A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
6atom bond
1. 6. Atoms & chemical bond
1. Classical atom models
2. Böhr model
3. Electron structures
4. Periodic system
5. Chemical bonds
2. 1. Chemistry
Science which studies
composition, properties
and transformations of
mixtures and chemical
substances
3. 1. Dalton model
Matter consists of indivisible
particles, called atoms
Elements are substances
which consist of the same
type of atoms
Atoms are combined to
produce molecules according
to ratios of integer numbers
4. 1. Thomson model
1897: Electron discovery (J.J.
Thomson)
1904: Thomson model (plum
pudding)
5. 1. Rutherford model
1911: Gold foil experiment: scattering of α particles
1911: Rutherford model: nucleus and electon shell
6. 2. Atom spectra
Range of frequencies
which are emitted by an
element
Continuous & discrete
spectra
http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/periodic4.html
7. 3. Atom spectra
• Fingerprint of elements
• More transitions as the number of protons increase
8. 2. Plank hypothesis
1900: Planck hypothesis
Particles can only have discrete
quanta of energy which are
proportional to frequency
E = n. hν
h = 6,63.10-34
J.s
9. 2. Böhr model
1913: Niels Böhr described the first
quantum model
Simplest model of an atom: just few
allowed orbits
Prediction of lines in hydrogen
spectrum
10. 3. Electron structures
Levels and sublevels of energy
Level given by a number
(electron shells)
Sublevel given by a letter
Distribution of electrons,
which gives the number of
electrons and their energy
Aufbau law : diagonals
Pauli exclusion law
Valence shell: octet rule
11. 4. History of periodic system
1817: Döbereiner triads
Li/Na /K; Ca/Sr/Ba; Cl /Br /I
1864: Newlands octaves
Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Na...
1869: Mendeleiev periodic table
14. 4. Electron structure & periodic system
Atomic number
7 Periods (electron shells)
18 groups same electron
structure in valence shell
(same chemical properties)
Electronic structure
Metals, non metals, noble gases
15. 5. Chemical bond
Electrostatic attraction
between nuclei and
electron shells
Electric repulsión between
electron shells
Chemical bond: minimal
potential energy
Interaction between 2 or
more atoms
16. 5. Ionic bond
Octet rule (Lewis, 1916): Lewis
structures
Metal & non metal combination
Electron ransfer from metal to
non metal
Ions formation
Electrostatic atraction
17. 5. Covalent bond
Non metales combination
Sharing a pair of electrons
Lewis structures
Homoatomic molecules
Bonding (shared) pairs
Non-bonding (unshared pairs)
Multiple bonds: double and triple
18. 10. Metallic bond
All the valence electrons are shared
Sea of electrons /gas of electrons
Free /random motion of electrons