1) Warm blood flowing into the skin and losing its heat into the surro.docx

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1) Warm blood flowing into the skin and losing its heat into the surrounding tissue would best be an example of? (Group answer choice) Radiant cooling of the blood Convective cooling of the blood Convective heating of the skin Conductive cooling of the blood Evaporative cooling of the blood Evaporative heating of the skin 2) T/F Insulin resistance should not occur within livestock being produced for meat, mostly because of dietary decisions and their amount of activity over the course of a day. 3) T/F Heat that moves from the blood flowing through the skin enters the dermis by convection, causing the dermal layer to heat up and thus create a larger temperature gradient between the dermis and epidermis. This causes the heat to then move from the dermis to the epidermis by conduction since neither tissue is moving and the heat is traveling from an area of higher temperature to one of lower temperature. The heat can then be released from the epidermis by radiation or conduction or convection, depending on conditions and the location/body position of the animal, or the heat can move into any water on the surface of the epidermis and cause evaporation. .

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Essay question: Camels must cope with hot desert environments where water is scarce and the ambient temperature is often higher than the camel\'s core body temperature. Discuss as many physics-based adaptations as you can think of with which the camel might keep from overheating while minimizing its water loss. You don\'t need to calculate anything, but be sure to discuss the relevance of all of the possible heat transfer mechanisms in play, and the physics of each adaptation. (The adaptations you list don\'t necessarily have to be ones actually used by camels, but rather ones that a camel might have used.) Solution Ectotherms maintain heat production and homeostasis by gaining heat from external environmental sources whereas endotherms maintain heat homeostasis by gaining heat from internal organs for instance in camel\'s heat producing source is liver by various enzymatic reaction due to production of ATP and converted to heat. They obtain physicas based adaptation by gaining heat from inner organs via heat of convection. T = M (metabolic heat rate) – [ R + Conductive heat + convective heat (for camle) + E] Heat Production is the process of gaining heat by metabolic process in camel\'s body Heat loss or heat transfer in camel to outside environment is under the control of the following processes – heat of conduction (W/m2) or heat of convection (W/m2). Endothermic animals such as camels are characterized by warm-blooded nature as they maintain more body temperature compared to outside environment Heat of conduction first observed in camel because camel is going to maintain constant 41C degrees of inner body temperature in desert environment in which heat transfer occurs through its body tissue followed by hair covering the body. Later, heat transfer normally resisted by the thickness of skin layers & the flow of heat is varied according to thermal conductivities. Therefore, the sum of the resistance to heat flow is equal to the total of conduction & resistance effects. Later, a “conduction heat transfer coefficient can be denoted & it is followed by transfer heat into the air where convection and radiation contribute to this step..

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The hear of birds and mammals are superficially similar. Both are four-chambered pumps that keep blood in the systematic and pulmonary circuits separate, and both evolved from the hearts of the ancient tetrapodomorphs. Their similarities, however, are a result of adaptations to active lifestyles. The evolution of similar structure structures in different lineages is called convergent evolutions. The mammalian heart evolved from the synapsid lineage, whereas the avian heart evolved within the diapsid archosaur lineage. Vertebrate Heart Possible Sequence in the Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart. One of the most important adaptations in the circulatory system of eutherian mammals concerns the distribution of respiratory gases and nutrients in the fetus. Exchanges between maternal and fetal blood occur across the placenta. Although maternal and fetal blood vessels are intimately associated, no blood actually mixes. Nutrients, gases, and waste simply diffuse between maternal and fetal blood supplies. Mammalian Circulatory System (Figure 2) Mammalian Circulatory System. Blood entering the right atrium of the fetus is returning from the placenta and is highly oxygenated. Because fetal lungs are not inflated, resistance to blood flow through the pulmonary arteries is high. Therefore, most of the blood entering the right atrium bypass the right ventricle and passes instead into the left atrium through a valved opening between the atria. However, some blood from the right atrium does enter the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Because of the resistance at the inflated lungs, most of this blood is shunted to the aorta through a vessel connecting to the aorta and the left pulmonary artery. External Structure and locomotion in Mammals Excretion and Osmoregulation In Mammals Reproduction and Development in Mammals. At birth, the placenta is lost and the lungs are reduced, and blood flow to them increases. Flow through the ductus arteries decreases, and the vessels are gradually reduced valve of the foramen ovale closes and gradually fuses with the tissue separating the right and left arita (figure 2b). Gas Exchange in Mammal. For efficient gas exchange at high metabolic rates, adaptations are necessary. Most mammals have separate nasal and oral cavities and longer snouts, which provide an increased surface area of warming and moistening inspired air. Respiratory passageways are highly branched, and large surface areas exist for gas exchange. Mammalian lungs resemble highly vascular spongy, rather than saclike structures of amphibians and a few reptiles. Mammalian lungs, like those of reptiles, inflate using a negative pressure mechanism. Mammals have a muscular diaphragm that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, unlike reptiles and birds. Inspiration results from the diaphragm's contraction and the rib cages' expansion, both of which decrease the intrathoracic pressure and allow air to enter the lungs. Expiration is normally by elastic rec

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