facilities.
• Centralised planning led to economic growth.
• But ultimately Lenin dies on 21st January 1924.
• Joseph Stalin becomes the new leader.
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32. STALIN’S RULE
• By 1927-1928 Russia faced an acute problem of grain
supplies.
• Government fixed the prices of food grains.
• The peasants refused to sell their grain to government
buyers at these prices.
• Stalin introduced Emergency.
• Stalin’s party members started forcefully collecting grains
from wherever they could.
• They started raiding rich farmers(kulak) still the grain
shortage was there.
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33. • Stalin introduced Collectivisation programme and made it
compulsory.
• Under which lands of peasants were taken so that more
production can be done using modern techniques.
• Those who refused to follow were put in jail by him.
• Peasants destroyed their Livestock in protest.
• From 1930-1933 around 4 million people died due to
starvation.
• By 1939 around 2 million people were sent in jail by
Stalin on charges of conspiracy.
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34. CHARACTERISTICS OF A TOTALITARIAN STATE
• Dictatorship- Absolute Authority
• Dynamic Leader- Vision for the nation
• State Control Over All Sectors of Society
• Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, housing,
religion, education, the arts
• State Control Over the Individual
• Obedience
• Denies basic liberties
• Organized Violence
• Uses force to crush opposition
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36. GLOBAL INFLUENCE OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• Many countries started making communist
party.
• in September 1920 Bolsheviks conducted
conference of the people of the east a
multinational conference for the
promotion of socialism.
• Many universities were also opened to
promote socialism.
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